Name:____________________________________ Score:_________

I. True or False. Write true if the statement is correct. If false, change the underlined word to
make the statement correct.
1. Nutrients are components of the food we eat that make body growth, maintenance, and repair
possible.
2. All of the following are classified as nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids proteins vitamins
minerals and water.

3. All of the following, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are needed in relatively small amounts
but not vitamins.
4. Vitamins and minerals are needed in relatively small amounts and are called macronutrients.
5. Water is absolutely essential to every diet because most biochemical reactions occur in aqueous
solution.
6. About half of the average daily calorie requirement derives from vitamins.
7. Dietary carbohydrates are primarily the monosaccharides starch and cellulose, the disaccharides
lactose and sucrose, and the polysaccharides glucose and fructose
8. Maltose is an important component of milk, sucrose is usually consumed as refined sugar
(derived from sugar beets or sugar cane) .
9. Monosaccharides are often found in fruits.

10. The polysaccharides, also called complex carbohydrates, are difficult to digest because of their
complex structures.
11. Starch is not digested by humans but it is a major source of dietary fiber. As it passes through
the digestive tract, it absorbs water and provides dietary bulk.
12. Fat is a more concentrated source of dietary energy than carbohydrate. As an energy source,
fats provide about 4 kcal/g, whereas carbohydrates and proteins provide only about 9 kcal/g.
13. Omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. Both types of fatty acids are
polysaturated.
14. The most important function of dietary protein is to provide for the synthesis of nitrogen-
containing molecules such as nucleic acids, enzymes, other proteins, nerve transmitters, and
many hormones.
15. Carbohydates are obtained from animal sources, such as meat, milk, cheese, and eggs, and
from plant sources, such as cereals, nuts, and legumes (peas, beans, and soybeans).
16. .Animal proteins have nutritive values that are generally superior to those of vegetable proteins
in that they supply all of the 10 amino acids that the body uses.
17. Humans cannot synthesize a group of amino acids called the essential amino acids. These 20
essential amino acids must be obtained from the diet.
18. A complete protein is a protein that supplies all of the essential amino acids. Plant products are,
in general, sources of complete proteins.
19. Vitamins A,D,E,K are water soluble.
20. The inorganic elements needed for good health are called vitamins.

II.Answer as required.
1. The vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin where as vitamin A is fat soluble. What
structural features of vitamin C make it more water soluble than vitamin A?
2. What is the main function of the major minerals—sodium, potassium, and chloride?
3. What is bioenergetics? Discuss the process exhaustibly.
4. What is metabolism? Discuss exhaustibly.
5. What is photosynthesis? Discuss the process.
6. Discuss briefly carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
7. What are nucleic acids?
8. What are the functions of RNA?
9. What is a DNA?
10. Give some vitamins and minerals and their importance.
II. Underline your answer.
1. Mitochondria are the cell’s “powerhouses” where most of the (anabolic, catabolic)
redox reactions take place.

2. The redox coenzymes NADH, NADPH and FADH 2 carry ( oxygen, electrons) from one
place to another or inside cells.

3. (Anaerobic, Aerobic) metabolism is the most efficient metabolic energy production.

4. The most common high-energy phosphate bond in the cell is the phosphate anhydride
(or phosphoanhydride) bond.

5. Phosphate anhydride bonds are important components of nucleotide triphosphates, the

most common of which is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the common energy
currency of the cell.

6. Two common forms of chemical energy storage in cells are reduced carbon atoms in
molecules such as carbohydrates and phosphate anhydride bonds in molecules like ATP.

7. Phosphate anhydride bonds are important components of nucleotide triphosphates, the

most common of which is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the common energy
currency of the cell.

8. Two common forms of chemical energy storage in cells are reduced carbon atoms in
molecules such as carbohydrates and phosphate anhydride bonds in molecules like ATP.

9. Substrate-level phosphorylation uses energy derived from oxidation to form high-energy

phosphate bonds on substrates.

10. Oxidative phosphorylation uses energy from redox reactions to form ATP.

11.