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    SL60 - 94 Dam Safety Monitoring

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    SL 60—94 ee OOK om: Technical Criterion on Earth-Rockfill Dam Safety Monitoring ISSUED ON 1994-08-27 ENFORCED ON 1994-10-01 ISSUED BY MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES AND MINISTRY OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY, P.R. CHINA 1 GENERAL 2 PATROL INSPECTION cscen 2.1 GENERAL, 2.2 INSPECTION osrecTVEs, 2.3 INSPECTION METHOD AND REQUIREMENT... 2.4 INSPECTION RECORD AND REPORT... 3 DEFORMATION MONITORING. 3.1 GENERAL. 3.2 SURFACE DEFORMATION. 3.3 INTERNAL DEFORMATION 3.4 CRACKS AND JOINTS, 3.5 DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE FACE SLAB. 3.6 BANK SLOPE DISPLACEMENT. 4 MONITORING OF SEEPAGE FLOW.. 4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT uno 4.2 SEEPAGE FLOW PRESSURE OF DAM BODY. 43 SEEPAGE FLOW PRESSURE OF DAM FOUNDATION ven 4.4 BYPASS SEEPAGE FLOW. 4.5 SEEPAGE DISCHARGE. ‘5 PRESSURE (STRESS) MONITORING 5.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT.. 5.2 PORE WATER PRESSURE... 5.3 SOIL PRESSURE (STRESS) 5.4 CONTACT SOM. PRESSURE OBSERVATION... 5.5 STRESS OF CONCRETE FACE SLAB ‘6 HYDROLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING ween 6.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT.. nee 6.2 WATER LEVEL, PRECIPTATION, WATER TEMPERATURE AND AIR TEMPERATURE 6.3 Wav 6.4 SEDIMENT BEFOREDAM..... 6.5 FROST nar ‘PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS FOR MONITORING DATA. 7.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT sinesnnonsn 7.2 DATA PREPARATION wns 7.3 DATAANALYSI, 1 General 1.0.1 This specification is prepared for the purpose of enforcing national safety ‘monitoring works of earth-rock dam and ensuring the safe operation of project. The requirements of “Rules for the Safety Management of Reservoirs and Dams” are followed, 1.0.2 This specification is mainly applicable to the rolled earth-rock dam of grades 1, 2 and 3 mentioned in the grade division and design standard for hydroelectric and water conservancy project. It can be applied to the rolled earth-rock dam of grades 4 and 5 and other type of earth-rock dams for reference. 1.0.3 The monitoring extent of this specification includes embankment, dam foundation and dam end, and the water conveyance and release structures and equipments that directly influence the safety of dam. Bank slopes adjacent to the dam site which will significantly influence the safety of earth-rock dam are involved as Well. Method for safety monitoring consists of patrol inspection and instrumental observation. 1.0.4 Necessary monitoring objectives and related instruments shall be determined based on the grade, scope, structural style and the topographic, geologic and geographic conditions of the project. The observation shall be performed systematically and regularly. The details for the monitoring objectives and instruments refer to relative provisions. The contents and requirements of earthquake response monitoring and hydraulic observation of outlet structures also refer to relative provisions. 1.0.5 The safety monitoring of earth-rock dam shall conform to the following principles: 1.0.5.1 The arrangement of all monitoring instrument and facility shall be closely combined with the specific condition of the project, which will reflect not only the general operating state of the while project, but the operating state of critical ‘components. The monitoring objectives shall be planed as a whole. 1.0.5.2 All monitoring instruments and facilites shall be advanced and convenient for the realization of automatic observation under the precondition of reliability, durability, economy and practicability, 1.0.5.3 The installation and embedment of monitoring instrument and facility shall be carried out carefully in aceotdance with design requirement s0 as to guarantee the quality. After that, as-built drawing shall be fulfilled and inspection sheet shall be filled and then filed for checking. 1.0.5.4 It shall be ensured that necessary observation can be performed in adverse weather, Special observing station and gallery shall be provided if required. 1.0.6 Following requirements shall be obeyed in different stages of monitoring: 1.0.6.1 Feasibility study stage: the overall design scheme, observation items, numbers of necessary instrument and equipment and investment estimation (accounts 1%-3% of the total investment of main structures) of the safety monitoring system shall be proposed in this stage. 1.0.6.2 Preliminary design stage: overall design scheme, layout of survey points, numbers of observation instrument and equipment and investment estimation of the safety monitoring system shall be optimized in this stage. 