N: Ladies and gentlemen good morning.

Today we will
present the early childhood as well as the late childhood
stage staring with the early childhood.

Early childhood
Early childhood (usually defined as 2 to 6 years old) is a time of
tremendous physical, cognitive, socio-emotional, and language
development.

Importance
Experiences in early and middle childhood are extremely important for a
child’s healthy development and lifelong learning. How a child develops during
this time affects future cognitive, social, emotional, language, and physical
development, which in turn influences school readiness and later success in
life.

N: here we’ll present the most notable changes that

happens during the early childhood stage. Starting with the
physical development that will be explained by Ms. Honey
Lubrico.

Development
Physical
-During early childhood, the human brain grows to 90 percent of its
adult size by age 3
The stages of physical development in children follow a general pattern:

 Babies can crawl, sit, and hold their head up by age two.
 Walking, running, jumping, climbing stairs with help, building
blocks, and holding crayons are learnt between the ages of two
and four.
 Around the ages of four to six, they can climb stairs without help,
write, and even dress on their own.

N: moving on we have the psychological development that

will be elaborated upon by Ms. Nika Caab.

Psychological
-Under psychological development lies the brain development, your
child will be able to perform more complex mental and physical tasks.
During early childhood, there is significant growth in the neural fibers in
the brain, specifically in the frontal lobes. It is also noted that around 2
years of age, the human brain is already 70% of its adult size. By the age
of six or seven, the size of the brain is almost 90% of its adult size. 
 N: Furthermore we the motor development that will be
explained by Mr. Joshua Arcegoono

Motor
Motor skills are associated with the child’s ability to perform tasks on
an everyday basis. It can be anything from running to building blocks.
Motor skills can be categorized into:

a. Gross Motor Skills

Also known as large motor skills, these are the skills that are required to
perform general tasks like running, walking, jumping, or even balancing

With gross motor skills, your child should be able to perform some of the
below-mentioned activities:

 Walk with a steady balance

 Run comfortably in a single direction or around obstacles
 Throw a ball or catch one
 Hop on each foot several times
 Jump over objects or low lying hurdles
 Kick a ball that is stationary
 Pedal a tricycle
g their bodies as they engage in these activities.

N: lastly the early childhood stage is also explained in Sigmund Freud’s

psychosexual theory that will be elaborated upon by Mr. Gabriel Custudio.

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual theory

According to this study the phallic stage starts at the early childhood
stage

Age Range: 3 to 6 Years

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Freud suggested that during the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido
is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences
between males and females.

Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the
mother’s affections. The Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting
to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. However, the child
also fears that he will be punished by the father for these feelings, a fear
Freud termed castration anxiety.
The term Electra complex has been used to described a similar set of feelings
experienced by young girls. Freud, however, believed that girls instead
experience penis envy.

Eventually, the child begins to identify with the same-sex parent as a means
of vicariously possessing the other parent. For girls, however, Freud believed
that penis envy was never fully resolved and that all women remain somewhat
fixated on this stage. Psychologists such as Karen Horney disputed this
theory, calling it both inaccurate and demeaning to women. Instead, Horney
proposed that men experience feelings of inferiority because they cannot give
birth to children, a concept she referred to as womb envy.
 Late Childhood

Late Childhood extends from the age of 6 years to 12 years, beginning

with the child's entry into formal schooling and ending in the advent of
puberty. This is the period of excellence and pseudo - maturity. The
beginning of late childhood is marked by the child's entrance into first grade
in school. This is also the time when the child becomes sexually mature.

Importance
It is the stage that a child acquire the rudiments of knowledge that are
considered essential for successful adjustment in adult life. Furthermore, the
physical growth it gives a predicable future in body structure with reference to
weight and height. Lastly, this is also the stage sexual growth becomes more
pronounce as well as the arrival of growth spurts.

Development
Cognitative
Cognitive skills continue to expand in middle and late childhood as
thought processes become more logical and organized when dealing
with concrete information. Children at this age understand concepts
such as past, present, and future, giving them the ability to plan and
work toward goals. Additionally, they can process complex ideas such
as addition and subtraction and cause-and- effect relationships.

Development of Morality
Basing on Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development he argued that we
learn our moral values through active thinking and reasoning, and that
moral development follows a series of stages. Kohlberg's six stages are
generally organized into three levels of moral reasons.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual theory

According to this study the latent period starts at the late childhood
stage

Age Range: 6 to Puberty

Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive

During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are
suppressed. Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and
adults outside of the family.
The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm. The stage
begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned
with peer relationships, hobbies, and other interests.
The latent period is a time of exploration in which the sexual energy repressed or
dormant. This energy is still present, but it is sublimated into other areas such as
intellectual pursuits and social interactions. This stage is important in the development
of social and communication skills and self-confidence.
As with the other psychosexual stages, Freud believed that it was possible for children
to become fixated or "stuck" in this phase. Fixation at this stage can result in
immaturity and an inability to form fulfilling relationships as an adult.