Contents , Contrintors ‘Acknowledgements Forewors How to use the took Avbreviaions BASIC DATA Human scale in architecture Use of Sunts Drawing sheets Drawing practice Proportions, Dimensions & space wequitements Quality of air q Visual tticrency nal comfort Patter & texture/moise & acoustics ‘Access & circulation Roadways /parking LUghting Daylight Sunlight COMMUNITY Houses 38 a “4 45 a7 55 6 66 70 8 76 7 7% 9 © 2 a cy Designvorganisatonvorientaton Access Standards & regulations Relationship toather bullings The house plan Kitchens, Satnrooms Public rooms Bedrooms Storage Securiy/prvacy Private open space -Acaptabie houses Underground houses Energy saving houses Housing old people Housing disables Balconies Flats & apartments 89 Building ypes 90 Access 91. Fire precautions 92 Internal planning 94 Point blocks 96 Duplex & triplex sections 97 Internal access 98 Stepped houses 99 Shared accommodation 100. Private garages Gardens 103. Enclosures 108 Sting & layout 105 Soil preparation 106 Pergolas/patns/equipment 108 Troes/shrubs 109. Water 110. Gardens for disabled rock gardensirool gardens! flooalighting| 111 Garden structures 112 Indoor gardens/roo! gardens 413. Water ly & fish pools 114 Swimming pools 115 Private indoor pools 117 Domestic sauna Education| 118 Schools: principles 119. Earty schoo! 120. Rural schools 121 Middle age range 123. Older age ange 127 Boarding schools, 129. Media centres 130. Furniture 134 Colleges: lecture rooms 137 Schools ofan design, drama, music 139° Drawing studios 140. Student hostels 142 Dining rooms 143. Youth hostels 145. LibrariesContents Hospitals Restaurants 149° Health services siucture 202! Planning factors 180. Modular design 203 Space alowance 151 Means of escapartie protection 204 Table sizes 153_Design/buiding configurations 205 Snack bars 154 Ward design 206 Drive-in &sell-service 156 Nurse working roams 207 Using rinimum space: restaurant cars 158 Ward design datagenatre 160 Materty Hotels 161 Paediatic & chidren 208 types 162 Long slay 209 Flow diagram 164 Psychiatric centres, 210 Panforns 165 Ward upgrading 211 Pubictooms 166 Ovipatien 212. Fromotnouse 168 Accident & emergency 213 Kitchens & food stores 169 Radiovouy 218. Admiistration 171 Operating 216 Guest besrooms 173. Intensive care 218 Buioing services 174 Cardiac surgical trensplarwimb iting 219 Motels 175 Burasiphysical medicine 221 Convention heels 176 Laboratories 224 Publichouses, 177 Pharmacy/toraries 178 Non-resident staff changing Office buildings 179. Ofices/supply 225. Bulking ype 180 Housekeeping 226. Delintion of offce areas 181 Community heath care 227, Typosotofice shel 228 Core Religion 230 Relationships 182 Churches 231 Meansof escape 185 Mosques 232, Services 186 Synagogues 283 Internat environment 187 Crematonaimartuan 294 Construction 235 Space standards COMMERCE 236 Special area requir ‘Shops & stores 287 Spaces for me 188. Situation 239 Furniture 189 Movement between loors/servce details 241 Storage 191 Windows 243 Equipment 192 Firerbourgues 193 Food shops Banks 195 _Chemisi/men's wear/shoes/tashion fabrics 196 Sell-service 197 Supermarkets 198. Hypermarkots 199. Shopping centrar & precincts 245. General/customer sen 287 Examples Vehicle services 248Contents Mult-storey car parks Potol stations Bus parks Ral station passenger detals Airports 258 Planning sequence 259 Runwaysiiaxways/terminals, 260. Flaw & functions 261 Baggage handing/avcrat parking 262 Catering/aircratt maintenance/aiteight INDUSTRY Industrial buildings 263 Sie selection/aite development Basic building types/selecton stra Factory building types Warehouses Site layout ledustial parks Building environment Planning forte conto! ronmental comparimentationwork place design Hygiene Loading bays: Rail-served builgings workshops ‘Workshop equipment space Workshop examples Workshop design factors Laboratories 281. Classiication/planning principlos/space requirements 292 Services dstibution/sisposal systoms/storage 293. Special equirements/elated spacessfinishes Farm buildings. 294 Human wellare/catle: basic data 295 Cavie: waste produstion & aisposal 206 Cattle: straw-bedded pens/cubicles/cal pens alto: cat ponssteeding 298 Calle: feedingiwateringventilation/nanding 298 Calle handing/miking Caitle bull pens/dairy cow housing 302 Beet cate housing 303 Pigs: basic data 305. Pigs: managernent 308 Pigs: rearing & fattening 307 Sheep. housing 308 Sheep: haneling/poutry housing 309 Poultry space requirements 310 Small domestic animals: doves/rabons/dogs/small oultry nouses 311 Kennels/beehouses/aucks/geese 312. Crop storage: geassisi 313 Cropstorage: gran nay/potatoes 314 Machinery & implement storage LEISURE Sport 315 Stadia: genoral dosiga 316 Stadia. sight inesstratic 817 Stadia: leraces/grandstand 3818 Sport centres 320 Spor halls: use of undivded space 322 Outdoor: pitches 924 Outdoor: athtios 825 Indoor: pitches, 326 indoor: pitchessathietics sacks 327 indoor: attieties waning 328 Indoor: spots needing own space 329 Swimming: indoor pools 333. Swimming: open airpools 334 Swimming: diving poal dimensions 395 Swimming: slipper baihs/showers ‘Swimming: poo! emanging rooms 338 Sauna planning 339 Tennis 340 Ski jumping slopes 341 Ski jumping slopesrice sinks 342. ce inks/rolier skating rinks 343. Goll 344 Equitation 346 Marinas Theatres & Cinemas 348 Theatierequiavon/organisation 349° Sightlines 950 AuctionSERIENEREP PEPPER LEE EEE EEE EEE EEE eed Contents 351 Seating Lighting 362. Stage tower 398 Goneralouldinglighing/lare 353 Multiform 399. Taskighting/ight souces/emergency tghing/urdoo 364 Cinema techniques seating/muliste austria 355. Cloakooms/projection rooms 356 Genera ayoul/ighting systersiheatingiventiaian/use of 16 mm 387. Screen & sound systems 358. Drive-in cinemas Museums 359. Rooms/general layout 260. Lighting 361 Examples COMPONENTS, Measurement 363 Introduction 364 Conversion factors 366 Conversion tables Materiats 382 Bulcing materia's physical characteristics Services, 383 Distribution 385. Methods of heating 386 Heating systems 392 Ventilation 393. Thermal insulation 398 Soundinsulation 400. Integration of elect lighting & daylighting Doors & windows 401 Doors: dimensionsifivesatetyillow capaciy/asabied persons 402 Doors: industrial ypes 403 Windows: coordinating sizos 404 Windows: posiioning/satety & ac 405, indows: basic types/selection chack is'ventiaton double glazing 408 Windows: shading devices Corridors stairs elevators 407 Walking speeds/coridor capacity. tamps tor disabled ‘waiting areas 408 Slats: ead & rise proporionsiregulatonsiire escape! | ‘Staite for disabled 409 Escalator dimensions & trallic capacty/ passenger ‘conveyars 410. Elevator dimensions 411 Elevator traffic capacity/paterosters 412. Elavators for disabledplanning REFERENCE 413 Bibliography 429 Indoxtanks to concepts merely seo been n, whose pve been nt, whose perespect iy in the secretarial and gethough craw OF era Busby ge to Tony vil Abbreviations {obreviions used intext and diagrams ae tisted below NB: plurals are not used in abbreviations. Dept ot Housing & Loan Dovetopment humic ena International Conterenco of Bulling Otic: alee Ecaage etnatonal Commission onium) cmoker/USA range practice ‘entra’ ster supply dapat ay or depth ayroom ‘sevte! newton National Fie Protection Assocation Department othe Envionment dame proot course ‘iiag room ‘essing room domestic sercefoom ‘amination letra! fequomnent Fatenneit ed oor eve ISA clevaton ets Housing AuthoyAbbreviations 8 second USHB United States Hospta Board S8CC Souther Busing Code Congress USPHS United States Punic Heath Senice Pe seullery uy uty room ser sonveny se Sysom of cassiteaton (ukdirg erat) v vat she Srewar str Biting room w wet 5 Systeme nerational Utes w wai % sink wa Wardbe/USA doset 5 Seat wash washoum 0 store Cave) we water Soset a0 Sd were warm wp working plane \ tonne we ‘wat room or ea temp temperature T&G tonguea & grooved ve yar ‘er terrace yea « centre tne UDC unwersal decimal cassfeaton ° ameter ur seston actor 2 aveater han o- equate uk Unie Kiradom = fal oor tess man Usa United States of AmericaBasieData 1 The human scale in architecture Byeq JIseg 11 Leorardo da Vinc: re of proporvon2 Basic Data Use of SI units Dp Terrien oc. ie atonaised metic syste ‘Syste rarnatonal Uns (i Bo [cere on sy coherent systor nowy af the quanstes needed bong ceive aes ——* Sy Steg and staal defeats) Oo |= Sagem [fo To avoiding ge or eral numbers et otpretses hashes 9 | ime secre | Irate sca vot temg] fr general usa nie St sytem, These se st oul) Poa | Seren rece [a lacegesteshst brelnes conseraton shoud be ian to odes ot magico ay 83 | shettlctone | |deueskovn |“ enpmenatatiewn® | Se mel nth mace chasers To vosue conten rove minus cay Se ci_[Estuastecensat"”” | Shoutdbeghentomupleandcub-mutplecchocenm cleo! a — 1 Those uses shown nba (2) ae nol econmended SUPPLEMENT/ name symbol | order of magnitude | expression | ese ~~ From the 6 basic units others have been derived and most ia = is |e "emgiacee ] Special ames 3) Forse cei aft nese ana 5 pope ee ae 9c Space ara me (4); mochanos and proper mtr ea Reo (S| ox and energy (6: acousts sr saund (7) sitamaton 8h pon Pan Es a its ateasy wel esabisne, sre 350 reprodiond=a Seda eee es 7 Some mules end sates of an oon ar |S 183 on vespecil nan: mo [8 [ts toenecdno:| ore 108g E feone Tome 2 Mulipies 8 ub-muligies ot Suis Biyscalquantiy | name [tat | vt tbasic unis ‘ore remon [N | mages Sere enepnascey | fe” | Fide oti) powaroreneraytow | we Yow | tamer) prossue.cvoss | pone |e | = harms orn’) Brcko oun | ae poe wo y Rareatorway slexpianee tes |F Pongo hy eats orm | gee evn) frequency me, te | See rrapaete x teeder [we | lpm’ orve fragoctetuxconsty | toca | SigeA(e whine feo remy J | Tigi maton tee | tot?) unitares ol erase * sr storadan or sid ange sbtencedacente eluted sphory Ove amity | name ‘ombat | expression | au | gett || sen | ses ree seo oy es i Sees ee oeey | ey were io | RR : ee “ te Sem | ie | Bmennn| we | say | en \Woree/area) emu exresondas Nin) ane Conversion actors & tables —+p964-81, Use of Sluts 88 195 quantity come smbot | exression iemparare Geaeorann [% TE ‘aeores Cou 273.159) enory rmogaoue™ | ts | 000000 {heat Bontyone om] higoue | A 10007 olen! rue’ ? ss frttose | ms doors ponerorheation |rmagma | w | t000c0088 ‘ae on $000 (eroreyamey | wat w 8 nt now conductaty erate Wine tranenstonte Gnas | Wines apou pressure | newionin? — | Nim'(Ymikbar= 00Nin?) (eines ot Ne ‘Spaucitson) {resprociat” ‘purty or santo pemesbay “ing absolute Kava sesedin eiece andthe otal Slee lor prac purposes Cleuets ed) "tar aprons te 105 6A (© Chora, hea thea vlan lenin date 6354 ‘anny name ‘emo Trequency 7 te (Gretesocone) sound vel ‘Seabet 2 fevetberaion tne? | Secor t absorption" aie : "sauna vets rocorcos uavaly a A.woigte eauns pressure Nn? unto) rovereraten ine T = tot sound aoxpeon SCrwofabsrpton the abn, = bate of mara Siar O.18ViAwnere Viele lm nm Ais x Swnere alten aboortn 7 Acoustics; tesa dala piOaE—T evan rane syntat fsmirosirersiy | candela 2 wah jusmearee’ we sunt ian oncurace tumtance posts aint Ciemited ty souce)| ance) $ Sruualasign 1 umnaton;ieciica da p25-6398-9itis (i drive been agioed neeloctng pe helo nretrence peat 1000 nce rety gen, 105 groups: rs) et ton 18} 9 use as0 80 135 BasicData 3 Drawing sheets oon eistomie ea eam 1 ype paral vara LAYOUT 8 IDENTIFICATION Layout on every shee filing margin, ie and entiation pane Filing margin: at tt and edge > 20 wide. Fang punch marks anc fold marke printed as teks atedgeso! shen (mizobiveg —p7), “Title panet: pace in botlom ght hand come ol sheet eae oleronce wher pln lied or flood (12) Ince. job tle. drawing te, Seale; dae of crewing, pb number: SIB 4 UDC Llerence appro Diiate, name olaretect.Panelay ao gve intelel perzan dawng fracingandehecking sheet USAporeS (3), Revision suffix shoukd be changed each time sawing scued ater revision; ois each evi a 8 USA pracbce Printed bien tle panels or ue ol tence, vansters x ubber stamps ‘save tne ana labour Information panel: note nalute sr data ot each rosin, wth ac leet nts Sartal altom of panel are work pares hgereranotes ineludod stat at op and work down Key: on lage projects ge Key diagram showing continuous owing sacs, vith spproprate pa lacked m or each elven aw, Orientation: sci 1 int on every plan When proccabe al pa Shauidhave same onenidiog, except lor selocaton tan For Mes Nallopol sheet to avod wostieston wih eftoal maps 3. rtrmaton te anes m USA a vorcal Srongemert Bhorzortst aaa SaaS aaa — aa z pom ae 2 ypu panct honors peg oIsegee aiseg 4 Basic Data Drawing sheets SIZES 8 FOLDS ‘Standard sizes ober x 1189 AI S04 x B41 42420 594 23297 x 420 RADIOx 297 These sizes ll proportion, lacing to simple reuton ane anlage mont sheets may eas be lode for fing are decpatch Relatively ‘small sizes sheuls eat easiet handing mcrawg atice arcion ste Keep numberof s2esto mn towase pining and rolerenco Origin! dracngs and contact copies should wach be of standard sizes, Trerelore avoid winanng sheststo lass har As 268 Folding Ponts may be folded to Aa size quite easly em any large A sie, ‘hen prints are 1 be tod nocossary to fol in such way set punch holes penetrate only # ayer. Methods of fling (1) and. AO 841 x 1189 | | At i | 594 x B41 420 x 594 A3 298 x 420 =| 1 SetBasicData 5 Drawing sheets SIZES & FOLOS a0 B41 x 1189 A 420 x 594 a2 420 x 594 a3 297 x 420 ay 1 Foisng ol aawas toring© Basic Data Drawing practice ; Designer's principal engage is tugh aning and rata peat Drawngs expres his intertone Seay, thay are mtinaonay rea Supplemented vy sehecos and