1.0.6.3 Tender design stage: list of observation instrument and equipment, main observation objective and frequency, technical requirements. for instrument and equipment installation and investment budget shall be proposed in this stage. 1.0.6.4 Construction stage: construction details shall be prepared in accordance with the design and technical requirements of monitoring system. The Contract shall perform the embedment, installation, debugging and maintenance of all instrument and equipment, assign specific personnel for observation works and ensure that the facilities are in good conditions and the observation data are consecutive, correct and complete. The as-built drawings of observation facility, the records of embedment and observation in construction period and all relative data shall be collected and compiled into normal document and handed over to the administrative authority in the final acceptance of project. 1.0.6.5 Initial filling stage: the working plan and the main technical indexes of ‘monitoring shall be determined and the safety monitoring shall be performed at the very beginning of filling. Preliminary evaluation for the working condition of earth-rock dam shall be carried out based on the observed values obtained continuously. 1.0.6.6 Operation stage: regular and special patrol inspection and observation shall be carried out in this stage. The administrative authority is responsible for the examination, maintenance, calibration, updating, supplement and complement of monitoring system and facility, the analysis of observation data, the preparation of monitoring report and the establishment of technical files. In addition, the administrative authority of earth-rock dam shall analyze and evaluate the working condition (normal, abnormal and critical) of the dam based on the data of patrol inspection and observation, and provide hereby the basis for the safety assessment of the dam. 1.0.7 The stages and numbers for all monitoring objectives refer to relative provisions. Objectives that are interconnected shall be monitored simultaneously at highest extent possible. ‘The standard data sheet used in observation works shall be filled carefully, and erasure, damage and missing of the sheet are forbidden. The observation data shall be sorted out and calculated timely. Measurement shall be repeated at once if there is something abnormal. In case the project safety is endangered, the administrative authority shall analyze the reason, take appropriate measures and report to the authorities concerned. 1.0.8 For special cases such as felt earthquake, heavy flood and abnormal working condition of dam, patrol inspection shall be increased and the relevant monitoring 3 works of critical components shall be strengthened. 1.0.9 The lost, damaged or disable monitoring facility shall be supplemented or replaced in accordance with the actual conditions. Upgrading design of monitoring system shail be carried out on the basis of this specification during the reinforcement, extension, rehabilitation of project and the updating of monitoring system. The observation data shall be acquired continuously. 1.0.10 Technical and economic verification must be made when automatic monitoring system is applied, Instrument and equipment used in the system must be stable and reliable, and the observation data must be continuous, correct and complete. Function of the system shall include data acquisition, transmission, processing and analyzing, 1.0.11 Other specifications related with this specification are as follows: “Classification and Design Standard of Hydropower and Water Conservancy Projects” (for mountain and hill) (SDJ12-78) and its supplementary executive regulations, used for the classification of earth-rock dam; “Safety Regulations for Reservoir and Dams”, used for safety management of earth-rock; “Technical Specification for Safety Monitoring of Concrete Dams” (SDJ336-89), used for monitoring of concrete structures. For safety monitoring in design and construction of earth-rock dam, it shall conform to this specification, 2 Patrol Inspection 2.1 General 2.1.1 Patrol inspection stipulated in this specification shall be performed continuously from the beginning of construction of earth-rock dam. 2.1.2 Patrol inspection of earth-rock dam is composed of routine inspection, annual inspection and special inspection. 