Test Normal Values Higher Value Lower Value Notes

Albumin 3.5-5.0 g/dl Dehydration Chronic liver disease,

malabsorption,
malnutrition, nephritic
syndrome, pregnancy
Amylase 0-130 U/L Acute & Chronic Acute alcoholism,
pancreatitis, mumps, cirrhosis, extensive
perforated ulcers destruction of pancreas
Bicarbonate 22-26 mEq/L Compensated respiratory Compensated respiratory
acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, metabolic
alkalosis, Biliary acidosis
obstruction, hemolytic
Bilirubin: Compensated respiratory Compensated respiratory
1. Total 1. 0.2-1.3 mg/dl acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, metabolic
2. Indirect 2. 0.1-1.0 alkalosis, Biliary acidosis
3. Direct 3. 0.1-0.3 obstruction, hemolytic
Blood Gases:
1. Arterial pH 1. 7.35-7.45 1. Alkalosis 1. Acidosis
2. Venous pH 2. 7.35-7.45 2. Alkalosis 2. Acidosis
3. Arterial PaCO2 3. 35-45 mm Hg 3. Compensated 3. Compensated
4. Venous PaCO2 4. 4-50 mm Hg metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis
5. Arterial PaO2 5. 80-100 mm Hg 4. Respiratory acidosis 4. Respiratory alkalosis
6. Venous PaO2 6. 40-50 mm Hg 5. Administration of high 5. Chronic lung disease,
concentration of O2 decreased cardiac
output
Calcium 9-11 mg/dl Acute osteoporosis, Acute pancreatitis,
4.5-5.5 mEq/L hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, liver
multiple myeloma, vitamin disease, malabsorption
intoxication syndrome, renal failure, vit
D insufficiency
Carbon Dioxide 20-30 mEq/dL Same as bicarbonate
Chloride 95-105 mEq/L Corticosteroid therapy, Addison’s disease,
metabolic acidosis, diarrhea, metabolic
respiratory alkalosis, alkalosis, respiratory
 uremia acidosis, vomiting
Cholesterol: Biliary obstruction, Corticosteroid therapy,
1. HDL 1. Values hypothyroidism, idiopathic extensive liver damage,
2. Male 2. >45 mg/dL hypercholesterolemia, hyperthyroidism,
3. Female 3. >55 mg/dL renal disease, malnutrition
4. LDL 4. <130 mg/dL uncontrolled diabetes
Creatine 0.2-1.0 mg/dL Active rheumatoid Diabetes mellitus
arthritis, biliary
obstruction,
hyperthyroidism, renal
disorder, severe muscle
disease
Creatinine 0.5-1.5 mg/dl Severe Renal Disease
Glucose (fasting) 70-100 mg/dl Acute Stress, cerebral Addison’s disease, hepatic
lesion, Cushing disease, disease, hypothyroidism,
diabetes mellitus, insulin overdosage,
hyperthyroidism, pancreatic tumor, pituitary
pancreatic insufficiency hypofunction,
Iron 50-150 mcg/dl Excessive RBC destruction Anemia of chronic
disease, iron deficiency
anemia,
Lactic Acid 5-20 mcg/dl Acidosis, hear failure,
shock
Magnesium 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Addison’s disease, Chronic alcoholism,
hypothyroidism, renal hyperparathyroidism,
failure hypoparathyroidism,
severe malabsorption
Potassium 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Addison’s disease, diabetic Cushing syndrome,
ketosis, massive tissue diarrhea, diuretic therapy,
destruction, renal failure GI fistula, pyloric
obstruction, starvation,
vomiting
Proteins (total) 6.0-8.0 g/dl Burns, cirrhosis, Liver disease,
dehydration malabsorption
Renin: Renal hypertension, Increased salt intake,
1. Supine 1. 1.4-2.9 ng/ml/hr volume decrease primary aldosteronism
2. Upright 2.0.4-4.5
Sodium 135-145 mEq/L Corticosteroids therapy, Addison’s disease,
dehydration, impaired diabetic, ketoacidosis,
renal function, primary diuretic therapy, excessive
aldosteronism loss from GI tract,
excessive perspiration,
water intoxication
Urea Nitrogen (BUN) 10-30 mg/dl Increase in protein Malnutrition, severe liver
catabolism (fever, stress), damage
renal disease, UTI
Uric Acid: Eclampsia, gout, gross Administration of
1. Male 1. 4.5-6.5 mg/dl tissue destruction, high- uricosuric drugs
2. Female 2. 2.5-5.5 mg/dl protein weight reduction
diet, leukemia, renal
failure
Activated partial 24-36 secs Deficiency of factors
thromboplastin time I,II,V,VIII,IX,X,XI, and XII;
(aPTT) hemophilia, heparin
therapy, liver disease
Prothrombine time (Pt) 10-14 secs Deficiency of factors I, II,
V, VII, and X; liver disease;
vitamin k deficiency;
warfarin therapy
Mean Corpuscular Volume 82-98 fl Macrocytic anemia Microcytic anemia
(MCV)
Mean Corpuscular 27-33 pg Macrocytic anemia Microcytic anemia
Hemoglobin
Erythrocyte count Dehydration, high Anemia, leukemia,
1. Male 1. 4.5-6.0 x 10^6/ul altitudes, polycythemia posthemorrhage
2. Female 2. 4.0-5.0 x 10^6/ul vera, severe diarrhea
Hematocrit: Dehydration, high Anemia, hemorrhage,
1. Male 1. 40-54% altitudes, polycythemia overhydration
 2. Female 2. 38-47%
Hemoglobin: COPD, high altitudes, Anemia, hemorrhage,
1. Male 1. 13.5-18.0 g/dl polycythemia
2. Female 2. 12.0-16.0 g/dl
Platelet Count 150-400 x 10^3/ ul Acute infections, chronic Acute leukemia, DIC,
(Thrombocytes) granulocytic leukemia, thrombocytopenic
chronic pancreatitis, purpura
cirrhosis
WBC 4.0-11.0 x 10^3/ul Inflammatory and Aplastic anemia, side
infectious processes, effect of chemotherapy
leukemia and irradiation
Band neutrophils 0-8 % Acute infections
Lymphocytes 20-40 % Chronic infection,
lymphocytic leukemia,
mononucleosis, viral
infections
Eosinophils 0-4% Allergic reactions, Corticosteroid therapy
eosinophilic and chronic
granulocytic leukemia,
Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
parasitic disorders
Basophils 0-2% Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, stress
myeloproliferative
diseases, ulcerative colitis
IgA 90-400 mg/dl Autoimmune disorders, Burns, malabsorption
chronic infection, chronic syndromes
liver disease, rheumatoid
arthritis
IgD 0.5-12.0 mg/dl Chronic infections,
connective tissue disease
IgE <1.0 mg/dl Anaphylactic shock, atopic
disease(allergies), parasite
infections
IgG 650-1800 mg/dl Hepatitis, IgG monoclonal Acquired deficiencies,
 gammopathy, infections- burns, congenital
acute and chronic, deficiencies,
systemic lupus immunosuppression,
erythematosus nephrotic syndromes
IgM 55-300 mg/dl Acute infections, liver Congenital and acquired
disease, rheumatoid antibody deficiencies,
arthritis lymphocytic leukemia,
protein-losing
enteropathies