epsctictons of mata ‘manshp they enable quanitiesc! meters neoded an prs estimated. bids 1o De crawn Up. work fo be panned by buat {aia ovion construction ste, Owings are pina meena by docigner’s intentions are cscussed wit esa anc authorion. On Of archtects drawings doogns of spccatste (ag stuurd fl enginee’) and work of specials contactors can Be planed coordinated Bleg oIseg In roant years mach stention has bow given to use of dawg {heir coorcinaton 97. Draugitsman nas avable wide ange 0! ‘mens and foo’. Since test Engi edsion of Avhtocs: Ba cederted developmants in reprogiaghic Yechniques and comp staphes WORKING DRAWINGS Working ramings should convey buk o ech infomation 109 proect. Burder needs toknow shape’ 20 and cate ol 28 whole ad ofa constitute parts and must be tol ‘composi matevals to be used and asseraly snd lastorng mets 750813 ‘Gris on plans and key relerence planes an eevatioas improve cal of dimensional inozmation on warking daunngs. whet peated Setas they Help 0 lzate mem ¥ dg” Composition tet deal wi Dis of quantities or speciieatons. Crawngs and Seneduley Indicate matenals used graphic symbols may bo used for hs pa Fein122), The set of drawings “wo facets of information usec ta cass infrmaton ned in st luring sets of cawngs: fret eiferontates between locaton, asset ‘and component infermason; seen parts ot Bp and ite) o (2) detines purposes o!locaton,sshedule, assem ard compo recaeoorente rawinge ae Not every type 0! these dawngs wal be required for + bia wo ss = I) Some types at drawings and some fypes of inornaton may be appropriate circumetancascombired. erates aorta dotog RE tests favour elemental breskdows of bly for systemate cerssatee BRE tests ental break 9 for syst onwententarrargement of information») shows Universal ‘eloments wih cade nurbers based on CI/SIB tablet ->p (co {notusodin USA, 1) Arrangement ofthe set Te deat ce cman | Scbniaertypte tte | [em moms LL amen sigraalr Rae (eee ees He, arcs hay toshoe moo 8 js) (3) sss aes, Ico hee Sen ean “Eee! dy dey an an ent” dem meee] ie sb a omowearemmeerects ret |g ee, oo few go fom 2 Typectcrawing & purpose, 3 Blomental Eroakowe (ror CVS table 1)Basic Data 7 Drawing practice oprsmanshp, aly adsl, rl rd work 3 preos to ba by bulder ana ars mich ries One veal ech, e panned ad tcxaings ae gest "Oats unpre an computer aston about etn ot 6g postin’ ot ce = BD yoxoveguaity repeatoa on gest nh ales shou or is purpose coded n tc an, asserbhy se) sndcomponent 1 bg project pon ay 8 saat on spBl~BB 553) ement cde (sa) | Speetaumer A(24)2 | Laesentiyaonigs 1 Since rarboning yom | Tie Tite Assentiy sven sas Frame Hatlanding ease 9 ‘noma ize] norana | craving ram stahoot se eeix tian |20 [aoe 1100 Sux eet [2 | sean cor fox Soe[t0 | doom S74 ar 420] 10 | 277x400 Boxee? [10 | igo 2r7 8 “Totes avlomated print ono soe 13 awing creo aes Bare sos apricatin | caning crete] ‘raningnanber] AU,AT,AZ& AS Sie ™ ‘evereons 8 | 00 ‘ese Goaaee | A,A2, 03M Te fg aremosataconmeniaiens 8 Steud bx propartones sothurbooy hic approx Te tmeseastareterh {1 We charac or capital ete & urea WORKING DRAWINGS (cont) ‘Numbering, tiling & coding (1) shows sile numbeeng Stem, (618081) Cre information, ‘sich 2s ol number orinlrmation rlaing craung o partcular bck, Sone oF, bes! placed separate bu agacent Bock, Ties showid be brie! but comprenensve. I drewing shows pares (cate of cement, is shoul be sated 9 le etal apples at particular locaton this co seule staled (2), Scheauies of components, frishes tc can be used os convene folacting corres tor crass velerence Preparation of technical drawings for microfilming Irotining meteasnaly used for saving re0010 creaings. Drawing Sizes (2) and mon character neght for Capla ees ard numbers aia) Bb I2E). Drawings should be on smalizet staadat shee! size corpatie wit Cnty ‘Deawing sheels larger tian AD shou be svouzed Cente) mark inform of ine shout be shown at cen ofeach ol 4 ies ot ‘rawirg tome (3, Sine 820 of copy pines back kom mirofim usualy dierent Kron ‘Sco oloignalcelerence i Seale used Shout e sated on ceawing (oon seae 15). International paper sizes Donation of ISO A Sores of papor sizes (5) Draning sheets ies and folds p48. Scale ratios invaduchon ol metric reduces ruber of scale rales compared wih USA todiiona seales (6) ine eaios ‘ado sales | (erpeessedas ato} (uniossey {© Wain weil sale rao Sampared P1eq o1segsee 4 8 Basic Data Drawing practice Levets REFERENCING General Levets on section & elevation {Levels rocordastance ol gestion above or below define atin. Uk practice veo seme methad aor ves on pln excep that ol Daan Should be roeted toyené crenng wih srowhead nea sence Fropety surveys eer st elevations datumestabisted by government fn offia! maps. UK temporary bench mask (TBM!) USA sits bench ‘ark, establishes plane 1p whith al othe lowys ted as postive ‘ove and negate i! belew Dimensione given hmm of USA ‘ormaty in tard tenth oan elahon tod Levels on plan On site crawngs show existing vets diterenty kom tended ves, Exsing conouts shown doled naw exrtoursinsckdines Soot ere shown esting vel 5.28 now Genes) Exact positon to which tevel applies shoua be indicated by Foor levels shouldbe clatyinseated on plans UKFinishes Foo‘ Level FFL = 6025 USAFinzhed Floor Elvaton FFE 6023 Lows on section andeleation-(1), et (10700). I 4 [ora you |roooos) __}}_| ‘Fr catan [DA55T} 0-0: {eveisansecion & slovalon @UK BUSA we Classification & coding In USA practice drawings uses to show lcatone and dimensions ol biog elements and matetasdeniedin noes generic lermiiogy| Speciieations accompanying drawings descibe mera dwar monship. Whlespread use of Slangaré constuction desing system proved Both coordination and relerence between drawings = specications ang cast esting an preduct ata SB systom of iassiiaton and coding obi componens ant elenis (@ppliedn UK 3s CU/SIB i553) lows hvrmation ae coonalss andoowebies 8 means of SIB information contained witsn eilerant hinds of docu "ments (eg ols of quanty, erawinga, speciicaions, xs, vade erature) can be coordinated and cowie tor max bene of user SB is tacet syste o! alpha. qumsenca rks forming tales whi ‘ay Qe used sodualy orm eombingon lo Isat eancepte and tens rend These tables fst Dung elements, components/producs, males 0 pat Each ype ot componentor clement shown onckawing maybe ented by appropriae Sf notation eg concrete blocks FID conereteiniels Ge aiumnum soctons ha hardwooaseciors HG manholes (62) exerralwais (21) ‘windows en coors a radiators 65) Notations maybe combined 69 ‘external walls, concrete block (2112 windows, lua (apne ons, harawoos (ys aep pumber and length of component ad element notatoe to min ‘compat with atonal system of dentiztion lor each patcuar jos Spectic component within any range may be identities by sullx giving ‘minal Sze fr ingtn, with, height concrete block FA2400mm x 100mm x 200mm Alternatively, where prineples of moduar coordinaon are ape, Such sufi may give nominal sizes fr corcenentor element muss (of 100mm (jeg: conerote Block Baht TM 2M Drawing practice reference: Biography ertnes 051 075 Ue1 O82 005 127129 195 142290320 1445 455 953 001 628,MAN: THE UNIVERSAL STANDARD 2 tat evel o seoropiae: 0 2 sions of - manny and wor rg sem vig are reread ldecu bes which toda li ging 1 Propane ator b087 — angle, Body and each characteristics of people okey mportce in ache. —— rags Peacain om oatybme ass se sclentsts have Been coneared it eenanuns and propor of human body (1) ln suc dimen. ee evotens hurran by Nas oon measures terms of G10. ere head Using dala om anvopometrcat survey one can pict ert 2 Gapneg eseurements agsnat he fequenoy ofoccuence forming ch saeng ne (2), Norma, or bel-shaped, curve obtaned when adult +3902 ffanangheigis Falter measurements whieh depend on Done suc reson on graph, Curve fs symmetrical measurements of coup ronal dbuted People by reasan of age sex, physiaue anc, possibly, ceabity show 10 4 sate Peet Sbouy and reach dimensions, Asthvopometry name used (er skence ol messurement o! human boty and is mavements © ron 2 A ‘Saoe: From suis of fanctonal anatomy concept of etective work aaa ‘Secs hasbeen developed. Acrtects" Dat brings gether much of Beiomston, Atnough for purposes of design usualy necessary to 1 tepav human dmansions as err, shouldbe bore in nth ony YSiar rest population under eonsiceraton maybe uly salisted in rod {one cieamstances,parielary when desing for young cre 7 ‘Sey or duabiee, necessary t ake account of seca needs, and of a0 eens rom av. In ature aul ores aorage about S% less than ‘et ‘Sutras and elserly women upto 10% ess ae Foueeyronttt nae 2 Frequency elginbution Gurve for stncingh USA maleseed oseg 10 Basic Data Proportions ‘Systems of popertons ‘ut the contri. Meas metic! pronation (1). (ne frequently used proportional elakonshp based on ‘gokden seen reletonstip Mm in whch mor Suma bath A= MEI) 2) RELATION TO HUMAN SCALE ‘Qe architect to develop proportional eystem ler use design wos tf Corbusies. Hs concop Le Macuior (st) was it publehed ar sash "Rough he had been evlurg these otcembnig human diveroceee { maltematcal Kamerork for somo ima prevousy em step ic Infis designs a measure vealed the human scale which was vance Sally appeal System uses Golden Section 10 mark out cvcions of human body -{314) Fest ovoposal for Le Modutr was based ov man's ag A 1720 (apptox 5 M9 in), giving with ousted fem of} ceo dimension of? 160, Laterbergitore tO%n|or about 1890} ace xc {ving overall dimension ot 2260. Based on these bat Once ‘ties, ved progression and tise proesson, were devaoped wis dimension is ropoonaly keger oF sma tian te eay aiving harmonious progression. Using ceria Vom the corer, SeHos ol ectangular grits canbe lorie, basad on Golden Sesion, ‘elated 19 human seat 2 Rectanole wih aos ‘omespondine ogaden section irereionsn Siete orem Tetproessin | wmwayesiee | wamageonan zoo Sse00r aso Bae? ‘isos 5 Explanations of dimensions & working of Le CorbusiorsmoaiarBasic DataPo eS aesDIMENSIONS & SPACE REQUIREMENTS: ACCESS FOR WORK ON BUILDINGS nn 250 F Body dearance: Gani met ig ‘ecammandoor ari 51075 E ira reqs ab ss arco hg ‘nse wnt 37 Boas clearance: sat op 5 Body desance: mastenance feachieels 11 Sonicnaccee: sis re eneeai tran Bo cesatel ‘eo stor 10-220 got gape state te verientmovemens 75-80" umn 209 ‘Sesame save ard 9 abo por oe eee Fla Sore Proide baa gun ore ON 8 Seracoacsoss: hatch 12 Senco aaess: tems 14 Sanvceacoss: ang lasters Poportens rterences Bbicgranhy ennos 075080082 44514 Basic Data Man WALKING SPEEDS & FLOW CAPACITY —salso p407 ai 2 “Onramppace diced Gesrabe sepe 108-0 ong ah | ce 3 Tread & ree proportion roo thure gong + hee ee C60 ejeq olseg 1 Nownal pace ol ata adi on Poxwontatpine 4 Watars parton or oxvod Gusancootwakine tom ctersing ‘S0nt00 food 5 Waarawie a orapaciance ‘twain fom hana S20 DIMENSIONS & SPACE REQUIREMENTS NB European data (1)-(7); USA (@\(S) Stairs Relation between riser and going for mst normal eakcases 2 ‘anere R= sor Inot geal than 199, of for ede and nba ‘abled not more than 170. exlenal sieps 14S prelerras) and © going (ot less tan 240, or for etery anc ambuant eed a ‘han 250: extrna stoos 970 prem [Av walking speeds on sie lower than in coendors: goneraly ‘down than up bal dene crowd down may be shower Nutt! Inissteps inoveases as size of Head veduod: more aceite go Afownsiars than up Dosign Geta spe5() 4087s Corridors & ramps Factors ttecting walking seeds on lee! lotways fin cuts} Purpose of journey, ‘ge and cox ‘whether ingle person orn group: Br temp (quicker nal) Toor sutase, whether earying weigh roars dons few pattern Wealkirg speeds vary wan cows range between highest and owes speed can be equal mean vale Limi of fee tow condiions in cortidors: approx 0. Pim, hate densities hit ingvisa'sabity wak a ratwral sped and overtake densiy 1.4 Pin®(eommesty adopts design max) most oop 2 wy waking atless nan natura speed and oe some acon. ‘Shot length of sope in fev! foomay scarcly atiecte walking sooo silay for low gracient range (8%). Sleeper reps can rede speed markedly: og by 20% wl 10% rater, 40% wh 15% rae Elderly and csabied (p88(2) 87(11) goneraty wae more i ‘down nan up ramp (gradient = 8%), Design celal -pA0? Doors ‘ah heavy tlc speed ol Now through doors depondson type ol ue (eg oisiyoug, carving wont) and on donaty ol trate each sce doo. For heavy 2-way atic 2 separate onerings desirable Design tai p401-2, Elevators Trae capacty deteenined by analysis of ow pation pA 10-12, 7” Watters atowing 3 poonete reel pass 8 Save USAcnansioneBasicData_15 Man & his buildings 286 28-16 ré aribyant ed votes ay aster ‘ume ct dats G05) useors {sn iomest in, hight ovetake At epie wile King specs on veduce sy yen! nore eoaly ype of usar ct 86 of 0-12 | ces anna ‘Be shelter tran against urwantea atects of weather. principal freionf hel design to ensure witir big environment conducne ret beng andeticiency. Seversphysicavataleslogener NONE Rigsurmning whether anvronment fof Met, accepted or 1 oF ioye furan ects, There are ncices wesch combine in vasious ‘Tay shysos variables whieh reso to ruman rasporses: 3 of these Trees ret to: thermal eomton, visual eetony,accoptabeteves Moise 918 17 8. Quay of sr mss be ecoepable, not containing ‘ontminans whieh may be unpeasant or even Maris [aan [ee ee [ge Bien |B Ste | HE 17 Composition oly abnioaphiere am a CO;H0;50, prs eto (ly bure ues CoH peral acoue Sesion bit o pasty bate Reser ioe tooo arehing 7 Ganmonconarinanicter cour) HO atervapnu) 9 Sinis-oora | © anise | 2 Ooas-o0% | 40 fies rodicton of pyslogeal catainans civ Hd gidaymouesrous xorg ‘000 ‘aes 