2.1.2.1 Routine inspection: regulations for routine inspection shall be practical and feasible and determined on the basis of the specific conditions and characteristics of the dam. Time, position, objective and requirement for the inspection works shall be ‘ stipulated in detail, inspection route and sequence shall be determined. The inspection requires qualified technicians that have relevant experience, Inspection frequency: inspection twice every week is appropriate for construction period, but not less than four times every month; once every day or every two days are appropriate for initial impoundment or level rising period, but not less than twice every week, the detailed times shall be determined based on the speed of water level rising or lowering; inspection once every week or not less than twice every month is suitable for operation period, however, it shall be increased to at least once every day in flood season, especially in heavy flood period, 2.1.2.2 Yearly inspection: it shall be carried out in some certain periods such as the days before and after flood season and water utilization phase, ice period and melting period in the area with severe freezing, and the active stage of white ant in the area with ant damage. The inspection shall follow the stipulated observation objectives and under the organization of administrative unit. The frequency of inspection shall be determined based on the actual conditions of cach area, generally not less than 2~3 times every year. 2.1.2.3 Special inspection: in case the dam is severely influenced by some abnormal conditions such as heavy rainstorm, heavy flood, felt earthquake, topical storm, rapid rising and lowering of water level and continuous high level, special inspection shall be organized by the administrative authority and persons will be particularly assigned for continuous monitoring of potential danger zone if necessary. An overall patrol inspection shall be carried out during the emptying of reservoir. 2.2 Inspection objectives 2.2.1 Dam embankment 2.2.1.1 Dam crest: crack, abnormal deformation, water accumulation, plant growth on dam crest; crack, crushing, overhead, fault and inclination of parapet wall 2.2.1.2 Upstream slope: damage of protective covering or revetment; crack, concrete scaling, sliding, protrusion, collapse, scouring or plant growth; bubbling, turbidity or vortex in neighboring water surface. 2.2.1.3 Downstream slope and dam toe: crack, concrete scaling, sliding, protrusion, collapse, raining ditch, spalling, uneven snow melting, pit caused by sand boiling and percolation, soil flowing and piping; un-smooth drainage system, damaged grassed revetment; animal dens and ant nets; abnormal or failure of diversion and decompression facility such as filter toe and relief well. 2.2.2 Dam foundation and dam site 2.2.2.1 Dam foundation: abnormal working condition of foundation drainage facility; variation of quantity, color, smell, turbidity, pH value and temperature of leakage ‘water; crack and ereepage in foundation gallery. 2.2.2.2 Dam end: crack, fault and creepage at the junction of embankment and bank slope; crack, sliding, landslide, erosion, protrusion, collapse, abnormal seepage, ant holes and animal dens in ends. 2.2.2.3 Area adjacent to dam toe: dampness, seepage, piping soil flowing and protrusion; incomplete drainage facility. 2.2.2.4 Bank slope at dam end: abnormal bypass seepage; signs of cracking and ing; protrusion, collapse or other damage of revetment. 2.2.2.5 Cracking and collapse of upstream blanket shall be checked if possible. 2.2.3 Water conveyance tunnel (conduit) 2.2.3.1 Diversion section: blockage, silting and collapse, 2.2.3.2 Intake tower (or shaft): crack, seepage and cavitation. 2.2.3.3 Tunnel (conduit) body: crack, cavitation and seepage of tunnel wall; abnormal performance of expansion joint and drainage hole. 2.2.3.4 Outlet: abnormal flow pattern and rate in discharge period, water leakage in non-discharge period. exploration, underwater television and underwater photography, etc. 2.3.2 Requirement 2.3.2.1 Patrol inspection must be performed by persons familiar with earth-rock dam. 2.3.2.2 Persons in charge of routing inspection shall not be replaced frequently. Necessary tools, notebooks and pens used for record shall be taken during inspection. 2.3.2.3 Detailed plan must be worked out for yearly and special patrol inspection and following tasks shall be implemented carefully: (1) Arrange the dispatching of reservoir and create appropriate condition for checking of water conveyance and release structures as well as the underwater inspection. (2) Provide necessary power and illumination for checking works. (3) Dewater accumulated water and clean out the debris from the checked position. (4) Provide temporary access facility for inspection. (5) Take measures to ensure the safety of the project, equipment and staff. (6) Provide tool, equipment, vehicle, boat and instruments for measurement, record, drafting, photography and so on. 2.4 Inspection record and report 2.4.1 Record and collation 24.1.1 Every patrol inspection shall be recorded. For abnormal condition, the occurred time, position, situation shall be recorded and drafted, mapping, photograph and video shall be made if necessary. 2.4.1.2 The site record shall be sorted out timely. In addition, the inspection result shall be compared and analyzed with the previous results. Re-checking shall be performed as once if problems or abnormal conditions are found so as to cnsure the accuracy of the record. 