Urine Specimen Values Higher Lower

Aldosterone 24 hr 1-80 mcg/day Cardiac failure, cirrhosis, ACTH deficiency, Addison’s
salt depletion disease, corticosteroid
therapy
Calcium 24 hr 100-250 mg/day Bone tumor, Hypoparathyroidism,
hyperparathyroidism malabsorption of calcium
and vitamin D
Chloride 24 hr 110-250 mEq/day Addison’s disease Burns, diarrhea, excessive
perspiration,
menstruation, vomiting
Creatine 24 hr <100 mg/day Addison’s disease, burns, Hypothyroidism
carcinoma of liver,
diabetes, hyperthyroidism,
infections, muscular
dystrophy skeletal muscle
atrophy
Creatinine 24 hr 0.8-2.0 Anemia, leukemia, Renal disease
muscular atrophy
pH random 4.0-8.0 Chronic renal failure, Compensatory phase of
compensatory phase of acidosis, dehydration,
alkalosis, salicylate emphysema
intoxication, vegetarian
diet
Sodium 24 hr 40-250 mEq/day Acute tubular necrosis Hyponatremia
Specific gravity Random 1.003-1.030 Albuminuria, dehydration, Diabetes insipidus
glycosuria
Uric acid 24 hr 250-750 mg/day Gout, leukemia Nephritis