000 derweening | 00 Jeaheswastira | "suo ‘5000 (auomateayerstone vated uti) 4 fates peoucto o water vapour (iO) wor posahold atraes Cop, watervasour 0} Oe Trl gineee aw rawlgoe oxy 155 feosere | 0001 ‘95 |towpressue a Bacco | SB ageetecaton none CO) Quality of air Fresh a¥ in open country consists largely of nitogen, oxygen, water \apaurand small amounts of ofee gases. Amount water apourin ways enanging. Composition of dy ae >(1) Outside ar may be potted by contains released rom instal processae, burning ot foal ils orheatng or anaporston dust ae Indoor a may aso be poliuted (2). Fates.at wich contaminants rodiced vary in part accor to ans a etry gomg on —=t2) 1) {ming values of eommon contaminants (0). ‘Odours, mainly body odour and consequences of totacen smoking, present spect propiem consi of oe umber ol consttuent chery ‘alsin mall but variable proportions. Alempts to dene and measure ‘odours chemical usualy success Inganeral tobacco nou masks ody odour. With neatly ail oseurs afiacts Become cpl es noCaS alte few mindfaincortariated sozce Fresh ai supply needed to maintain body odour al satstactory ove depends upon standards of pasonal mygine, Dixon Io ade ane eléren (7), For obacca or condiions, fais and patlems of occupancy vay {real Ventiaion requremens far offees depana on whether ice Space smal (when may be assumed af occupants snoke) oF IGE ‘pen-pian (when on av only 50% oF ess wale somes) 8. ic quality may be mansingg in 3 ways: by contotng preducton ofa Contaminant ventngany esidvet6 open ay: by aiuing contameartby binging outdoor at vough windows, venlrs ee: ty ealang used land eataminatod ar machanaly thugs system oe cencionng, For exact coneitons check eleven codes and starr arse seavpy lV ceaxpaion cet 22 "7 Ra apply rae or oar achicron Bans. condone rogardaa ae Goodby cccipanie socoptabe ovata 2nteredite Seanatens Sbjecubnasita oto bucsbosrtl ty corupan Fats of roccton ot oniarinanisbyconbuston 8 amo Iii concentration ‘ammaty coon een merce prone ano 50-150 eens 3095 se 25-82 ygtoaen Paes gasotne) e750 76 (© Ursin vaso eonmmencorarranis alr igen tooaecoarcke /lerais (eper-pany 8 Ventisionearerents oro verical ote ine shewslower rst 5 ‘Selnedly UK Otices Shops 6 alway PomsssActfassutongcairah ot Frm eleqgoiseg16 Basic Data Man & his buildings ‘THERMAL COMFORT Rn temp reared fr thermal comtort depends on occupant’ ctl {nd iothing warn Aigo depends on coed ar roverrant snc oshen, al an femperateclmaleg ony toa ama enter Fat purpose of speciying comfrlale temp & lve ol acy have ‘een suggested (1), Aso convenient to dwide cing wan noe ‘tlegones aecoring 10 insulation whieh aed. ts being soccioed ‘the uni ‘cio 1c’ = 0.155m" CrW Except to bevcloinng node, Indoor corting rarely excaees insulation vals lo 2) ers of comlort people slacted anos as much by emp ol sulaces wish surcound them as by that et art way of specying comtaree Silec ofa and surtace temp by use ot tery of gute eomute, 3). However ite diference mmtoweaen gobo andonenean eppons in well sulted ma lomp may be equate massing al Beg oseg Important to dstingush berveen venation ates which ea quay by dating contarinants, and ar movement which me Mt Bean {ofr tf ar movementin wn exceeds show 2 mis higher inane equi to provide equivalent carvan ty ncxtvawniprne sreinn ‘en effect of rum on perosivad warmth very sight burt people cory | zal ney ee dug vary acrvewerkor nwa art rvvormartyngh am | ‘ll aggravate discomiont As mavameri over skews save | i "No barca level ol ep wil be satislactory lor every. Not caly i will dress and degree aciuty vary. bul people ui i neque, {Csually adequate maintain erp vathin Col aptenum Where aor zal {ea general ilerence between temp preted by meh oy woken Young oF ob, hero wil bo diterencesn pvt ductoGetningandio rat te actuy, Old peaple usualy less arte Crane sacsedam ahead ge require simisr tem tb adults, bul more tera of sooo, ‘Younger chilren even more ‘clean! snd. eng move sete pele lower tomp. 1 lator inluenong elt poopie metre roman ‘utoor temp. For secentay actus, carted ot by people a me veal *Sua\ clotting, prlerted incr temp generaly ie itn bonds sheen =(4). Bara Aor dg where heatleg or coat. plontepureany cores {0 ree nine’ slog e where no aie weave hwatng coovrs werbub¢o) 9 ig used, termastal settings USA’ C (cooing in surname oh ‘shows baseline thera comr char based on Cam, cat Heating syste 9205-91; ventiaion 302 ae aeaimeutane] sett} éescAoion espn = Warbwdrert _| ask, Seep” | ay ones weg doen ag | a | wean Bs Rea siting” | rasa. ing cose os Ste sya) Staring | tio mover’ egseringsrcoumen | 62089 seine” | cle boy movin ole Eeamstng 190 sti deseo oe "ypldlsutace rola bodes 1 vclenaio TE? 5 Gasatne Weal conor chan based on USA data 1 Levels ofaciety auatinggg -ioting | description [ insulation vale ky ‘nase | fake or ng oraiewesr sont | sums ates, rounrs& ht Tatoo 155° GH0 2 Categories of iotang wom indoors ‘donna [ctvay sexing] sting sande] ace! mee for | 29 das me foo foe 5 enna |27 | 339 "estratessubectio doy'ee of ureetarey Y Gonioaabeem ann SeraxBasic Data 17 Man & his buildings rd ‘esiginaninance (ha) | oce-candey ean, iso ‘sa wero! sho dation 200 foun werk young pes) 00" ‘oianewonep nat oo: Garena work a deo of sso Sree atric woes, ea ‘ina wokegrand enero "Seo Wikcenomeg tapecsr lve ie sssemby 3500 ‘ass arene sears Seat aoa “i soawinsowece nex nghes evel reconmenced ee veloctanes ot euraeeeumuraly ow etre tsk rave ‘tbs carsequenses nen gor evel ecohmensed where x ot Slo cson over lvl my Bosccapale Gein rhrareos te conon tanks Mace 72528 ak irra ghee enone rn ‘Sie 6 Tae tosh curio 22 cour 3 Sten 2 Frscommendod max vahias of glare nex a nore cemnong ‘ume, 2 (Gao kcteation 05 | SWF rear yposctask {© Warsaw sie 10 reads bands wih 10 segs each (1008 Serna) te VISUAL EFFICIENCY ‘Veual perlormanca depends on total perception of space: involves ‘auto igh as wel tal aroun. Incios ta cover diferent aspects Dtigheng have been develope, Trey aisinguich between seaand ay fghtng Atiticial lighting Important are quaniy of ight (turinance) an late, ao tetlectances ‘ol burlaces boing st—~p25~ 6.98 The ack, ands roliva mpotance ‘agaist long ts background and he whole space. determine fu ‘ance. Dosiga llummances, 19 mess iimnarce over masterance ‘ycle of iting system, fox commen asks»), ‘Vstiy ol ask dopends on dractonoineMlen ight as wel a quent. Farah abadome, a alae Tram tight or wer be ight source or Ne fellecion, undesiabe Gare can rma san. Bul some Sasowing helps pe-copton of textures ane cranes Discomior glae arses whan hminares and othe surces of ight 2 ‘ght in contast wih general backgroud Degree ol decor es {ated by glare non, recommended max vaties bes deterned by ask thamors demanding Inetskthe owe tNevalveaeceptatle (2) ‘Surlae relletances and colour ol suaces alec general righinese ane Ssiebution ogelin Daylighting -»p27~32 ‘Windows i bldg have 2 main vel luncions: to lel arn ang lay hs ano enable people tosee oul~ ora. They pettenty Into @ blag of solar energy avec, by absorption na reraciaon by ‘mosphere, and by clacton rom srl suaces Windows sa source Gf heat oss Chote o window base a atehecua desig —»paCD-6 ‘As source o!iluminationdayighths many pleasant drecional ques, his quany vases wih outside conden’ ard sspeced in tems ol Fe ao ctiemalt external day eves 26-7. Forging sks. rn DF spectied, based on perceriages of peal workng year Pal feqqucea ask iluminance wile exceeded 2) ‘COLOUR Colou in bag is both aio vision and means by whicharchitectcretes| pleasant stimalzing appearance. Good caou'n a good igh ilerdependent ‘Common practice of describing coturs by abirary names deprecated Several eysteme for clssiving clours. Ono such, standarlced by Ge, based 7 3 physical atabutes (wavelength, puny. lamnance), ‘wisely sea in coldu ab but lass Stabe for archer design han American Muncell system, aed ‘lus (ighnoss, coma sats falon of pigment, or srengh), Munselhue"seale includes 10 maor"hue' egioa, each sub-divided “(4)'8), Major we’ regtons denoted by inal, postions egin by fumbers: 69 7.5RP denotes reishred-purpe ue. In UK abo “reyness" replacing that of aus" or hotness. 5 dstnc categories Bed grey nearly grey: grey-cler; ney cea. cleat For use in des.gn of lighting posse to detemine rom Munsol value 20pr0« equivalent telecon lactor dependent of ue” er ‘chomal (6) Hoe panes p18. varyitt rele ery care 5 Verio secre cut Mure sold aa pana yatow ¥) 8 Pvc puro boo hs (78 PB) ih etal su sere tes Ritanlesnbcalsapprocscope a! covurpaesinMraat tas Reg o1segeyeQ viseg 18 Basic Data Man & his buildings 1 Biagam of Mansel sols wn ncn Soa hie panes pt [ dstarcebeween | norma soi a8(A) | razed vlc Ln sr x 2eee ‘ype space task 0, elephone use lve of 50 A604 gata 550004) ey gre oseasnl aia) 22 Max nusve noise evel pering rae conversation otetevel oe mal audiora ‘uct equvingvry good ctong sodas Gonlreran fleece boat te soeping orvectng fama of casa etalon orate ist ct comers premes. restnrais Ivor peels, ab, machine “mix provide | max peakteve of ruse nt nee orapaciaisteavice “higher vue nasolcrelemay be aocebtedwhorethereare high ovals machinery mapace 3. Recormanced maxinive nase vis PATTERN & TEXTURE ‘Many bidg materials have textured o colour sated nishes, Pat large instal, wih coaryastngiestable element, alow ach ira to be related fo an indwicul colour, Gut # patrn stakes, ‘dominant or composite colow stands out As scale reduced, 69; increesing viewing dstunco,stong corns colo ve oats | (Changes in appearance with distance valued characteristic of suc ‘alural materials as mares, grared tender, mut-olouted brckwert Sulteties of colour and texture, apparent cose to, give way to overall baller viewed at middie distance, Bt stl grater, become cad st ‘composts coeur NOISE & ACOUSTICS High eves of noise can lead to damage io hearng,Atlowerlvelsnoal inerteres with verol communication, Als wer levels ose mayb Aistureing or annoying, Acoust design contatenusive notes andy choice ofmateraks, dimensions ana shape otaustorum speech andl music ta be enjoyed, Mary noise indices avaiable or pracoing nage elects, For ean isp and environmental situations equvalent continuous sound eva (La ‘xoressed in JBIA) is adenvate precctor Exposure to high lovls 3 Noise resus in hazarato hearing, Upper smi of 90 1A) ea has Dea Suggested for 8 nour workng oy Interference wi speach communion from ative nese depends ‘on distance between ker andlistenar.andonwicie! voice “sale ‘aised=-(2), DDegree of annoyance from intusive noise depends on number cf laclors,parteularl ype of use and wsk being cared out>(9), ‘Sound inauation 5985-7 SENSITIVITY TO VIBRATION Frequencies o vibrations encountered in bg most a ange 5-50 He. When frequency exceeds appeax 20-0 Hz pases ilo eutile Farge. energy sufieiont, fe above testo of auctbiltyotsounin a ‘iration willbe eared sound, ‘A certain equencies amplitude smal a 1 ncran (0.001 re) can be \etectod by human cecupanis hough naxable Depancng on requenay and amplituce vibration may be impercoptbe oF pantl (4), Ihe sal (oral aon) 4_Humansonstvty: RoberBasic Data 19 Man & his buildings ROCESS & CIRCULATION ro equted around for sceese an cxcaion of people, prams, Spetichars, rsleys (cars) el. Access o dg ot groups of Cig aso este crs, deve vans, owing vans, tacks es. Space ray be ‘oer pation, reo ng tem. Serle space ay be reed teed ost 2 weel verces ieyles, mopeds, motor c/s, red surtaces Share re ction of sedans an powered ves, bt casa ig aren ots cts aia a aon sO of shared srice larly cistaguished tom now cariagewayby ange texte or suave ox change neve, prives ois erie vehicles using onred suvaca shoud be ito sao may Be ‘sign snould ensure adoquat visbity but aiscouage venice speeds parking Spaces early marked, Brovide clear zone lee om parked care to alow vohicles ard pe fstnans to orclate corona ‘Shareosurtaces arould be adequately Malle care Footways ‘Te design footays —~(1}-() sale, convenient and secure necessoty ‘ensure rat hay Provide sortal roves between duelings and communty sorioes fre kept separate rom henvtywatexed oad, ave easiest pracical gradients tre protected tram wing and drving i, tte wide enough toad need lor pasesans when passing tostap ou Into careigoway oon plates reat and were novos or oocsons access by emergency vehicles, eg antulances, Paths &sigewahs also —p43 85 105 verise oy sposcn andor Feary lg dh (Lah righ iovels on nea Deer rise deponds oerarmal or on unbor of eo) yincrge 5-50 | 2 Wotece atows pars orwhoo: sander, fre 1800 awe pase en ete eee ‘ide of narowest point 01m cane 3. Wor 1080 alone pared ‘angolcnare mo pecend Dedostranstopase wach cher Exriot esses 000beena passincomen 15 Atoruances to ptnatecnves or bathing epnonaw of 900 cared rough at oomay lvolorabioe rans &unonchnbstoowadrampe fapecesianmovert —-aroppedhares sie, Rae een ations) 4 Wot 200atlowe pane 8 ‘theoisnae te procaad nearer & ‘edostiansto pass each ater, (rderingto 1800 tenance io ‘Shriages sows altuserstopasein eye segBe seg 20. Basic Data Man & his buildings ROADWAYS. USA standards 2 scoesspat-3 Size and geometiccharactrsies 0 vehicles etormine dens Toadways,jnenons, king and perky spaces pera eine 'orbidg serving commerce ana indus. Nats ypes ol vena lo-use tesieniat raaasTaose wha do may ol need sees pars of stn adgtion oprvale ears types 0 velvety gee be expected in eset areas ume removal ans ease cl vehices: and te engines =()-(3) 024 ‘Space required for these vehicles ta mave ana manoeuvre depend context within which thay aperate. For majr roads natons, hg auinocties lay down max permed Gimensons. ale loads naa ‘ies. They recommend toad witha, sgtines and te lenses of major ottan an rr ad, On tosidental rads rai ows igh and soma o.rar cen ina acceptable, og topreserve cxsingleatures. oad mits “artes 580d acceptable =a), Pathing provision corations adequacy of road win, Whore oad Sittchange wid apace! puposes OF wilremainconsstert ‘Seasonal and daly variaionsi dayton haiontalsurlae outdoors, ‘averaged For each month 2K). For indicatonototal woreng yr whieh indoor iminance exceeds ‘Speed valves in lux ora range ot OF and for percentage of workng Fours won cay sminance tx exceeds speciied vals, eg forarange of OF (418). ‘Average DF FRacommendations ‘or adequacy ofayight have usualy been made in terms of min OF ogee! stucies rave suggested se ofav OF as betes Indieaton of adequacy of deyiaht over an iforer. For side «m. IRomevor, av dayightvaive on fs ewe ony oneal guide and needs 0 be assodateg win overt index 1 Wong ran ca turianons on wong) etter ats OF 5) ws orworting when ayia murinarce on mpeg seated aie Srvanus DE gupnapavestan 5-day wang week (0900-7700) 06D {ony lat sper 21700" eg seg28 Basic Data Daylight Sane INTRODUCTION (cont) Diversity of daylight fersiy o dayig nance across rm can be shown 35 gap ‘crass section ln, lope ol curve indicating deatee of very. Ta ‘fadient of iomiance on entra fine of window (1) In ine rica lghing practice dersty ol sminanoe ean asa be ea ‘numerical as urtomsy ral, ep 9 ato nfo av DE, Thus ho MODE unomty rato "MEE The greater the vera, the lowe the unformity cto For velatively simple window arrangements and for ra ight 9 index has ment elitcan show n general sense whather neces Supeloment cayloht wih arte Fgh Win comex window a ‘mens, however, a) be pretoaloiaexamine dsoutono! Jaya Somme dea Distribution of daylight Furmerretnament a assessing adequacy f daylight mst ca luminance fr nurtoero! points on regular red. Contours es fan the he dawn Getbcton of ayant over wering ane cand ‘checked and areas nee cayght is Jalen be dented I eau {VDF ean ba estimated ty smely averaging values on releience \imere fetorence ord is taken right up to boundaes of rm vate o boundary ines shouldbe weghtes, we vide comer values ty 4 ‘remaining boundary tine valves 3 2 belore averaging values Comprehensive set of daygiing ais has been produced for UK BRE. these give simple check tetwen windam size nd propor aes of nomking pane wrhis which spooti values of DF equated exceeded. Ads thus gue broad edeston of honzantl tbo daytah nem 04), CALCULATION OF DF: GENERAL Methods fr pxosicing dayightlumanence st dsign stage range fo sample foomulas to sophstcates compute eornagdes +0307 I 251'368:381 397 457). ‘Amount of design information cenuited for redeting cay factors im depends on compexty of methea gt cvclaan, Fer stl cal lations, where wnidow sizes nol yet determined. uselu method ‘aleulation can give area of lass roquitedo pone parker Stand of dayhgtt. Le l 3. Distrbvionofayiahtonho eortalpana shown coias oma OF Typcateayighong aits phon sy Typeal| me with exes syste ccseary'o marenge reayighin afeava! OF ore can be eee nae: by 4 an es 210) cor UK by roporbonat equated anon ot ange orn B76 107 tact in tmamoo of farses “Gi mabed cl dayigh calcaason:ypical graph acplicable to side itm, "Spang wih exter! obsruchons ie eof day caleulation’ corectons 10 DF tr angles of itobereoa ht] Basic Data 29 Daylight CALCULATION OF DF (cont) Initial estimates: side-tit rm Netatey ol glazing rough measure ol amountol cayght admitedo rm IRs lic appronsmaton,desumiag acest rm of norma! propotons wit exten obschons andwin sufaces having sv relectance 0.4, a2 DB cone taken as equal stout lof porcertage rato o las 1 Moot area Thus windows f side ol wih (ll gas aoa ap0% 20% of oor area wilque av DF about 4% Undo’ same conations min DF wil tan aprox ve ar wlyo, 19 4m, Convers. oka a DF oS mnitnfogr tea 12 wi raquve gang rea of approx » 12» 57100 morser Far closer estimate of min DF @ (peat sie.tt rm (112), These {apis give rin DF related io rm depths for various ersten (parse teiwindan wall ad won mang, wt corrector or age of extra Shetnucion tot neigt a wridow Relgctances om suizes kon fe caling.7, wala, tooo 15 MOF assumed be oncente ie indo wal point 600 Vom oar wat ertcow widths (te wanda Tenugins) sca gtass aad given a % length Farmore man ‘andon wolhs aygogotea snd assmen windows regulary spaced sere ‘Widow a Forte data neluang oaareraightng ~B0787 ) ‘Av DF calculations [Rv OF over hon sont wurkingptne cae calcite using lorena pat toiwand “BBE? ie Ban a) istoal ar ofr sursees (meting iss) ‘Avis at ol for & ol hose pare af als below mine window Ci lunaioe of dayignt neon oa weadow & varie wit sky funinanee f angleot externa obeuctons File otectance ofall sm sulaces neludeg windows, expressed as deel Rreisay selec o oor & ower wal below mdsnegit ot window {oxcluding wn wa Re relecance of cling & upper wals above md-height of tnitdon (exctuding window wall Where wincow size nethnown gues 2 requitedgivestibuaeday DF {an be worked out erm nasi lormula restated 2s DF av 7 Das Ls Re le ie A = AD aor ‘wadon venta porconsges ae ose So 22 "tain doesent whoa nacon te reas orm NOP ise ic tenmsa p00 ‘Bask essuntons Foor ectarce =0.15 wat efatance — 04 Sesnatancants 0.7 ober scion = 20% trot wd Showance ts drt on aise tua 26% vorecton fr wndow rae for 3300~ Sania *Se ter 30001 elegoiseg30 Basic Data Daylight 1 Somporsrasc1OF So + ERE 3 Pe OES) ONT 3, Example ampa casa Scclrsectoncf wincow (W)isroad_-(2)agalnt ates WO AWD; tom drawiog 5 = & 07, = P= 08 ‘SC read against hae ratios ~ 15 repeat secon) fed SC C2 ‘gee Se anole wincow ts ~ 1-5-3. fr amass teat obsowred SEcronvindow 0 2ioconscttorioneriuminaron angieotobsnson| {abl lve appropiate HD tr abecre conson Tonectance frat 1Om* Hear a 8 20 06 ‘4 a bs 1b ” 08 08 5” Gamversion aos 6 aD CALCULATION OF DF (con) Point by point methods: vertical windows in side-tit Besicacsumphon larmestpontby point methods of cay clon adopted in UK i la conde dayight reatang pinnae coe OFS components: ‘ey component SC) xlernaly-etecied component ‘nternaiy rellected compsnent AC) How tteseS conponents opera ishown 0). Togie comple thes comporents ae simply added egetar Cortecans tooth Cleat glass, 0a ol window obscured by Img and wendow ba tellectol eon gia andumsuslaces can be axe byseniveg cae Tact t ea ge a. (83). SC&ERC For preiminary calculations (2) (BRLO76) In use tate ves ca fllecive with 6! wind 12 ora own ‘awn to relerence eRe Fypotatcal windows co hal aca wedow err, Tsong lininanee of abstuctons values of suman 8 lor obscM Other methods of preter SE and ERC metude ORE OF prota Patington dat method. amends such as acharm aye Wi meso aids ERC estimated by assuming hat propor al Sey aie by obstticion fas seen hom rlerence pox has ranance whch ‘Sime trace of sky obsuted Uriesstuminanca of eben en Usual practice to assume cbsushon himinanes say sky luminance irc For proiminay estimates min IC can be oulaned hom (ah ce lumatens.on size ol andreflcta oreo rm sila accepted comprehensive coverage —-BWO7D. Where febavely high acca Fequted IRC for ie ttm can'be calculated using BRE ner formu nsw ~ agri where Wis arf glass in window Ais ofa al ceting walls & Hoor including ac glass Risavrellectancs lowing was neladng las & flor, eeescea fraction Fi is a cellacance of Moor & thase paris of walls above moa window excluding wingow we) Rois av refactance of colng & tase pars of was above mis window (excluding wincon wat) is coeticient wih vase dependent on angle 0 obs-vcion ota vanaow 2913) Min IRC can be obtained by apps conversion factors ested a Fatlectance on surtacs avrellectance conversicn actor a3) O75 ba 07 05 06. 08 Ine. CPa ~ Sea 4 Mim RC (B07) based on mot 4 meow No coe 30008 ‘hodon ont sho cologrehactaneaot0 rasaunesans- ange lent avi ey taco 8)side-item tea vat mas costing x compre DF| rose tars a spegearecton rege data fr ecole) iacte SC of wren cor obecures FOF pects, aayam With a repairs pansion Known acoapied Me iy oh accuracy erection Js ateve mish of ts ove mh of penton outside cots elie to a fe: earce rho ceing 30008 2 enteral CULATION OF DF (cont) systems Fe bt a5 3c, of ro! Yah is mporantconsieraton for 3 gen goverl OF easier topredtthan ore It Sebi ao afd ard postion of glazing, shape ane sr so be caged. eteance ofr surfaces. une sec ond workng plane Wom corey apaced co! igs Futon tm overend ar! Hgring Hstalatons and saleaentb determine a DF rrendaions (+0097) inde method for estimating av OF Erni oysters ateaty stage Geog. wih gr 1 ela sawtooth and mir roots, em when a OF ated, Typed curvestor sighs tat and 20° ph 00s By cans of assoc bles coxtectons canbe A sian anamitanes, for dt on lass and for 68 oH Jpctaness dering wor 20% (0.2) rectance assumed fr re eri) a OF cane a dec gen oass aot = Hagia bidg and height o was above working ple taraie below wit associated bles developed by Pkagkon eh i) br prediction of ay OF tor oot ght range of rot rt gahol. sawoth and mont By te nraoria plane: ~ 100.6 M8 Goi or Basie Data 31 Daylight Mis comection factor for dit or aging of lazing (8) U iS coutcton tao for window remng, lazing & evana obsictions, Eerovernead supports tor machinery where detals of framing tot Shown typical vale for Bis TSbulAgurecouksbelassintaciores wi Svemead pipework, ducing & structure members Glacorctton facto: tor type ct glass ote: han dea ass (fi ao f gazing art Hor at Coeticient depends on oo! ight design, shape and sz of interior Space ad efecianees of cetin, walls and oor. 1 Fn cox as tabulated — wnere |= length of im. = wie of and = neigh above working ‘lane to conte of glazing. fa ensutelxty even spread of dayight Spacag/eight ratios shoul be kept wii its shown (8) Point by point methods: roof light systems ‘hire ndcoosary 10 calcula DF at selected reference points wih Some precision, 6919 fest dayight astibuton, SC and ERC can be Sotanedby using BRE proractor. INC can be existed by ust BRE omogramll-»6:6076. pete conocion ear Boge contrac tena esti th 7G Ce aenaee ates Sekt pooner erence res caty Yeeneas [sna re a __ os oe Bee lo —tenwaweat site, [or [os Jos eee ae on end B22 Ne? wyanyon_| 26-05 | 05-04] 06-03 sr ssa IME] ho aa ee oemnae ps ws rnesraa Belem tranon ese ila eas 7s Jarmo | eeeneoe [eee | fe eres! scopes | Saat aioe” | Sh ise esa oT as bone canna amo Kee |S een ear som Scumtore ee] ea 7 Gosficirts of vation for sawn act wi GHEE" kes | op jig | snvcin oem | or fem z oa L stoner iepomecoamnttctl menhio eeteondanen—__| 5 Goreciontaciors bo eppieaigcatineter [10 B22 © 0 5 cmiegmacietreacdmice [ts aaa at 22 Moncey macinsccakmennecuerstor [SE Eade gazing nner pane ole cass = es 7 le 3 Meoeaer | [so nau noe a] ‘oi ia paca dt ws 8 Gosticert a leason or mantor win Neral pus sloping lazing EA Conecontacoriobo ppd DF calla tear tnjgyi ew ravroetances oder" ‘CBeeauresirtanies 6 Max opacng fs {Se recorsmenaeator (N10) cof ot hts 8 mantor preqaisegeleq viseg 82 Basic Data Daylight QUALITY OF DAYLIGHT: GLARE DF is measure of dayightiuminaon: subjective aspects also help to \olermane essential appearance and characte ol ineror, Of subocie lighing pheriorena glares one of mostsmpotant 2catintve sepals Of glare recognised csabity are, which enpars abit of people to see objects against glare source witout necassarly causing vival Aliscomior and ascamtont gre, whch cauzes vieual diorior witha necessariyimpaiing abity ef pope to see p98, “Typical example of cisablity glare: window at end o corridor oop of Starease makes i dificult to se0 person or abc sihousted aparst lwrndow. Such cases usualy sated by common senso ileta be ‘amned rom caution fecnriqans, Degree of aiscomtor pare can be ssossedrumerialyancexpreased 8 limting glare index. (i087 360) Man contohing porareter luminance o! sky as seen rough window; above law us ot window Moor area tebo (1-23) size of window not important, Receet studies ‘nica, for example tal tone assumes sky lumnance of 8300 c/n (oxcoedes tor only about 15% ol working yea! predetes glsteindek or fm nol exceeding 4000 in peg win av suece relotancos of 04 \woulsbe 26. For similar rm with avrelectancesctO 6 pire cen nous be 24. These figures apaly w worstconattons, eg angle window acing ‘server For progressive reduconan sy luminance predicted glare Inoloes would be reduced: 2g wi sky Lmintce of 6400 ea? glare ‘index would be reduced by 0°5 uns and for sky luminance 0! £600, ‘cam by 38 much as 4 units, bearing im mind that incdence of a7e would be increased because a higher proparion of washing ow" fr ‘assumed lower sy luminace. Conversely, rtm wh higher cesngs te ove 4000) gate index ay wellbe incieasedby 1-2 uns As controling (actor is sky luminance, i! values assumed for glare Inaicas are greater than recommend vakuos +2) some smoiorsion likely to be required. Practea! ameloraive measutes include use ot "uansivcent curtains or binds, outed or sates binds, verte! hr zontalfins and hgh interna surlcorellecianons p06 Cin measures include placing windows so that Immecinto surroundings have Higa luminance, use of windows on more than 1 wall and detaled design of widows and thar immecsalesurounds so 95 to reduce conta wh view fight sky, tocaton 1 over v cept of but withmina of ‘chnbavon a) tea over dept of em tna wth ein aol Sisibvtons Ser} ‘eri det ef m tun winmn aot Gsttbuton a's} 2 ‘iatpurpose fm, ag liv to bebo mee exacting Fequeeronts ‘eipningetecancea are stumads wala 04 Toor 15 cxirng? ro =. Srrnerstoana Ten id aie = paso stoves teks om Wotan eo & cleans rove Seno surgeres nesters semaeg pois exchanges trons tenons eagle ves pane febecmatasie one ire