2.4.2 Report and filing 2.4.2.1 For abnormal condition found during routine inspection, emergency measures shall be taken immediately and then reported to the superior department. 2.4.2.2 After yearly and special patrol inspections are completed, brief report shall be put forward and emergency measures shall be adopted. For detailed report, it shall be prepared in accordance with comprehensive comparison and analyses of design, construction and operation data, and reported to the superior department in time. 24.2.3 Records, drawings and reports of all patrol inspections shall be sorted and filed. 3 Deformation Monitoring 3.1 General 3.1.1 Objectives of deformation monitoring mainly comprise of surface deformation, inner deformation, crack and joint of dam, deformation of concrete face slab and displacement of bank slope. 3.1.2 Plane coordinates and level elevation applied in deformation monitoring shall consist with the coordinate system of control network for design, construction and operation stages. Project shall establish connection with national network if possible. 3.1.3 Following stipulations shall be complied in deformation monitoring: 3.1.3.1 Generally one common measuring point shall be applied for the observation of surface vertical and horizontal displacement. The instrument for deep vertical and horizontal deformation monitoring shall be installed based on the general layout of the project. 3.1.3.2 Base points for observation shall be set within the stable area; measuring points shall be firmly connected with embankment or bank slope. Reliable protective devices shall be provided for base point and measuring point. 3.1.3.3 Principles of positive and negative signs in deformation monitoring: (1) Horizontal displacement: displacement toward downstream and left bank is u defined as “positive”, and “negative” for upstream and right bank; (2) Vertical displacement: displacement downward is defined as “positive”, and “negative” for upward; (3) Three-dimensional displacement of cracks and joints: open is defined as “positive” and close is defined as “negative”; settlement downward is defined es “positive” and “negative” for upward; slipping toward downstream slope and left bank is defined as “positive”, and “negative” for opposite direction. 3.1.34 Observation frequency refers to relative provisions. 3.2 Surface deformation 3.2.1 Observation of surface deformation comprises of vertical displacement and horizontal displacement, and the latter includes the transverse horizontal displacement perpendicular to dam axis and the longitudinal horizontal displacement parallel to dam axis, 3.2.2 Observation arrangement 3.2.2.1 Selection of observation section and layout of measuring point (1) Generally the cross section for observation shall be located at original riverbed, closure section, the area of maximum dam height, regions with sudden change of topography or complicated geological conditions, embedded pipes and abnormal operation. At least three cross sections shall be selected. (2) At least four longitudinal sections shall be provided for observation: one to two sections shall be provided at upstream and downstream of dam crest; one shall be provided above the normal poo! level at upstream dam slope (temporary measuring points can be provided below the normal poo! level if required); one to three sections shall be provided above the half dam height at downstream slope, and one to two below the half dam height (including one at slope toe). One to two sections shall be provided in addition at downstream dam toe for the earth-rock dam on weak foundation. (3) For high dam in V-shaped valley and the dam sections with complicated land form at both ends and foundation, measuring point at dam crest shall be added appropriately, and the measuring of longitudinal horizontal displacement shall be enhanced. (4) Spacing between measuring points shall be 20~50m for dams shorter than 300m and 50~100m for those longer than 300m. (5) Collimation line shall be at least 1.0m away from obstacle. 3.2.2.2 All base points shall be located on rocks or firm earth foundation. The measuring shall be convenient and free from natural or man-made influences. (1) One initial base point shall be installed separately on bank slopes at both sides of every longitudinal row of measuring points. (2) One working base point, which is used for observation of transverse horizontal displacement by applying the collimation line method, shall be installed separately on the elongation line of each longitudinal row of measuring points on both banks. In ccase the dam axis is zigzag or the dam length exceeds 500m, additional working bese points (which can be replaced with measuring points) with the spacing of about 250m shall be provided in each row of longitudinal measuring points on dam embankment. Triangulation survey method shall be applied if the dam length exceeds 1000m, reversed pendulum method and other appropriate methods shall be applied if possible. G) Generally two to three bench marks shall be installed 1~3m downstream of earth-rock dam. (4) One to two checking points observed with collimation fine method shall be installed separately on the extended connecting line of working base points in same row on both banks. 