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Lecture - 06 Tension Members - For Print
Lecture - 06 Tension Members - For Print
Topics to be Addressed
y Types of Steel Structures
y Introductory concepts
y Design Strength
y Net Area at Connection
y Shear Lag Phenomenon
y ASD and LRFD Design of Tension
Members
y Design Examples
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 2
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Types of steel structures
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Types of steel structures
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Types of steel structures
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Types of steel structures
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Sections for Tension Members
Design Stresses
for
Base Material
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Introductory Concepts
y Stress: The stress in an axially loaded tension
member is given by Equation
y The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
z near the point of application of load, and
z at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities etc.
discontinuities, etc
Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar
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Types of steel structures
Gusset plate
b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole
a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar
Design strength
• A tension member can fail by reaching one
of two limit states:
1. Excessive deformation
• Yielding at the gross area
2. Fracture
• Fracture at the net area
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Design strength
1. Excessive deformation can occur due to the
yielding of the gross section at section a-a
b b
7/8 in. d
a a
8x½i
Design strength
2. Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress
at the net section (section b-b) reaches the
ultimate stress Fu
b b
7/8 in. d
a a
8x½i
CE-409: Lecture 06 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 18
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Design strength
y Yielding of the gross section will occur when
the stress f reaches Fy
P
f = = Fy
Ag
Design strength
• AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area
• AISC/LRFD
Design strength for yielding on gross area
øtPn =øøt Fy
y Agg = 0.9 Fy
y Agg
Design strength for fracture of net section
øtPn = øtFu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae
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Effective Net Area
• The connection has a significant influence on the
performance of a tension member.
• A connection almost always weakens the member
and a measure of its influence is called joint
efficiency.
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Effective Net Area
Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by
using a reduced or effective net area Ae
CG
For Bolted Connections
x1
x
U= 1 −
L
x2
• For
F bolted
b lt d connection,
ti the
h effective
ff i net area is
i Ae = U An
• For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per line ,
U= 0.85
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Net Area Example
Example : A 5 x ½ bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter
bolts as shown in below. Assume that the effective net area Ae equals
the actual net area An and compute
p the tensile design g strength
g of the
member.
Gusset plate
b b
7/8 in. diameter bolt
a a
5 x ½ in. bar
A572 Gr. 50
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Net Area Example
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Shear Lag in Tension
Members
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Shear Lag in Tension
Members
Design Bottom Line
Shear lag can have a large influence on the
strength of tension members , in essence
reducing the effective area of the section. The
amount of the reduction is related to the length of
the connection and the arrangement of cross
cross-
section elements that do not participate directly in
the connection load transfer.
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Block Shear in Tension
Members
y For such a failure to occur,
occur there are
two possible mechanisms:
y (1) Shear rupture + tensile yielding; and
y (2) Shear yielding + tensile rupturing.
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Design Example 1-ASD
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Design Example 1-ASD
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Design Example 1-ASD
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Design Example 1-ASD
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Design Example 1-LRFD
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Design Example 1-LRFD
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Design Example 1-LRFD
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Design Example 1-LRFD
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Design Example 2-ASD
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Design Example 2-ASD
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Design Example 2-ASD
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Design Example 2-ASD
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Design Example 2-ASD
Design Alternative 2
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Design Example 2-LRFD
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Design Example 2-LRFD
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Design Example 2-LRFD
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Design Example 2-LRFD
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