otimotne, ‘ocean aeestage enisane ethene woo pare eg pare rene arses ‘cae ay. lor teraaya nro (Wrest 202380380989) Fecorimandac ria OF Yor avelings exacted BiG? Daylait eterences srBiblography entres 047 0590074076 107 202 251 252 291 367 368, £375 360:981 362 309 397 450 457 997 62852067 2 Seheaue o1OF &garanteeeBasic Data 33 Sunlight 2B BRE (61074) iB) CRITERIA FOR ADMISSION OF SUNLIGHT Standards for UK dae Welsh Otice (81281 252), ‘Standards for USA “Ramsey & Sleoper (ibs49) For USAattudes p38 ‘t doar a ” Gocinhrenadsravanglt Shaslonghadowscasto sides otldgin emg aki attemoon Mor 8 Sop selipemanertyeradowedor 3_Block wah man axis ranninghW-SE shacowpatiervaicsbeMeen om, pm relay oral pemanentyshacowed ar nmimin can ge soraus cversaorfy of gore Nol gn Mar& a AW windows eco Rorzora sun ays at (arene sincsrcobecorescteees a senna abe, W=shotstaay ct, epinanS = begest Say olyt 7. Niwecous ecave ony nto aoc snr ound summer soso, Swendowa fete ‘Savoye wih iow angi olinocercein wer 8 Stoop sunenar ot A BE 8 SW wr roots execu ot eur surmer wt ow See ay 9 NE & NW wendows roadie ro dies cunightn ‘intr bt ataciva surtehteprng 8 autre ‘Where posable avi tng i wih dosprcessas laorg Nas Compara oga ao round rahe no surat aralimmawir SITING, ORIENTATION & SPACING. OF BUILDING. Check arentaion of facades and spacing of ‘iin eationtorequiedstndardof insolation Spats. Some compromise on idea oven {on of facades wit be uravoiable on con (ested sos ori areasiol mixed develooment, Energy conenston houses pTS-3 INSOLATION OF OUTDOOR SPACES, Whore possible st agebidg so that extensive land contnwous shadowing of tun und them avoided ctherwlee gronth of vogetaion \ilbe nibted Problem dyramcandseasona: pattern cf sutignt and shadow ‘should be ‘bxamined, For ination of extort of possible Shadowing from al Bldg dutng summer and avium (at London) —=2)-8) ORIENTATION OF WINDOWS: COneniaton, S20 and shape of Indiidual ‘windows may requir chockng on rawingsy Teterence to sun path dagrams to determine Sunlght. penetration ard _tiectvenass of Fequred un contals. For gonranaication of ‘sect of varous.ovienatons on eunight penetration st citerent tenes of year (UK) 61-9), pyeqaisegoseg ei 24 Basic Data Sunlight 2 panied METHODS OF FINDING SUN EXPOSURES OF BUILDINGS $3 ways of calculating postion osu relatieto particular laces, eas times of oa Use of models in conjunction with sundial aows visual observation Usefunass imted by obvious practic mao ‘alesltions and tabula projections talon high degree of exact but graphic proton prelertad by most eraects eee a ‘measurement of beth sun and shade, SUN PATH DIAGRAM sional any date of rout maybe deteurines om sun iograr which cortesponds to lzudo olobservaionant =} how aude (and ange of bearing (3), Diagrams lor series ot Niu (2)=(4)99511)-05), liagram attude angles shown a 1” intervals by concan earing angles shown al 0° mers by equal Soace a cio Suter porpneryo agra, Use of sun path diagram Example Columbus Ohia at ttivae 4a°W on 24 Feb at 1400 69542 lipical curved ines for Fob (i and mark where osses vertical of 1400 (2) these two Uns intersect as sun's postion, road alta ‘tom coneentnc ele 22": reas bears angi romoutarorcumferery 30" w Example ol use af esagram tor approx atte Londo England =p 3 oN annaaeBesic Data 95 Sunlight SUN PATH DIAGRAM (cont) Further examples o un path dagrams (1). For metnod of sing ‘diagrams ce it ils by concortig sce rah sojectons of is ote In es holed in eyeqoisegweg o1seg 96 Basic Data Sunlight USE OF SUN PATH DIAGRAM WITH BUILDING PLAN Diagram —(1) shows gat of sun on latitude London Englans (51°50 N}. ‘mining days of year ==} ‘and shadow on big. 2 Sunposiion at noon et determing days fy distance of inttomebvorte obussroes seepah oan wince ‘eprosees pan jecton ot comesporcingiva a {im hinorsatoce ston \ sumer etscn "rane insu Toso" Bene nau om 045-1090 | Sekt L soo St SNe, 100 a sane sie NE isan Saas chon ah 1200S Sevaton loin dade cer evans atconcaneane ea a | Sy SgytO* NE Sevaion shade chon ahead, SE wan chor Bor ts8o" eco 8e fran tomos1s- 0900 7. Alto sot ACONE slevoonecaivesaun orbarly Ths Sealwaloan Shade oer 1508mes Basic Data 37 Sunlight ‘CALCULATION OF RADIATION Design impicaons of sus alitude and beating affected by actual freon oF soar energy faling on exposed surtce a bldg. Cholee of Drentation and section of appropriate echimcal ec pasive devas for ‘Shading Widg wil equ std range oF daa Graphic eacuitor (1) (810549) ougnates in USA terotore uses Bluitt/hr unis Upper hal of crageam chars onerges lll Norzontl plone under lear uy conctons Raciavonlinesat 23 uf intra Power half shows amount cl asavon fling on vertical surtace, For use calculator woud be dawn to same scale and sie a son path n daar wih coet erento PREDICTING ACTUAL DURATION OF SUNLIGHT Cala an sunight availabilty for any geographical locaton or chmate Should, in gone be sougtt from nearest meloorlogcal sation Probability Of sunight unetscures Dy cloud 0: mist can be reas ot Troritiog stereegraptic sun path agar known ae sunightavalabiy SQ) (esoord) Total eumber aves ours sunlight Porained by avaing small ques Cetween NOU Ines and ming total nthe rstance (aude 57M) oy 30.4 Inexampie—+€) by superimposing house plan on protacetralDours Sunightikely Febery seam pbe 15 x 304 = 45, "aldo any orton rt tansor cate et A se os wm aroma fy ssn Rers.eipy suesatnseveragn ies orn by 208 average cays meh) Bp Si ean power 3” pica of song avait pravacor D074) Sunlgnirelerences Stoipbograpty ert 074 14% 251 252 eieq oiseg38 Habitat Design of houses EXPRESSION OF PERIOD & CONVENTION a af Ce eo 1 Arcand 1500 house row a sraleding hashoowy gates 2 By 1700 wal gato were only Symbols tough when glnpensct (uiden cul be abana Entrance Dusting 10 contay sas Housowasburinenensurcundeos “taps | 5 Around 1060 groves ano tnindows tow Goors hg twesad {ight ted tran open tot 6 by 1500 here nerohoavy oor nit cnr ivocer 8 bared \wnomswihtaeeye panes Interior ve Ya 8) oe APATIR, Jnacivetas ceargias 2 ‘ota [jase inch macroncey $dewaye temo tno Sm eset sing 10 Around 1700 wide olding doors Isto autepctmm wih wane footing ‘9 Arabow 1600 ara ware ow hey doors cots wih parse (2), Vehicular access stopped short of houses: Inled by access distance (6 rm for most services: 6m USA: requifes parbclary well {designed ane mainianed aarking andgaraging (3). Vertical segregation of vehicles and pedestrians: expensive, suis high enaity of sleepy Noping sites >i), Primarily pedestian access to small groups of nousos srared with private care and light delvery vehicies. requires cael dasign to en- force low speeds and retret use ta leg tata accoss (6), Access roads ‘Acceas roa to nouses can be subdivided into 2 groups —px2 General acoess reads: accommagata service vehicles, ex's and, de pnondeng on ayaul system, ontageaccessor occasional vstor parka, Besign to lint speed at junction wih cal dstbutr road Minor aocess roads: designed to allow sow speed vehicle penetation ‘of pedestaan crorly area, serve up to 25 nouses, speeds kact iw by ‘width, alignment, suraoa texture andvisity provison, possibly hump Dr chicane at enrance. May bo eule-sae wih turning at ond, shor loop lead to resticled vehicle/padestan mixed couryar Garaging the car Smethods ol garaging or parking car must also be considered: within or panty within Rouse, adjoring Nousa, separate from i Frst 2 of ese, ‘elles: house plan =p i001 810225), Design standards Nation! ard local standards for zoning ad subclvsion rog should ‘guide planner. Road wicins and constuction, ‘oopaths, Fonlages, fens ty, housing wes usually eslablshed by codes and/or local reg, 4 Parking ao covered acces Delon pedestian deck Access r shaved by pecatane& vehices42 Habitat Houses ACCESS reygey = : IMMUN, EX oa seteuorroas DD ower sccesron © {EB incr accssrons oad verarchy witinhousg ar exampernakesuse shad pedetianivehicecoursasmnor aecese roadsHabitat 43, Houses ozo 102 nuseseri Sriooetarwnecce usor ‘a paresis singe ia occas onions ‘Soubioea = 12 mana Science ‘00 rite 2 pan gounsonorer s 1” Pedestrian access & valores oa EAA end parking ovetarg ay Md ZG) soe paning oveene Nd senposts ae sat ote vals coins, asking metas ee lamp poststouttbe spd thst cath bite ecommerded cour wi a= mincesre ACCESS Primary access Footpaths shove run as directly as possible tomato vations schools, ‘shops, Bus Sons) away fom heavy tafe roads. Should be well and ‘overlooked ‘for secur), shllered and avo steep gradients, Use famps rather than steps, o ramps as aliernave routes where steps necessary. Crieal design wich should alow prams and whesichars to pase and clear obstructions. Min 1800, buton pedestrian Wafc routes ‘ererally allow 2400 on open grouné, 3000 between bidg and fences. Pootpaths between road or pedestran rac route ad smal groups of houses ean Ge 1800, 1200 for houses (USAmin 1220), 00"orsingle house-=(1}(2), Max aistance om ros to door of house. 46m. ‘Secondary access ‘Aaditonal tootways fo serve garden side of houses, garage cours ete ‘canbe 900-1 00 between forces, 600in pen ground —=p47(6)105(22) Pano discourage use as tough routs. SERVICES. ‘Statutory utites (eg ga, watr a, elephone) shovla be supplied with ‘tals of ary propased Nousing developmen leary stage in order ‘gros service rautes netwoan aifreni merests and avoids” ads ‘ment, which can be both tme consuming and coal In UK they wi (Generally preter to ley thei senices with pubs road, a6 Us Qe ‘hem c2rain automate statutory rights of access, but in segregated layouts oF those cesigned wn narow road wins ths may prove Inconvenient or uneconomic and atemalive routes ray need to be ‘yee, Perhaps proterable:rew--block service sips, easly scressble ‘and suraced wth materials winch may ready be removed ad reinstated. Television Master actos fr television signal boosting olen roquiolconce or permit Television cables below ground shouldbe kept min of 300 from ‘8 supply at lighing cables and well away trom tolephone cabs. “ommended dah for aying elevsion cables 450, ACCESS FOR DISABLED Housing for cistled 985-7 forwheelcrais (3) Internal access p86, Spaces needed Leninste 3 Minclearw: aferanglewhoekhaw blo 2whoclchars 675253 Space T-shaped space for Teor yeuqeH44° Habitat Houses a eae STANDARDS & REGULATIONS = eee eee Controlling dimensions — or ea Recommendations torhorzental and vertical eototing mension tr S ar we] TP | housing have ben deeopea nota to make soe Gon beef pem [Tio De coordinated starcard components, (Agpicaton in UK ee ey a rousing 80006) s w]e ie [oe fare Horizontal convotig dimensions shoud be, in descending ode Siomayy | | 18 to [ie | 34 pretorence. a oon Edin [53 fad me | | 33 fit ratte of 00 coe |e | 2B Second: multples of 00 oe |e Z - Hee third: mmuftiptes ot 50 up to 300 Forhouse planing othe dmeretens 4.900 gs use > pantie vbw sepagcerne boxes winutnabiatie 2 USA ren ceiing heights i Sa ‘Uk verical consoling dmansions erica! controling dimensions more cosa defined. Heights of door penings and between floors difer over relatively smallanaee ony fimensions tor housing, wth peieronces or puclc sector Int ach Minim sizes USA-(1}, Bode size -JOrt7) Ceiling heights In USA FHA says celing heights must be such as not to reste an URpeasan sencaton andnottorestet pysiealymovememol ecrares and umishings. Celing heights clea under bears of ober Otstieees S12) BUILDING REGULATIONS Distintifarences in legal itertion resut in erent degrees of {GOntol over housing design nciferen countries: egregin Ener dara Wales limited to socurng neath anc satety of oo Of occupants and pubic atlarge, imposing minpacoand capers (+B1b233);in USA FHA, HL reg and stots andiocal couse ele ‘Most houses buit for sale in UK by private builders conform to stan: dards set by National House-Builking Counct CsBeiey Lak {generally contorm io FHA stardard min sizes and constr os ok De required by financing: also concult tate and local cena, ire escape In houses of more (consi codes Essential single steiway in such havse should be separated from al rm. fr construction and sel-cosing tr doors andtead anal or peceage Bing access otsde ar atgroundteve! Tishas ellos! prehiige pen planning on ground oF intermediate toreye unless en ny escape routes. ag by balony fo adjoining have, provdea he nee Uper storeys than 2 storeys fre escepe must be consideredHabitat 45 Houses RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER BUILDINGS Daylight & sunlight 27-37 Consult relevant re9 and codes for daylighting standards in habitable rm; hese also provde for protection ef residents bldg and undeve! ‘o9ed sites trom obstruction of dayight by new develoament These povsiorsnormally adopted n England & Walos}y planning authorty in ‘developmen’ conto ta some exten mancaloryin Seat) Proposed bldg can be testedfar orn eistance tam ecw» boundary and distance from other bldg by using perrassible eight nlcators Sabet) USA, —FHAand aly big eos So far as possible rm shoukt receive sunlight at some part of ay trroughout most of year But tie not gonetally enforced by req 0” development cortrel Angles and direction of sunight can be estab lished nour forary time of yearat ary lata examples feat 6150 N 36, Further orientation actors 24-6 40 $0, Visual privacy any planning authonijes seek o prevent evertking of houses frm ‘nexhbuuting houses or across road (Conta by bg eg in Sealand) Fule of thump distanco of 18 m ofton stated buts restive an Ineflecve since visibility affected by types of windows involved Sn their respective levels and incidence to one another. As wih other tenvionmental factors privacy must be considered in reson to Com peting benefits and in high dont development tis mati for careful ‘consideration in design andiayout Use ofind sie o single-aspect house designs wil hap, egon slong sites or where footoahs pass clase o houses; ellectve eeveoning of private gardens also imporent-+(1}(2), However. privacy shoul be achieved al cost of isoaton: Wealy degree of soreoning for wal privacy snould be within contol ot residents, Privacy from noise Houses bull neercistributor roads, or main highways best protected from noise nuisance by embankments or ater land formation (3), Privacy can, however, de marovea by uee of aukadle house plans wih sm facing away from noise sures (-=fib240 254) Spread of fire Bldg tq generally restrict distances between houses bull of com. bustle materals, such as ier, singles or rato, and the own pot boundaries; where non-comoustble materia Used extent of window {and door openings 1m wall close to boundary mahi be rosited to Drevent spreac offre to adoining property by redaton, seven ence sonore | ~~ t eee ia pee | > » L__.