3.2.3 Observation facility and its installation 3.2.3.1 The observation facility shall conform to following requirements: (1) Structures of measuring point and base point must be firm and reliable, hard to deform, practical and coordinated with surrounding environment, (2) Measuring point can be of pillar or pier type. Upright post of measuring point used concurrently for observation of longitudinal and transverse horizontal displacement shall be 0.6~1.0m higher than dam crest. Forced centering base plate shall be provided at the top of the post, the centering error shall be less than 0.2mm. (3) Initial measuring base point on earth foundation shall be of concrete pier structure. For initial base point on rock foundation, cast-in-situ concrete in excavated pit shall be applied, Deeply buried double metal tube shall be taken as initial base point when the embedded depth of hard rock is greater than S~20m. (4) Working base point shall be of monolithic reinforced concrete structure. The height of upright post shall be convenient for operator and greater than 1.2m. Errors of forced centering base plate on the top pf post shall be less than 0.1mm. (5) Structure and embedment requirement of check base point shall be the same as that of working base point. (6) Structure and embedment of bench mark shall refer to relevant stipulations of national leveling codes (GB12897-91 and GB12898-91). (7) Sighting rod, sighting plate or electric illuminating mark can be used as the target for observation of horizontal displacement, and its size and figure shall be determined in accordance with the actual conditions. 3.2.3.2 Installation of observation facility (J) Buried depth for the base of measuring point and base point on earth foundation shall not be less than 0.5m, and below the freezing line in frost zone. Protective ‘measures shall be taken to avoid rain drop erosion, crushing of revetment blocks and man-made impaction. (2) Posts must be retained vertically and the base of equipment must be leveled during embedment, Center of forced centering base plate of each measuring point shall be “ limited on the collimation line with the deviation less than 10mm. The inclination of base plate shall not be greater than 4'. 3.2.4 Observation method and requirement 3.2.4.1 Vertical displacement: Leveling method is generally applied for surface vertical displacement, communicating tube method can be used as well. (1) Leveling of surface vertical displacement shall refer to the method in national standard of third-order leveling (GB12898-91), and the closure error shall not exceed +1.4¥n mm (n is the number of survey station, shall be the same hereinafter). The initial measuring and check measuring of initial base point shall refer to method in national standard of the second-order leveling (GB12897-91), and the closure error shall not exceed +0.72¥n mm). (2) Communicating tube used for observation of surface vertical displacement shall be of portable or fixed type. Observation shall be carried out during the time with most steady temperature, With stable water level, the measuring shall be performed twice and the difference between two readings shall not exceed 2mm. 3.2.4.2 Horizontal displacement: Generally collimation line method is applied for the observation of transverse horizontal displacement; methods of reversed pendulum and tension wire alignment can be used if necessary. Design, installation and observation of reversed pendulum and tension wire alignment instruments shall be implemented based on the “Technical Specification for Safety Monitoring ‘of Concrete Dam” (SD1I336-89) and in combination with deformation characteristics of earth-rock dam. (1) Theodolite or collimator can be used in collimation line method, and theodolite of Grade J| shall be applied if the collimation line is longer than 500m. (2) Observation of collimation line shall apply movable target method or small angle method in accordance with the actual conditions. Fixed observation station shall be provided at both ends of collimation line and instruments installed in the station shall observe the departure of adjacent measuring points. (3) In case active target method is applied to check the original and added working base points, the allowable error shall not exceed 2mm (taking two times of mean error). The allowable error for each round of displacement observation shall not exceed 4mm (taking two times of mean error), and at least two rounds are