ME 418 Mechanical Engineering

Design II
Pipes and Hoses in Fluid Power
Transmission
By
Hillary Onyishi
First Prepared: April 2019
Updated: February 2020
 INTRODUCTION

❖ Pipes and hoses are cylindrical devices used for transporting various fluids
like water, steam, oil, different types of gases and other chemicals at various
pressures from one point to another
❖ In high-pressure (or high-power) transmission cases, they are usually made of
cast iron, wrought iron, steel and brass.
❖ Cast iron pipes are usually used for water and sewage systems. They are
suitable for pressures of 0.7MPa or below due to their low resistance to
shocks which may be created by the action of water hammer.
 INTRODUCTION Contd

❖ Wrought iron and steal pipes are usually employed in the transmission of steam, oil and
air whereas brass pipes, which are usually small and corrosion-resistant, are used in
conveying fluids in pressure lubrication systems on prime movers.

❖ In the petroleum industry where pressures are usually greater than 4MPa and
temperature greater than 440C, pipes made of chrome-molybdenum alloy steels are
usually employed.

❖ Pipes can also be made from non-ferrous materials like ceramics and rubbers. Rubber
pipes (usually referred to as hoses) are usually used in systems where flexibility of the
pipe is very important, for example, the power steering pipes in vehicles.
 STRESSES IN PIPES AND HOSES

The following is the recommended approach for differentiating pipes:

Another criterion to classify the
𝑡 pressure vessels as thin or thick is
➢ When 𝑟 > 0.05, then the vessel is regarded as THICK-walled
the internal fluid pressure (p) and
the allowable stress (σt). If the
𝑡
➢ When 𝑟 ≤ 0.05, then the vessel is regarded as THIN-walled internal fluid pressure (p) is less
than 1/6 of the allowable stress,
There are four types of stresses encountered in pipes and hoses, namely: then it is called a thin shell. On the
other hand, if the internal fluid
i. Radial stress (in radial direction)
pressure is greater than 1/6 of the
ii. Hoop or circumferential or tangential stress (in tangential direction) allowable stress, then it is said to
be a thick shell
iii. Axial or longitudinal stress (in longitudinal direction)

iv. Shear stress

 STRESSES THICK-WALLED VESSELS

For a thick-walled vessel, it can be shown that the stresses are given as:

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 − 𝑝𝑜 𝑟𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2 (𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝𝑖 )/𝑟 2

𝜎𝑡 =
𝑟𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑖2

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 − 𝑝𝑜 𝑟𝑜2 + 𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2 (𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝𝑖 )/𝑟 2

𝜎𝑟 =
𝑟𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑖2

Where σt = tangential stress, σr = radial stress, pi = internal pressure in the vessel, po = external
pressure on the vessel, ri = the inner radius of the vessel, ro = outside radius of the, r (x in some
texts) = radial distance from the centre of the vessel to the point of consideration
 STRESSES THICK-WALLED VESSELS Contd

Consider a special case when there is no external pressure, i.e po = 0, then we have the stresses as:

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2
𝜎𝑡 = 2 2 1 + 𝑟2
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 𝑟𝑜2
𝜎𝑟 = 2 2 1 − 𝑟2
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2
𝜎𝑙 = 2
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2

Where σl = longitudinal or axial stress

 STRESSES THICK-WALLED VESSELS Contd

The tangential stress is maximum at the inner surface (when r = ri) and minimum at the outer
surface (when r = ro)

𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑜2 + 𝑟𝑖2
𝜎𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥) =
𝑟𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑖2

2𝑝𝑖 𝑟𝑖2
𝜎𝑡(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 2
𝑟𝑜 − 𝑟𝑖2

The radial stress is maximum at the inner surface, where it is equal magnitude to the internal
pressure and zero (minimum) at the outer surface.

𝜎𝑟(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = −𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 ; 𝜎𝑟(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 0

 STRESSES THIN-WALLED VESSELS

For thin-walled vessels, radial stress is negligible compared to hoop stress. For hoop
stress, recall that the total force acting along a longitudinal section is given as:
𝐹 = 𝑝𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖 ∙ 𝑙

We also know that the total resisting force acting on the cylinder walls is given as
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑡 ∙ 2𝑡 ∙ 𝑙

Equating the two relations, we have that:

𝑝𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖 𝑝𝑖 ∙ (𝑑𝑖 +𝑡)
𝜎𝑡 = ; 𝜎𝑡(𝑚𝑎𝑥) =
2𝑡 2𝑡
 STRESSES THIN-WALLED VESSELS

For longitudinal stress, consider the force acting on the circular cross section of the
cylinder

𝜋𝑑𝑖2
𝐹 = 𝑝𝑖 ∙
4

While the total resisting force along the circular cross section is
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑙 ∙ 𝜋𝑑𝑖 ∙ 𝑡

Equating the two relations, we have that:

𝑝𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
 SHEAR STRESS IN PIPES AND HOSES

To derive the shear stress in pipes and hoses, we consider the maximum shear stress
theory which states that:

The maximum shear is half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum
principal stresses.

In pipes and hoses, especially thin-walled, the maximum principal stress is the hoop stress,
while the minimum is the longitudinal stress.

Hence,
𝜎𝑡 − 𝜎𝑙
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
 WORKED EXAMPLE

A thin cylindrical pressure vessel of 600 mm diameter is

subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa. If the thickness of
the vessel is 20 mm, find the hoop stress, the longitudinal
stress and the maximum shear stress.
 SOLUTION TO WORKED EXAMPLE

Given di = 600 mm, pi = 2 Mpa (N/mm2), t = 20 mm

𝑝𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖 2 × 600
𝜎𝑡 = = = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑡 2 × 20
𝑝𝑖 ∙ 𝑑𝑖 2 × 600
𝜎𝑙 = = = 15 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4𝑡 4 × 20
𝜎𝑡 − 𝜎𝑙 30 − 15
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 7.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
 ANOTHER WORKED EXAMPLE (HOME WORK)

A cast iron pipe of internal diameter 180 mm and thickness 40 mm

carries water under a pressure of 6 N/mm2. Calculate the tangential
and radial stresses at radius (r) = 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm,
140 mm and 150 mm. Sketch the stress distribution curves.
 FURTHER READING AND FEEDBACK

❖ Read more details of this topic in recommended and other texts

❖ Solve as many examples as you can

❖ Feedback and questions are welcome. Come to my office or email

me: hillary.onyishi@unn.edu.com
THANKS