> | » | | neat eg ara geo =e 3 cop oe = en ee ee 4 » » 4 MM Renee ATTIRE m Ly 7 2. Prnaoy aoeuredboy use of reverse aspect haus: best oriataion EW_ 46 Habitat Houses SITE TOPOGRAPHY Effect of gradient \inere slopes moderate, choice of plan alfected lite by graent; on > stesper elope Some fora of plan canbe used 1 greater avaage yeyqeH arfonere Where hoses en paral contours ie wide or 4 — Spe houses mses ned formating excatebon Saves ‘Ts mado can coutertaance vvalyedvres equation tween se » tonto an goat carvang nd deveoprren cots Very seep hes cen fbwever reson! opporuntes fr maginte use ot sitleve mi feo ony cpu ors 1), Houses runing srs eon Expocaly iterates (ows), dbus empoy narew rentage pars | Epping teas hse pa lhoeses North slopes t Beene [North stopes sqgravate problems of maintaining density while proving “adequate sunlight to oach house and garden, Simple solution’ reverse Usual rule and place each house at ower end ofits plot, wth cass on ‘oth side but on severe slopes spacing required might be excessive, ‘Solution then might be to employ ‘upside-down’ section, placing ving ‘mon upper tloors where they can enjoy sun fom south and views in ‘each drecion—(2). Houses running across contours can be parbculaty ‘advanlageous on north slopes, since no garden need be immedately overshadowed by houses and alr wil get suriight Aspect In considering orientation ~>p40, access, privacy and etfect of gradient ‘there has recurred the concept of aspect, an important charecteriste felating house plan to conditions of its ste. “¢models can be distinguished (3), Dual aspect: ook outin both rections, to aooess and garden sides Single, blind-side, or controled aspect series rm iok outin | rection only usu ‘other than kitchen and iy garden side Reverse aspect: m on grouns storey and upper storeys leak ou in ‘opposite directions ‘Open aspect: idea! detached or semi-detached condition where cm can look outin Sor ciractons without constraint tl a Dual aspect i 3. Singe aspect 38° Reverso acpoct j ; <= ] 4 4 » 4 1d 4 » ; samme eT PITT mm ET 36 Conyotied aspoct ‘38 OpenaspectHouses HOUSE PLAN: INTERNAL INFLUENCES. Determining factors Main mera factors afectingselecton at house pan made ofnetlzantalciveuation within nouse, User requements, apropnate stancaids & regulations Ste ollentaton & climate 43340 46 HOUSE PLAN: CIRCULATION Circulation within house ceternined primarily by type of access appropriate extorra conetons and layout-=(1)$ modes of onze Sreulation canbe disingushed. Through circulation ‘This +) provises ciculaion trom entry to paren side by: passing a ing and working afeas, No secondary access to garden sde needed. Thnavgn cieulabon sutatle forall forms of erty and particulary appropriala where enry possible tom only one sic. Through-storage circulation In smal ferrace(fow) houses through creulation though desirable cart require exccssive propetion of whole groun-storey atea, Nodiicalion permis oreulation From entry lo garden side through hal and sto 3), Tne arrangement eutane for alforms of entry, ‘Through-kitchen circulation Provides crcualion rom ent to garda side through hall and atchen “A(a) Agpropriat in layouts wnichprovice secondary access to garden ‘id0; but ean be used where tare is none. Single circulation From poirt of arty gaiden can be reaches only by passing through Iving im_s(5). This type plan sncula ery ve used in layouts which prowde secondary aecess to gard ide. Secondary access wil moral Be necessary ony mus forace nouses but layout stuaons can aise when sting a ether bidg raposes seni conditons on end-o-trrace, ‘detached ard semi-detached houses. By-pass circulation ‘Gordon side canbe reached autelge house but within property iis eg bypath or through gage (6) ‘Through atrium circulation (7) ok rota I 1” Greslaten troughine S36 ie 2 Grcalaion rough ha + ! Ao} (| i) ' 1 Grevlatontivouphha&k [-| 6 Bypass erculaion 5 Greulatonihvouhhas ~aaeoonoeey A --7 --- i exer fee me fw ke 1” Raza to papery @ fomboth sis B rom anesioe ony 77 Through aiiur Grodan soon in USA single ay Slachad houseyenOeH 48° Habitat Houses HOUSE PLAN: STANDARDS & REGULATIONS User requirements Where nause rot designed for xnown cent, user requrrements ean mest aratly be surnmarised i sate tment of numberof (not counting xen, bath et) in house and numberof peop ended a accommodate, From normative stale of 1Piim higher ot haractensod by greater cegree of specasation 03 Such specalisation has in past time reached astorisung fengihs one Engin Victorian country nouse said 10 Tove contained rm for rering Newspapers. nowadays {egies of sub-cision aasoctated wh palace unk t0 be reacted, Yinat does happen is at houses Gesigned OF stapled to meet specal needs, whether. ep for musician, orchid enlnusat or cabled nousevie, are prove paca sed, ether by planning oc by higher evel ct Servicing, in 1 direction. The ‘orm of specialsation Secured by adaptation wal rol generally affect oro ‘of plan election set out here User requirement check list (1) Inansence of known chant plans should ba tested Dy Hist {questions about Rowse tha might be askes by user. o Say such analyss al plans wilnol meet requirements Stisfactonly: it must be “or desgnor to page which prionves shouldbe achieved (8234). Housing standards Consult reg. Standards for dwalings in public sector in Bitar —-@2) based on Parker Mortis Commitie's reo (eebib2as), Mandatory only Tar ew tidg by local Suhortes and nousng sesedaiors these in practice ‘rove qualtypltiorm against which new housing can Be edged, Athough mis oor areas sate fox various Rousehoki sizes. ermphase [unconal rather than fqvsntive. Rm yours a haus plan shoulsbe shown (ber able to accommodate lurnture and domestic fttiee thal hey e3n ba expecta to con, For USA standards consul reg (FHA HUD} and slate bre local codes: min em sizes p41) ‘erences [ ieprtecion vom weatherprovided a enbances? 2 lane apace eras recoving vss? 5 lstnersconvonert st forcutdooresrhing & pcan? 4 Conmotersbe read wine entry eing a (16 ouside USA) 7 intere space for eqad umiure n sensible avargerant? & te tnereautiownt spaceto set guess dringar? 4 onstrate graon? @ Bitere cect access on same evel, rota dewng ar? 5 ‘swore surace seat ee ‘rors oleupton & obstucion? 10 fe wom mange” cooker Taser coroac & es ron tove-creuaton? +1 pone okt ected rte 12 eve space x sdatoral gp. cringe ems, hey tob— Usage tart? 19 haskcewot outs woks—fr cates, oles phy ee? ‘bec Ti inthe space bx roquredTrniue waensitoarangeents— Consserune oergebeds? 15 cantoat be used fo chs homework, enteranng ins Shonees? ‘bathe 1 is bath crveriat tor baling baby? 17 his war butnr by deny peopl, rivals, been onsiered? 1g lathere space Sorsppveprat bat ene. hanging sok 72 are elise bn & uel sto secesible, convene paces torcolweton & aivey? 20 tances be ken otsae, pram pul garden ® garden ‘tune femora hou passing veugning a7? ribo rr Gd spaces pr Onelng eS 7 houses = "storey Nom 45 Sor m5 Be $s a oy " 2 108 (Gervorend) 5 45 4S. 65 (mieteracey m5 55 106, 8 43 as 8 tory N 3 m2 5 a5 co fats No 45 Br 73 05 Ss 2% 3 3 3838, masonones N 925 18 $ a5 “35 35 | a8 (67 teae access) Lee han sans art eet me Sprite Sy Sidious taohgraesnse 2. Win ar lor wong: to accommodate various household sizes (UK standards: USA p44)| Habitat 49 Houses = oe a ee a t 1 HovsesalDuncee Scotand-varatonsinemmpiebasepan Aich@awor Gora Pau! ‘SELECTING PLANS Classification of plans Fam extemal and internal termining factors sot out in previous pages, base characterstics of house plan can be stato’ under following heads: levels: 1,2, 3 storeys or spi-ovel aspect: dual, single reverse oropen—>p26 horizontal eculabon: rough, through, through-kichen or single, core circulation through atium p47 umber ofr and sizeof nousendld: stated as og (41m, 5 person. “These characteristics provide basis or classication of allhouse Totem # added vorteal ereusaban wnen houses of moretnan 1 storey considered Plan development Pian selection notin affectedby household size or specialised user requirements, Ft tae hoads of Caseiicaton (lvels, 26pe% and {culation} narow choice te numberof plan arrangements at his stage ‘oxpressed in smplot possibe terms (1). This axampie shows Pow “storey house plans basicaly similar develoned to. accommodate erent nousenoid sizes, ONE-STOREY HOUSES 1-storey house gives grestest planning freedom, only planning deter- rminants being aspect and hotizomal circulation. Consequently bth ‘simplest and mast lixuious houses alten planned on 1 storey = T2NGN6) 50-1 Folationship botween kitchen andbathrhortzonta:economiesin placing them lagether bul savings in cost may not be great when weighed ‘against user convenience —p1(6) 2 ‘icon prefabrcatedhouse ArSVArcon 4 Linge pivaiohouse Arch Becker yeyqeH50 Habitat Houses PLANS: CLASSIFICATION 1 House at Whipenade England Arch Lubetn 8 Tecton 2 Single family detached house bulk round atrium Cleveland One USA Arcnttien A Blunden 3° Housein Bovery HuSUSA Aven NecayeyqeH 2 Leshapaahousewih day right wngs Ach Kossler& Peter 4 Becn Dovel Foe lolol inoue tosh le 8 We 5 Houseieeep6 Arch Mibersemner feck chant 17 fmereand-Roreyhauee wih oppor foo errance (sels ratfat)ArchEH a MK PumieryeudeH 52. Habitat Houses Ann) 1” Dopey sar has grant planning advantages ‘rucn dood in radtonal rglsh nous note met roves how assess to ema md serrces can be prowdng ial andrgs aVisointa hoe ‘Georgian erhouse e Georiondetchoaho.es 2 Sraigh fight al rapt anglasehoraorta Srculaten often atracive saving exeaaton Space but ides pan rly some nsancos Motaigeavantage pateuary moire Planning a carral sae rou use, single Expect plan boontal car tvougn ows ‘Sualaspoc'plan canal stararossrovse, del spec! pan MORE THAN ONE STOREY [New planning determinanis introduced: vert cal crculabon, relationship botwoon Kicnon fand barr. which becomes verbeal 35 wel as hhonzontal, and balanerg et gounc ans upper storey cen. Vertical circulation: the stair Invall houses of more than 1 storey plan intiuences by positon and aesign of str Sit And is locaton affect constructional system to bbe employed: it repetitive house design most important singlo standardising component. ‘Sais citer in design (etaghtfightor dogg) andin postion, These, in combination, empose ierant planning efecs, To. provide best ‘Shoulaton am to arrive on tt slorey asrear ‘a8 possible to mice of house; boat choice of onion and typeof sate achieve his rolatod {oplan shape (1), Kitchen & bathr Those comprise most heally serviced part of house; econcmy in plumb rand wat supely Systems ang problem of accammadatrg bulky Soll and waste stack a lower level cased by lazing one above te ater —4N5). Balance of ground & upper storey accn Innsome house types, designed fr both emt and large households, ltl area recited fr bed and related acon doos no! balance ving, Fetchar and other areas usualy placod ov {ground storey: ths Because space alte for {ammon se does nol Petease propartonay to family ze, a do number and sizes of edt Economic desig fr smal Nauses, $y or 30% 4 persone, empoys 1Y4-sorey arargement, basally of T-slotey construction wif! open roof truss fo enable rot space to be used for bdr Such roo! on {storey house can also faciiate future extension ‘of small novse, 978, Opposite problem occuts in 2-sorey houses ‘designad fer more tan 6 persons, where house plans can be adapted by proviciag bed over ends, inkinghousos actoss pedastian vies 610) 3 Varyaimpie & camronvcel design oer house wi farmnause'k& baton ground Noor Pub i ES ip {4.8 Economy achioved by placing bat overk 7 Bede overpends means ofprovirg traHabitat 53 Houses MORE THAN ONE STOREY FENGEH 4 House tHaland Sisson Engand Arch Chermayel 2) Houses alouon Yorsire Eland bedrnsuaiod Wor ane aber 2 de darease note nuance of sir ype on upper sare plan ros Butorwort |e Srarse eget moet 6 Lagerimgrananouond 7 Talbauee Kangana enrah appeared fokengeound Gutadred uses achaneay saggorng ich A Jcooon eitets ComoreBy dossifeations af ype guitnec —sp87-9, many agencies providing houses, noth public ard pvate secors, have compiedsts of eated house designs caled plan ranges. Desig’'scomor'sing pan range have Basic constructional features. common, suchas clarease type ae Igeation, kitchen bath eztanship nd upper oor constructon Howse ‘esigns in sven range can be vated lo mee! dering vequrements ‘aie retaining useluldegtes ol standardisation (1) \ 54 Habitat Houses z HOUSE PLANS gz Plan ranges g First story plano! &-bede wide fronage house has beon changed © Allow house 10 be Used where conoid