Supplementary Problems set 2 (1)

Exercise 1.
Determine whether these events are mutually exclusive. (Bluman Example 4.15)
a. Roll a die: Get an even number, and get a number less than 3.
b. Roll a die: Get a prime number (2, 3, 5), and get an odd number.
c. Roll a die: Get a number greater than 3, and get a number less than 3.
d. Select a student in your class: The student has blond hair, and the student has blue eyes.
e. Select a student in your college: The student is a sophomore, and the student is a business major.
f. Select any course: It is a calculus course, and it is an English course.
g. Select a registered voter: The voter is a Republican, and the voter is a Democrat.
Exercise 2.
A candy dish contains one yellow and two red candies. You close your eyes, choose two candies
one at a time from the dish, and record their colors. What is the probability that (i) both candies are red (ii)
one is white?
Exercise 3.
A card is drawn from an ordinary deck. Find these probabilities. (Bluman Example 4.7)
a. Of getting a jack
b. Of getting the 6 of clubs (i.e., a 6 and a club)
c. Of getting a 3 or a diamond
d. Of getting a 3 or a 6
Exercise 4.
If a family has three children, find the probability that two of the three children are girls.
(Bluman Example 4.6)
Exercise 5.
Determine the probability of drawing either a three of clubs or a six of diamonds from an
ordinary deck of 52 playing cards? ( Chapter 2“Probability and Statistics” by Schaum‟s Outline Series)
Exercise 6.
a) A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an odd
number. If E is the event that a number less than 4 occurs on a single toss of the die, find
P(E).
b) let A be the event that an even number turns up and let B be the event that a number
divisible by 3 occurs. Find P(A ∪ B) and P(A ∩ B). (Walpole 9th Ed Exp. 2.25)
Exercise 7.
Find the errors in each of the following statements:
(b) The probabilities that an automobile salesperson will sell 0, 1, 2, or 3 cars on any given
day in February are, respectively, 0.19, 0.38, 0.29, and 0.15.
(c) The probability that it will rain tomorrow is 0.40, and the probability that it will not rain
tomorrow is 0.52.
(d) The probabilities that a printer will make 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more mistakes in setting a
document are, respectively, 0.190.34−0.250.43, and 0.29.
(e) On a single draw from a deck of playing cards, the probability of selecting a heart is 1/4,
the probability of selecting a black card is 1/2, and the probability of selecting both a
heart and a black card is 1/8.
(Walpole 9th Exercise 2.49)

Muhammad Naeem Sandhu

Supplementary Problems set 2 (2)

Exercise 8.
A fair coin is tossed ten times and the up face is recorded after each toss. What is the
probability of event A: {observe at least one head}
Exercise 9.
There are three alternative roots A, B or C each with some probability of being blocked.
What is the probability I can get to work?
if P(A blocked) == 1/10, P(B blocked) = 3/5, P(C blocked) = 5/9
Exercise 10.
If a box contains 10 left handed screws and 20 right handed screws, what is the probability of
obtaining at least one right handed screw in drawing 2 screws (i) with replacement (ii) without
replacement.
Exercise 11.
Three screws are drawn at random from a lot of 100 screws. 10 of which are defective. Find the
probability of the event that all 3 screws drawn are non defective, assuming that we draw (a) with
replacement (b) without replacement.
Exercise 12.
If a certain kind of tire has a life exceeding 40,000 miles with probability 0.90. What is the
probability that a set of these tires on a car will last longer than 40,000 miles?
Exercise 13.
If we inspect sheets of paper by drawing 3 sheets with replacement from every lot of 100 sheets,
what is the probability of getting 3 clean sheets although 8% of the sheets contain impurities?
Exercise 14.
An automobile manufacturer is concerned about a possible recall of its best-selling four-door
sedan. If there were a recall, there is 0.25 probability that a defect is in the brake system, 0.18 in the
transmission, 0.17 in the fuel system, and 0.40 in some other area. What is the probability that the defect
is the brakes or the fueling system if the probability of defects in both systems simultaneously is 0.15?
Exercise 15.
(ii) Find the probability that on a single draw from a pack of playing cards we draw a spade
or a face card or both.
(iii) A fair dice is rolled once. You win Rs.5/- if the outcome is either even or divisible by 3.
What is the probability of winning the game?
(iv) A customer enters a food store. The probability that the customer buys (a) bread is 0.60
(b) milk is 0.50 and (c) both bread and milk is 0.30. What is the probability that the
customer would by either bread or milk or both?
Exercise 16.
A card is drawn from a deck of ordinary playing cards. What is the probability that it is a
diamond, a face card or a king?
Exercise 17.
A survey has been taken on methods of computer travel. Each respondent was asked to check
BUS, TRAIN or AUTOMOBILE as a major method of traveling to work. More than one answer was
permitted. The results reported were as follows: BUS 30 people, TRAIN 35 people, AUTOMOBILE 100
people, BUS and TRAIN 15 people, BUS and AUTOMOBILE 15 people, TRAIN and AUTOMOBILE
20 people and all three methods 5 people. How many people completed a survey form.
Exercise 18.
A survey of 500 television watchers produced the following information: 285 watch football
games, 195 watch hockey games, 115 watch basketball games, 45 watch football and basketball games,