required. (4) Theodolite of Grade-J1. shall be applied when small angle method is used to observe transverse horizontal displacement. Difference between two coincidence readings of micrometer gauge shall not exceed 0.4". The differential of small angle values of change face in’ one round of observation shall not exceed 3"; for same measuring point, the differential of small angle values for each round of observation shall not exceed 2". (5) Theodolite of Grade J1 and method of direction observation in rounds shall be applied in case forward intersection triangulation is used for the observation of transverse horizontal displacement of additional working base points (or measuring points), at least 4 rounds of observation is required. The limited differences of each item are required as follows: +6" for retum-to-zero difference for half round of ‘observation; +8" for difference of two times of collimiation error; and +5" for difference of each round. (6) Atmospheric laser collimation method shall be applied to observe the transverse horizontal displacement is possible. Design, installation and observation of relative instruments shall comply with the “Technical Specification for Safety Monitoring of Concrete Dam” ($DJ336-89). (7) For observation of surface vertical horizontal displacement, invar scale shall be used in general and ordinary steel rule added with correction factor can be used as ‘well. The error shall not exceed 0.2mm. Geodimeter can be used if possible. 3.3 Internal deformation: 3.3.1 Observation of intemal deformation comprises of vertical displacement in layers, horizontal displacement in layers, interface displacement and deep strain, etc. 16 3.3.2 Observation arrangement 3.3.2.1 Generally the observation section shall be located at the maximum cross section or other characteristic sections such as original riverbed, closure section, areas with complicated geological and topographic conditions and weak construction or structural sections. One to three cross sections shall be selected. (One to three observation plumb lines can be provided for each observation section, of which one shall be located near dam axis. The layout of observation plumb lines shall form a vertical observation section if possible. Spacing between measuring points on the line shall be determined based on dam , structural style, characteristics of dam material as well as construction method and quality, generally taken as 2~10m, 3~15 measuring points shall be provided in most cases for one plumb line. The lowest measuring point shall be located on the surface of dam foundation so that it can measure the settlement of dam foundation simultaneously. Three rows of measuring points for hydrostatic settlement gauge shall be arranged horizontally along transverse direction at 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 of dam height. One additional row of measuring points shall be provided on the surface of dam foundation with weak base and deep overburden. 2~5 measuring points shall be provided for each row and the distribution of these points shall form the observation plumb line possibly. 3.3.2.2 Observation arrangement of horizontal displacement in layers is same as that of vertical displacement in layers. Observation section can be located at the maximum section and the tensile regions in dam ends. One to three sections shall be set generally. Observation plumb line shall be provided near dam axis or dam abutment, or at other positions where observation is required. Spacing of measuring points shall be 0.5m or 1.0m for portable inclinometer; while for fixed inclinometer, it can refer to the spacing of measuring points for vertical displacement in layers, and be arranged in combination with actual conditions. 7 Embedment of horizontal displacement gauge in tension wire type shall refer to the embedment of hydrostatic settlement gauge and arranged in accordance with actual conditions. 3.3.2.3 Interface measuring point shall be located at the junction of embankment and bank slope, the interface of different dam materials and the connecting area of earth dam and concrete structures. It will be used to measure the relative normal and tangential displacement of two media. Measuring points for observation of deep strain shall be located at the tensile regions at dam ends, the tensile regions at upstream and downstream abutments, the tensile regions at inclined core and core, as well as the maximum cross section. 