aspect p46 requied. Ths possible because cites elements unchanged, mah case, plumbing, eating, star Use of same Ist storey plan 29 ol arrow Frontage Mouse, possitie, would impase cual aspect cenations ons use in yout Combined rooms: natural lighting & ventilation Unless separately igh and ver ted requres area should be bases | ontota area otcombned spaces provided degree c'openresselaionsnp fad planning cf adjacent space allow adequate naturel ighing = Bii87), Incow-house (ter plan —(2) shaded area shoul bo used in cacultng fequred amounts fatal gh and vertlaton Tor compinaton ding ‘a lvng space. Assuring toll lor erea ding a rang 41 im min amount glazed stea raquted woud be 41. x 10% oF 418m" n tang imexposed wal. Vent aah ghoul be ocatedoprovos.crculeton lar thoughout area, Because of excess ve distance dining area rom Source of natura’ ight height ol gazing should be great ae possible 1 Ranga alrouse ypesioraas v person wide & narromrortage | Pouses "Arch NBA (Soot) ‘ey 2. Combined natural ighng i entiationat Habtat 55 Houses KITCHENS Kitchens bes placed towards NE or NW of house and in sal houses Should eealy overlook entranco, Font doce and chidren's pi area. itchen relates horzontaly to f/ont door (or radesmen's ervance, i ‘Separate, dining mor moal space ood so, sculeryandlauncy areas, refuse Sto oF dsposa, and outside clethes crying and toddlers’ play ‘Spaces, Irolates vertcally to bar, we and other areas requiing water Sippy a afaage. In lage houses ‘unctons of Kcher fan be spread over sevoral rm (eg laundry, uiity, vary, sculery! ‘Combined in household whg Separated from rest of house to prevent spread of aise and eackng sels ~pa5(¢). Main activities fr whicn Kichen designed: preparation, cooking and serving of meals and cleaning up afterwards. Ancilary activites can ‘elude clothes washing, generat household mending and clearing cing, chiren’s pay, studying, nobbes, entertaning and genera) recreation. WORKING SEQUENCE Sequence of actives (1) relates to sequence o ments, workep ~ {ooker = worktop ~ sink Werktap, whi Is Basis of modern domeste fitchen planning s(2) should never be broken by full-on Fonts, doors 0” paseageways Work triangle Distance user has to walk between sink, cooker and refrigerator oF larder etic! in ktohen planning, Lines jaring these 3 elemenis form lahat known as ‘work Wiangl! (2) For nora arly house com= ‘ined lengh of sides of trangle should be between 5800 and 6000, Bistance Between sink and cooker should Not exceed 1800; shouts never be crossedby through exuation Sinks Sinks require good natutl ight best placed under window; should not rormaty be more than 2300 rm waste stack or externa cai. Sinks ‘Should bo kept away from corners (8) and there should be plenty of oom fo standin tot draining sce, though in small kichers washing bow! of double sink may be places ‘owares coxnet (5). Cookers & work tops —-also p56-8 Cooker sould never be placed in rant of window bul should, where possible, be pravided with ventlaing Rood (8). snould not be placed below wal cupboards and gas cooker should be avay from Foors were draughts mint blow out Dumers, Workiop shauid be provided on each side: whare cooker acgins comer ting return of at feast 400 shouldbe slowed Tor easy clanéng and acoess space. Law level cooker requires space of atleast 1200 in font fr access 6) ‘Adacent worktope should beat same lovel 3s cooker top: change of lve raquted should be at pont at leas 400 from cooker (7), ‘Spitlevel cookers with separate hot and wal ven incrossingly popula May be or (stacked) above workop height No perect ocabon Fin ‘ntinuous worktop interrupt work flow, if cutside work tangle extra travel Open door may be danger to chidven, ‘space for casual meals tobe taken shouldbe alowed at worktop height inworking ltehen, ana isealy working parol dring-chen Refrigerator Most ficult of Kitchen eqp to place. important component of work trang: should adacent werktap space. Fr coor shoul open away trom work area for food access; should not block passageway or hit ‘anolher door when opening, Algo 1968-9 ‘ DINING-KITCHENS —»p57 Kitchen may be associates win separate but related ining space 10 become diing:kichen. Separaion can be achieved by arranging ft- ments toprovide dagre af screening orby change! tevelo! Hoo Tins (Undesirable). Dining area should be planned in same way 3s emai ‘ning rn Ktchon may aso be enlargadt canal dining table and chairs, without ‘Separation, to form farmnouse ktchen’-mare economical in space than ‘iter separate Kichen and rang 1m oF ding: ktchon but oer less Fexiatyin use. esos 1 Sequence of aewiios 2 Sequence of rents 6 _Lomovel oven needs at Spacetn Wort note onactr hood overch harowondputoutostrg rarer ton 7) Change inievel 8. Provide place or working seated, preferebly wihpulreut Werkiop having ane &csing oa above yeuqeHyeygeHt Houses Tearkonie Toate KITCHENS Brea Fixtures & work tops ay aaa Ba standarcs teaure ktchen area which provides for offen food proparaien, sung and st, se tl as ens slo ane Geanngup ser # Te 0 oo oa oe fren, Provison of tutes nd worktop (1; worktop approx 610 Vovkiop.eachsice 30 467 S00 610 782 dip ard gtangh,Cea'ancebawenn base cputn's ood propa ‘ooKerarhab space [533 558 G10 760,768 Soaaeenia tern sorktop 5 Bio S28 Go re Aeaures work ‘ops may be combinee.when placed between 2 fires Choker in. snk Such worktop ral have mn fentge cual that oF as We Te oa oa oe larger ot worctope eng combined. Kitchen sto—p75, Wop rae’ [Set Sor aet Serer (2) gives recommended kichen so sel aes: min Ya enied area Tiana warkiop |S 72 Os ots vosT tobe Beats in base or wal epd; ma 60% quad aeatobe enclosed "eSpace won scrguce cna uted bees Set ese ee ree Sespaelceaeteamacioss Te obiny nse mengrewrecacpmuenenn eee Be peer 1 Stondarde fries & workops nano of beer 6 . Hee at Hea inshore | 229 279353 485 Tingeheree [697 050 07s __ ama __204 Meee chee ricecescula Saclarine (omaulte cnt ee re ei anyiecred "omnewinosmsteae) eetoshowar by epa doors, Kitchen layouts (3-17) show various ftchen plans. a C ‘Sragniwan pan 7) Square pan kwh ding arHabitat 57 Houses \ KITCHENS: ExaMPLES x g 230) 2 af fe ' | ate 59045 z spelt] eT a atten a 2 Fark 13k 2ashwacher Swasie aoutngbaard Shab Gowen Tepd ‘ver Blam dining Ota/eezer 10 eyo seven 11 hot waar 126 ‘oun oning boara 1314 ayer wathor "6k 16 7 reese, 18 leanne pa 19 vetlald toed st 20 provers, coatced AICAEH A MK Maer i 1 kwih soving ar Ramo 1 pr 2eewra Jopd 4lamay dringoralt ‘ Shab 62k Tpoecer Shame fis Arch ehn A Paterson 2 Goummetccoksk 1p Qwakin ing Sieialsheles 4 chosing bok Smarties BS 7 dsrwather Shae Sal ene 10 sen warming way 12 dose Wooe over 14ar"-Arc Cli sy NonEHaNK Hunter {fiat smal kopars tor closes of kam Ber 1k Sderwacher ek satroueel cpa Swal cpa Big Termacpd 62 way topic ¥ 5 Combination k/ty wits oarhouse tsk 2hob ovens baking came Sing Schest feozer Taesk win books ve" Sepd Oseweg ‘roning 120 wal 'Slauek 14 washer ‘saryer1Bgreerhouse wih shg glass ‘Ache H& MK Hunter 6 Home contiek blemagaainerovse Vong oors Zing Slovene. dob Sik 6 ehwaahor Tan's tia Bieeze: 9washor<'yer 101 ue mor 11 retatre se bn 12cpd over 13 syle "4rmotorsea weed siatbtnes ower romcalng to wworkoplvel” Arch M K Hume 7 Kahatos replace wih 1g ak Scistwashor 4ck Skher gxaen Goutan ‘Tireplace Sep ACHEHS MK Har58 Habitat Houses KITCHENS: EQUIPMENTHabitat 58 Houses KITCHENS: EQUIPMENT Al 4 ERT 1 FigwihGsonPretigoraion® 2 Frg0.26-094m F Chestvoezer 014-07 m= 02 yeuqeHyeyuqeH LAUNDRY SPACES Clothes washing may be done in kitchen, uty sm, bth (at copa back porch, garage yn combination wih we, downstars cloak. Laundry area need space for washing machine and di, or song teaming matersls and, possi, for etoeng dity washing; may also hive 10 accommodate ning Board or ning machine and working Surface lor sorting. Athough mobile washing machines avalable most, ‘models, automat machines n paris, est plumbed in with permane ‘Connexions fo water supply andeutaby trapped waste. Where wasting ‘machine not ust o in alge houses where much hand wasting done, SSnk 500% 350 % 250 deep required and second bow ortub desrable, Fumbier drier —(12) best placed against outside wal to alow direct, extacton of water vapour removabe int tap requredtyy some made’. Even where tumbler dior provided rack o° line needed for tp-dry Clothes, In smal houses o flats this canbe Foxed sbove bal or show, ‘otherwise should be in veniaied drying cupboard or over irapee ‘raining tay. Opon-air drying prefrredby many andmates no semanas ‘on energy resales. Oper-air drying space should be easly accessbe from laundry area and rereraly n view rom kien 677 os a an ee 5_Two ni washing machine rot fevaiabion USA) © Autamatcwashing maine ‘achine/dier bacceononons (Gallon Jeo, be Pe of & =5 + cy} Us JL 9 Combination rontioad washing 10 Water softener 11 Spindrier(notusedin USA) 12_ Tumble der (must have space: fatrearforvontlton) ted 15 Sleeveboard 16 Sowing machineHabitat 61 Houses 4 p62-£ ‘Best daylight orientation for bath SE-NW; for ease of installation (gas BATHROOvS ee Swat zenices) shoud be edt tert aun sone {above or backing on to we, kchen, vitty 1m etc, p82: wil ao ‘minimise noise from pipes): or convenience shoul be close to bed Internal we and bath fay common: may be unavidstle where econ- ‘ical use foo area important espe is narow forage hawses orn ‘Point blocks. Ventlaion asserial and must accordsnthapproneat reg. ‘Shower uses less ator than bathtub; ofien considered mote ecient because of its continuous flow; provides conweniont alternative to fk engin wnere space imited 083, ‘Shower outet may be ftad over bath where suitable wal or parton ‘valable at tap end fo iin, or combined bath tap and shower iting wilh flexible hose may be Used. For eanar bath actly space (1) ‘should be a ap ond unless permanent shower screens ited, ‘Showers in wall recesses have shower trays of enamelled cast ron, ‘glazed fireclay or plastics with waterprao! ted wal or Wwaterpro0! Tendering and steamproot pat up to 2000: prelebricated shower unts im enamelled sheet steel, aluminium or plastics also avalae =p04.65, Fixed shower arms should be mouried at 1900: otherwise asiutabe, hand shower wif existe hose shouldbe seo yeyqey 3. Space roquiemants or movement hem fea) For ease of access, bathtubs sometimes partly sunk ino Boor wih F access to rap fram rm below. Ware balhisb pall to wal tence . vom ‘tom contre of bath to Face of wall must be 450, Sa bs Where possibye space should be avaiable for at least tem of bat oe" furniture, such as stoo or laundry Box. tings such a towel ale and Re tallot ol holders shouts actobsiuctactvty spaces. Heatad towel als ‘best fed 750 above foo level, above neigh ot small S's head. = Medicine cabinets should be out of reach af chvaren and fit wth safety lock Exposed pines should be fixed ta allow aulcient wat | ‘earance for cleaning, Sean Windows above baths can be dificult to open oF to clean without standing in bat, common eause of accidenis: may a lt privacy and cause draughts unless walisciated. Windows behind wash basing can + m0 4 ‘also be cfcul to reach; wal above wash basls best used for mior of | 2 medicine cabinet. 2 UK practice does not alow el sockets in bath other than specially ‘signed shaver point, which shoule be tof each of bath, enclosed 4 rae Night fitings win ord: operated switch prelered. USA practice: no el q % ‘convenience outlets near water source; safes ocalon as partot sealed ] light fixture over miro wih remote switching near doorway i J). 70» 7 5 7 Biset—-983(0) 8 Sho 8 14 Munipoining (6&0) ae L ‘| pecan 9 Grabrais 10 6 even | i1 Gas watarheale Ted tone! water ying aise 2 Gaswaler hetero chenney or utsce wall 4) Gaswaterheatiorme Walle wath lon lovelaston BATHROOMS. Equi Movable baths of 2inc or enameled mild steel sutable ony fr in ‘requentty used baths, children's bath —p63(2), hipbahs—~p63(2) and Use wingut main services. Fixed baths ~p63(4}-(8) usually named easton, pressed stee or plastis with various qualties of enamel (fl gloss, acd resistant te) ot freclay. Free-standing baths -»p63(6) usualy have aps al oot end: sometimes, yomed to wall ong 1 sige 0 avod water splashing behind bath Buittin baths ~p83(6) win extended tm atacheato surouncing walls overagping Wont: access pane) necessary in UK. ‘von baths lor use as bun uns —-p6244) have integral font panel, Chain & overiow carledto outside in standpipe or trapped waste (USA) Space: saving batts ~-p62(7\8)nstaled where space resticied but not nacocanly eave water; comer bats p67), Frecley baths dazed inde and out beautiful and expensive but un ‘sconamic as slow 10 wart up; pleasant forlisuety bang, however Foolbaths 96010) movable o hed, usvaky insiled in gor pubic baths: may be freczy,eartennare or enamebed cast ton. ‘Showers “-p63(11)(12) base May be cast on oF recy (tete20), ‘Should preferably be sunk to loor & provided wa le oF enameled Sheet stee surround also p64 Polyban bits —p83(@) Spanish paton: can be used a hip baths, footbetns, bidole or ehowor (wih fexzle shower aim); require Il space & cave water (no! used in USA) ‘Bidet—26919} eathenwaroor relay. many variations indesign mixer, ‘with ant-sealcing device also p67) Basins wih back string for plastered walls ~=p63(13; for washable ‘wall —»p63(14) mary shapes & sizes. sometimes ith separate mouty ‘wash basin or as double basin —pB63(15)(18);macers for washing wit), running wate, but wasetul ‘Squat wo (8) hyglone But uncomfortable; nas ether fushing cstem for tushing valve Wc =13)-7) sphoric more efficent but exravegant i water &proibited by some water bye-lans. Low level esters flush wth ile nose; fUshing valves more nelsy ~(5}(6) butuse approx hall as much water Witer hosters (ges oF 8) —(1)-(4, El so heaters ~(2) use cheap right tme al & canbe setto heat up at any ine chring day. 10" Lockabio medicine cpa 11 Bathrogp &kings aplan bolevatonsHabitat 63 Houses ] i x | x | g | s B y 2 fe 2 L 3 ipo we. ee | | ee & & | F Pasiacedmsvertah 6 Batiwincopoatnestukn 7 EoooryAnercancanaroah & Poyenunt b fine " Tevarad a ry Shorter baths require more water | i : - | , i 4 9 Bde 10. Footbath (may be incorporaied ~=— 11. Shab for incorporation as. 12. Sho tray tor incorporation as He Bosker) Shen foncinont | et | ft = [ | | a & 18 Rowhbea one 14 fowreuacainegna 15 Howihsepatemou «18. Dabionb ‘orp eng NeatoPeer re rez PEE v reed reese Peeve cere see eee vee PEE ePEE EEE EEG yenqey 64 Habitat Houses BATHROOMS We & washrooms ‘We wi on-tevel cistern under ovve no 1 ae a oe pee Win nigh evel esters (| Dp (oI (oT where ncuenennstoo 7 ; ; a ; EO, fA : Pr ; oa gaemnanae frame) Bathrooms: smalestiypeofbath say be recessed into beds wall Ch with shower end screened cof wih glass partion and ‘emainder cutaned, In. ganeral doors should be ain {460 wide, shouldopen ful and ‘open inwards except in acon for fldery, when should open out wards. 