Muhammad Naeem Sandhu

Supplementary Problems set 2 (3)

70 watch football and hockey games, 50 watch hockey and basketball games, and 50 do not watch any of
the three kinds of the games.
a) How many people in the survey watch all three kinds of games?
b) How many people watch exactly one of the games?
Source:- Chapter 1, Sec. 1.2 Book: “Discrete Mathematical Structures” by Bernard Kolman, Prentice Hall.
Exercise 19.
In rolling of two fair dice, let A be the event that the sum of the dots is divisible by 4 and B be the
event that the sum of the dots is even. Find the probability of A given that B occurs first
Exercise 20.
The concept of conditional probability has countless applications in both industrial and
biomedical applications. Consider an industrial process in the textile industry in which strips of a
particular type of cloth are being produced. These strips can be defective in two ways, length and nature
of texture. For the case of the latter, the process of identification is very complicated. It is known from
historical information on the process that 10% of strips fail the length test, 5% fail the texture test, and
only 0.8% fail both tests. If a strip is selected randomly from the process and a quick measurement
identifies it as failing the length test, what is the probability that it is texture defective?
Example 2.34 Page 60 Book:- “Probability and Statistics for Engineers” by Walpole 9th Ed.
Exercise 21.
If we randomly pick two television sets in succession without replacement from a shipment of
240 television sets of which 15 are defective, what is the probability that they will be both defective?
Exercise 22.
World Wide Insurance Company found that 53% of the residents of a city had homeowner‟s
insurance (H) with the company. Of these clients, 27% also had automobile insurance (A) with the
company. If a resident is selected at random, find the probability that the resident has both homeowner‟s
and automobile insurance with World Wide Insurance Company.
Reference :- Example 4.29 Book: “Elementary Statistics” by Bluman
Exercise 23.
A box contains 15 items, 4 of which are defective and 11 are good. Two items are selected. What
is the probability that the first is good and second is defective?
Exercise 24.
Two cards are dealt from a pack of ordinary playing cards. Find the probability that the second
card dealt is a heart?
Exercise 25.
A box of fuses contains 20 fuses, of which 5 are defective. If 3 of the fuses are selected at random
and removed from the box in succession without replacement, what is the probability that all three fuses
are defective?
Exercise 26.
It is known that 30% of a certain company‟s washing machines require service while under
warranty, whereas only 10% of its dryers need such service. If someone purchases both a washer and a
dryer made by this company, what is the probability that both machines need warranty service? What is
the probability that neither machine needs service?
Exercise 27.
During winter, Mr. Fazal experiences difficulty in starting his two cars. The probability that the
first car starts is 0.80 and the probability that the second car starts is 0.40. There is a probability of 0.30
that both the cars start.
(i) define the events involved and use probability notation to show the probability
information given above.
(ii) What is the probability that at least one car starts?

Muhammad Naeem Sandhu

Supplementary Problems set 2 (4)