3.3.3 Observation instrument and facility and their installation 3.3.3.1 Observation of vertical displacement in layers (1) Electromagnetic settlement gauge, dry reed pipe settlement gauge and hydrostatic settlement gauge shall be applied for observation of vertical displacement in layers, arm settlement gauge or deep point set can be adopted as well. Rigidity of scttlement pipe shall match the surrounding media as much as possible. (2) The embedment of settlement pipe shall be implemented along with the placement of embankment, Settlement ring with heaver sheet can be used in weak base and existed sluicing-siltation dam and buried with borehole method. (3) Hydrostatic settlement gauge must be buried along with the placement of embankment. Trenching method is generally adopted in embedment. Trenches may be unnecessary if possible; however, effective measures must be taken to protect the instrument from damage. (4) Arm settlement gauge shall be buried along with construction by the method of pit embedment. (5) Deep measuring point set can be applied for homogeneous earth dam and plastic core dam with dam height not greater than 20m and with smaller foundation 18 settlement. Deep measuring point set shall be buried along with the placement of embankment by pit or non-pit embedment method. In addition, it can be buried after the earth dam is completed, 3.3.3.2 Observation of horizontal displacement in layers (1) Inclinometer and displacement gauge of tension wire type shall be applied for the observation of horizontal displacement in layers. Plumb line or reversed pendulum can be also applied if possible, (2) Movable inclinometer shall be used for observation. Fixed inclinometer shall be used only when it is difficult to perform movable observation or when on-line automatic data acquisition is applied. Material adopted for inelinometer pipe shall be the same with that of settlement pipe. Observations of horizontal and vertical displacement in layers'set on the same plumb line shall utitize the same pipe possibly. Piping of inclinometer shall be buried along with the placement of embankment; for existed dam and dam foundation, embedment in borehole can be applied. Embedment of fixed tap is similar to that of portable tap, however pipe is unnecessary. Embedment along with embankment placement shall refer to the embedment method of settlement pipe. Technical requirements’ for embedment of inclinometer pipe refer to relative provisions. (3) Horizontal displacement gauge of tension wire type shall be buried in combination with hydrostatic settlement gauge and the embedment method is similar with that of hydrostatic settlement gauge, Separate embedment can be applied if combination embedment is unfeasible, Steel wire shall appropriately incline upward in case separate embedment or single embedment (without settlement gauge) is applied. Major technical requirements for embedment construction shall conform to sub-clause 9 3.33.1 3.3.3.3 Observation of interface displacement and deep strain (1) Vibrating wire displacement gauge and potentiometer displacement gauge can be used for observation of interface displacement and deep strain. Vibrating wire displacement gauge shall be applied preferentially under the condition of satisfied range and precision. (2) Displacement gauge used to measure the displacement or strain of embankment shall be buried in pit. Surface embedment shall be applied for tangential displacement at interface of embankment and bank slope. Gauge can be buried in single or in series in accordance with the actual conditions. 3.3.4 Observation method and requirement 3.3.4.1 Observation for vertical displacement in layers (1) For observation with electromagnetic settlement gauge, electromagnetic tap shall measure the displacement from lower to upper. Each measuring point shall be measured in parallel for twice and the reading difference shall not exceed 2mm. (2) Observation method and accuracy for dry reed pipe settlement gauge shall be the same as that of electromagnetic settlement gauge. (3) For observation with hydrostatic settlement gauge, water and air shall be cleared off from the measuring pipe. Glass tube with scales on surveying board shall be applied. Each measuring point shall be measured in parallel for twice and the reading difference shall not exceed 2mm. (4) Settlement gauge or settlement rod shall be applied for arm settlement gauge. Each measuring point shall be. measured in parallel for twice and the reading difference shall not exceed 2mm, (5) For observation of deep measuring point, leveling instrument shall be applied for measuring, and the accuracy shall similar fo the observation of surface vertical displacement. 2» 3.3.4.2 Observation for deep horizontal displacement (1) For inclinometer of servo accelerometer type, four-and-half figure display sensing ‘gauge shall be applied to receive the tap; while for inclinometer of electric resistance strain gauge type, tap shall be received by electric resistance strain gauge. Observation shall be carried out by the tap of inclinometer from lower to upper. ‘Measuring points shall be set with the spacing of 50cm (or 100om) and measured one by one, Fach measuring point shall be measured in parallel for twice and the reading

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