(iii) What is the probability that Mr. Fazal cannot start either of the two cars.
Exercise 28.
_ _
Given P(A) = 0.60, P(B) = 0.40, P(AB) = 0.24, find P(A/B), P(AB), P(A/B), P(B/A), P(B).
What is the relation between A and B?
Exercise 29.
Let A and B be two events associated with an experiment. Suppose that
P(A) = 0.5 and P(AB) = 0.6. Find P(B) if
(i) A and B mutually exclusive?
(ii) A and B independent?
(iii) P(A/B) = 0.4
Exercise 30.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false, indicate why.
(i) If P(A/B) = 0, then A and B are mutually exclusive.
(ii) If P(A/B) = 0, then A and B are independent.
(iii) If P(A/B) = P(B/A), then P(A) = P(B).
(iv) If A and B are independent, then P(A) = P(B).
Exercise 31.
An urn contains 10 white and 3 black balls. Another contains 3 white and 5 black balls. Two balls
are transferred from first urn and placed into second and then one ball is taken from the latter. What is the
probability that it is a white ball?
Exercise 32.
Three urns of the same appearance are given as follows:
Urn A contains 5 red and 7 white balls
Urn B contains 4 red and 3 white balls
Urn C contains 3 red and 4 white balls
An urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn from that urn.
(i) What is the probability that the ball drawn is red?
(ii) If the ball drawn is red, what is probability that it came from urn A?
Exercise 33.
In a study involving a manufacturing process, the probability was 0.10 that a part tested was
defective and a probability that a part was produced on machine A was 0.30. Given that a part was
produced on machine A, there is 0.15 probability that it is defective.
(a) What is the probability that a part tested is both defective and produced by machine A?
(b) If a part is found to be defective, what is the probability that it came from machine A?
(c) Is finding a defective part independent of its being produced on machine A? Explain.
(d) What is the probability of the part being either defective or produced by machine A?
(e) Are the events “a defective part” and “produced by machine A” mutually
exclusive events? Explain. Ref.: “Statistics for Management” by R I Levin and D S Rubin
Hints:
Define the events; D: a part tested is defective, E: a part is produced by machine A
Given information: P(D) = 0.10, P(E) = 0.30, P(D/E) = 0.15
Find P(DE), P(E/D). Check P(D/E) = P(D) and P(E/D) = P(E). Also check P(DE)
For mutually exclusive, check P(DE) = 0

Muhammad Naeem Sandhu

Supplementary Problems set 2 (5)

Bayes Theorem and Application

Exercise 34.
A construction company employs three sales engineers. Engineer 1, 2 and 3 estimate the cost of
30%, 20% and 50% respectively, of all jobs bid by the company. For j = 1, 2, 3, define A j to be the event
that a job is estimated by Engineer j and define E to be the event that a serious error is made in estimating
the cost. The following probabilities are known to describe the error rates of the engineers:
P(E/A1) = 0.01
P(E/A2) = 0.03
P(E/A3) = 0.02
If a particular bid results in a serious error in estimating the job costs, which engineer was
responsible? (Of course, we cannot answer this question with certainty, but statisticians who favor
Bayesian logic would employ the following method for making this inference)
Three urns of the same appearance have the following proportions of white and black balls:
Urn A: 1 white, 2 black balls.
Urn B: 2 white, 1 black ball.
Urn C: 2 white, 2 black balls.
One of the urns is selected and a ball is drawn from it. It turns out to be white. What is the
probability that urn C was chosen?
Exercise 35.
There are three coins, identical in appearance, one of which is ideal and the other two biased with
1 2
probabilities 3 and 3 respectively for a head. One coin is taken at random and tossed twice. If head
appears both the times, what is the probability that the ideal coin was tossed?
Exercise 36.
In a certain college, 4% of the men and 1% of the women are taller than 6 feet. Further more,
60% of the students are the women. Now if a student is selected at random and is taller than 6 feet, what
is the probability that the student is a woman?
Exercise 37.
Three cooks A, B and C, bake a special kind of cake, and with respective probabilities 0.02, 0.03,
and 0.05 it fails to rise. In the restaurant where they work, A bakes 50 % of these cakes, B 30 % and C
20 %. What proportion of „failures‟ does A cause?
Exercise 38.
The stock of a warehouse consists of boxes of high, medium and low quality light bulbs in
respective proportions: 1 : 2 : 2. The probability of bulbs of three types being unsatisfactory is 0.0, 0.1
and 0.2 respectively. If a box is chosen at random and two bulb in it are tested and found to be
satisfactory, what is the probability that it contains bulbs (1) of high quality, (2) of medium quality, (3) of
low quality?
Exercise 39.
In a certain assembly plant, three machines, B1, B2, and B3, make 30%, 45%, and 25%,
respectively, of the products. It is known from past experience that 2%, 3%, and 2% of the products made
by each machine, respectively, are defective. Now, suppose that a finished product is randomly selected.
What is the probability that it is defective?
Exercise 40.
A paint-store chain produces and sells latex and semigloss paint. Based on long-range sales, the
probability that a customer will purchase latex paint is 0.75. Of those that purchase latex paint, 60% also
purchase rollers. But only 30% of semigloss paint buyers purchase rollers. A randomly selected buyer
purchases a roller and a can of paint. What is the probability that the paint is latex? (Walpole 9th Ed Exercise 2.101)

Muhammad Naeem Sandhu