2 Wi tooworbHabitat 65 Houses PREFABRICATED SANITARY UNITS ‘Standard lv aeal fitings mostly al costly and take time loins. - ‘As requirements mora of less untiorm pretacnication preferabie: in paticulat for terrace houses, maisonette Houses and ang scale blocks Df flats, aio or moderation schemes and grefebrestos housrg, Pretabricated tems comprise complete plumbing units (18), ohm ing walle 2}, complete elements storey orrm high, wth poe mountings angel leads, also tems wil accessories, ooring a Usualy, cain @)-(9)favalable without coing for olé housing). Compact elomerts fixed eimensions —(10)(11. Also incvigva elomens with variable ftound pian design ~i6)-€). Construction: marly sandwich with wood skeleton and hioboara, glass aluminium, aluminium, stainless sce, lass lore reinforced polyester, Fainforced concrete oor slabs —(10)(1) or naw types of pastes Fitings and accessories similar materials. Basic essentials ant-scratch surface finish and long service ie (no material aique). Prelavicaled flumbing units mostly Yor use internally in bldg =(13)-(16); proper tough vantlaton theretore necessary: passBly Torced vertiaton, Suitable lor hote’s (14), hospitals, old people's homes (13) Connexion to t-stoey central heating system has proved successful 1 AstObatwihsnostede —12_Largeunitcompring | ee a hy me 19 woclonentin owt 1 Sho clomentinbotel ey ey Bl 15 Shostemertinsmaldwoing 16 Prolncatad bath wih k parton wal yeuqeHTe eeeee 65 Habitat ' Houses “| PUBLIC ROOMS a oe Dining rooms [By Sametacotsorang (thor witout ] 1 Mnclearance rom wall depends { Sevan) 2 Space equred eweentend of fabio sideboard bac Position: brackast area facing & (11), dining area facing W =) PIS). deel access rom hal or coridor not necessary balan Ixtohen or pantry essential ‘Space requirement: formerly gest em ding rm has stunk to bare Seetmais very often vbises comer (8), kichen recess —~p55-7 Sriocrm or area in ving rm (4-7). Even In farge houses cing Raptmodest (8), comatimes wit provision to combina winlivrg fm for special oocasions (10). Doors in m.cornars convenient Sueotdr, = 610=24P Table w = 55010 = 1100 Seating w/P > 5500 < 700 ‘Atnoadoltabie acs. = 100105 200 seatw x number ot? Errata gree oeox6 3 Diaofroundtatle = ‘eg e00w and 6P = 1040 Outside dining spaces (verandas, terraces): should ie win Sroteeted sunny side of hause in Font of dining or ving rm Gein W {uope win provaling SW weds should face E or SE). Since F sun Shines af low angie foot ean project aut pxominemy. Min wth with Semon geet along | wal 3000-100! projection 2000 suse, Saree ameiawal 42 nase gy 13 SS eae crac oaeeese Ceaser] fetes . ee ees PE] » eh pr! ef oc: {8 Space-savngarangementot fable wih te corer seat 8 iposety) smal sieboards 7 FormoreihanP accosstoat eats must be alowed or “Ti wAmwica ding apace neark 12 Dining eoassiniv iwihor Mndnleciocadacrisocerdeines — vathoutcuan) wi? aoc Ok ‘SThandoten considered adequate Vermedate stage separate dr arene 8 Smaleat posstie dr for P tout eldebosrd; doin comer proerabie ‘9 Srralestpossiiedr or 6P wih foundiabie & come: cpa oule ‘Seng door) 1D SoparaearbeweenkAiv 14, Drbetweonter (sing ‘ron Serwardorer ‘Slang door alow comainaten) To brler12P wih seboard 8. apaco "or swans: may be erlargod ito Tce space-saving arangensrof sng oidng doors 3S Draivbathoperingontoter, 16 Relatonshpot rie oer m suring good dayv n Habitat 67 Houses PUBLIC ROOMS ‘Guest & children’s rooms Living rooms "Pees 7 aco a RoE nev x ok = + re 41. Narrow 1m for guests or 2 12 _ Similar rm to 14 with fold-up onesie beatae 1 Geroiane mandate 2 Tasohfowat reacocs ‘aw spat Baap wore omer fecdbibivorsanaeionp Sentewalow cans mire See druid at : if ry F To , = : 5 oes q g Tea owrsds0nbwhacOoh 4 Seaingqowwin ewes casy 19 Ghormwahend 600n& 14 _Lagemaioin ben ‘ortakng ainacove ‘air 380, ade 600 fred beds primary guest ‘ocesa lage oe or, 8b A cout eeheat Gos en “ee activity furniture and op ‘specialised combined 1 et ete, ow abi, oty fe chairs ‘salon 2 toa itatoty soot chery sos cas rm ven 2 aparece | segs scab, euttatoy or 4 smoking | soe a, pre cos w Beeesnats onto 5 Soamaggpwincetook 6 Seaingarangarertniy ray essa pees ‘chairs: chai 420, table 650h ‘also be used for breakfast): char ip uisesae! ree eae sich ‘Mah table 70h ‘easy chavs, small ee tounge Music rooms caning | frpetr tran : Fancetoor 25's : eee baton eva —_| chore mau, SSpctedtoos to | exten Sa 8 sew bar sewee natn oO ne Hinen cpd, baskets ‘uti cm 9 beakest | bredataowasE no bow See beens ~ oe 10 oxing | eros setows | ei, cee eae ftascweetbet | st r2veatng | sheen e ony en 8 Grandpianoicarectypaoos —|3 fumoteceerer | ee 17 eoner gandpana ct ra pr rer is muse | pan eoo rae Launractanstor nyse Spenptoardewaloeadcen cise uc | must Sonu 4 coorspen_ | leonard tab, purchase sare 9 Grandparo wo posionedin| Felasto seetna oun, wal 8 (rasan oatwrcow hosting & (eceral or woulbe avers ‘eo 10 Grand pano aganstiniomal Wel away fem window ahoatg, Well tatodto saatng group & p103-14 Enclosed garden enhances privacy. Walls, hedges and to lesser exert, trees can provide natura protection fom noise, wind and dust Advan tage i private garden can opon out oy, proving out-door extension living space: but not nacessatly best paced (UK) onside of nouse ‘Since encloses garden to N can provide sun view, though wil need be ‘doep tobe elfecve because of overshadowing by house itsell (1. Garden structures p11 TTenls and sheds in gardens do not usually rate a8 blag In UK: not ‘coneidared permanent iving access when ocoypied only by day and nat Used for rade or business, Distance from site bourdary or other big ‘Should natbe less than 1800. For ames and greenhouses p11 . woodeest t= 914-— SBebaroce rela Syonas ee te to 6x 25 sieelfitbar | 19PIPE wees eS hard betes TI pap rt 50> 10 lange ron ce * compacta efiaar shoal Speer |¢ Buitinbarbocues aadusiatieglcanbe asad 90S above brazioron ‘masonry base bbarbeco rel conbrationcothuous uvtwih garden| Saat & pat paving: hard-bumeairebock Ine Fon prs ads" oh {Fl Denon aAK Tenn BC econ vrsnay Ron Cen Fob 7 Pato cock nwalars edge AichLawerce Halpin yeugeH1 78 Habitat | Houses EPP TABLE HOUSES & A aod een ‘Two recent developments in house planing in Bran are intended to = se weet et Balioachy emery aa ecuenes ce Walter Segal’s houses. ‘mensions reared. son how ses rele Wr" ont tolerance Arch W Sepa ‘Architect Walter Segal has designed houses using sheet mateale in ‘Standard panel sizes assembled in timber supporing construction, ‘Column cortres 3000-5600 apart give great planning Rxbity wih ‘Scceplable beam depths and accommodate most im sizes. Bidg ae faiced above ground, with cokimns based on conerete pads. Panning ‘ead adaptable and matonals can be reused -»(1)2). & Extendible houses intonded to perm fst-home owners to enarge ther houses 2s famly size increases. Examples ilusrated represent D approaches, extension of 1-storey nouse to frm patio (3), end ‘construction otmin root (4). 4 inthis Scotah design ous extended uowardsno row oundatorst| Sicewerk needed Arh Netonal Bulding Agency ESCUGH 22 Ths gor house on loping wea Balyrwnik land shows great fexbiy clover Arch W Segal '5_ Amoran design for ow coe lywaod pana hourerootpardls 8 walosre Bait ht poston &hokstd or Upped upinio piace ground oor Bfrst for AehEH a MK HurierHabitat 79 Underground houses S 1 Filipe Fda USA std or parorarc vews bapa sunkin ‘gounat2 races Intetoronce wih natural conturs tured outs ol es Blendir-upperlevotlomesingespace observatory asecton Bplay Ach Willem Mrgan 2 House n Ponnnes England lo avo niusioninaosthetcaly sonaitve ‘Eeapanlj Underground pany aden bering cath mounds ston B pian’ veh Arthur Quarey 44 Twonbeach houses Frida USA: underground so nse interfere wih Views houses on and do: bultn pais Fom shat cast a Gunite, cement ‘mitre usualy sed or smerning pools. lowe eaves cast is no. ‘Browatod ean ten 100 nce solo pve soo aereng 0s; ‘Simod costs approx asa ulate convertion vette Na ‘Gyeroteartsmir ed asecten b plan Arch Wit Morgan Growing concen win safeguarding landscape trom iletecs of inusive “development engenders greater inerest in underground building for housing. Applicaton to domestic house of tecriques of construction ovised Tor Gvil engineering 0: mitary projects: coats invoWed out by Fecent refinements leg tacnnoiogy. Energy conservation further factor tending to favour bulking urder- ‘ground, ony pat. Sot proms good insulation ayer, keeping heat In during winter, outin summer p80. Underground housing sil experimental Designers must base prec ions or such datas 28 number 0! ar changes/v needed to KO®D Up ‘entation levels for peoverting buia-up of condensation on emia Caleulatons: not encug bull examples see how diferent forms of ‘excavatod constuction behave in practice. In UK ia reg tramed belore underground housing became tkely prospect oficl approval hereloe dependent on indivdual negation ‘3 Hoday home Juland Dewar parly usderaroand so as rise fom langwardsisowth viens soanerdthroug 2lage ase domes Underground Componertcnnctetoched ab seciensge lan Arch Claus Boncerup yeliqeH80 Habitat Houses ENERGY SAVING BY PLAN SHAPE, Minimum perimeter house Reducing exterior wal area can save energy. In theory dame ot sphere ‘al configuration but have obvous drawbacks: ccs plan has smaest Dermmeter for given floor avea —»(). Next best alteratve: pertecty Bguere plan of tsorey house: minimices wall and window area and therefore energy oss (2), Entry locks, Eneoted entries, other within perimeter of nouse (3a) or as append fage (ah), can recuce energy eonsumgtion. Size of ery should alow ‘ascees 600%s to open independent. ‘Atriums ‘Windows tesponsibe for 15-30% tots heating energy oss tom house Sialic placing redces loss and maximises soar gainin winter When drndow' face on fo atium this acts as passive sola collector ~+P81(1), ‘Sun planning Inaraky elates signifcant energy saving canbe obtained by means of ‘Sfecng nsnaows prviced wih overhangs, comouted fo rest sumtor ‘Sun, andN wallsbuffeed by stoarens. Sun rap with winabutfers canbe veryetfacive in eoldcimates ~981(2). ENERGY SAVING: EARTH also p79 chook ist gentle § slopes idea for underground structures: can bul into hil & Suhave benelis of southern exposures ‘void low-}ing dopessions: heavy, cold sir wise n them; nereesed anger tom Frost & damp. make sure no drain o leakinta ste area trom surrounding construction Suet as parking os & septic systems identily ground water levels & seasonal variations in level before de- ‘Gding locaton of b1dg & excavation depth ‘assure adequate soi percolation for sunken courtyards & atnum aroas; ‘consider installing overiow drains any structural systom can be used, providing designed or orape loads; General rue" 280 kg/m (150 Ibi) for grass-oovered roots & 1950 orm! (400 loin) where seal trees afe to be suppoced; snow & pedestrian loads must be added ‘wall design genevaly same asany below grade (ground eve) consiuc ton, but nstision neacea between carh & exterir wal of SIUCU, ‘Mowing to store neat, avoiding cominwoustoss to earth best curenty avaiable materal syroloan (because of closed cel construction) n- Suiatlon can bo reduced in Uiekiiess as depth below grade (around leve) increases, ‘when banking (bering) cart against existing walls advisable ad ‘omont plastar'on meta lah between earth & insulation 10 prevent fools insects& rodents rom reaching existing was ‘uty shooting good material fox waterrooling: aso sexes a6 vapour Barer to control dampness inside use dehumidicaion or circulating ait ‘eat pices (ducts buried in earth) may be used for cooing oF for pre-watming outside cold ar for winter resn ait supply ‘examine alloca bldg codes, especal in elation to fe exits & vento: tion: increased a circulation eqp may allect energy use ‘study lighting careful: important for underground secures determi how tne atfects merior comfort & energy useHabitat @1 Houses {Square lan wah aor windows fac inwards atin covredby Sih House planned io deal with climatic conctions of NW USA: un trap with inde iver Prk Lj WN 23 Beg siodo accept rol Sonia cout crag cook cite rom polio ar massing Teduces heat gain &provdes evening warntn ENERGY SAVING: VENTILATION Effective passive approach to cooling: capture pravaling breezes and ventilate Rouse naturaly ~(3). Ideal orentation for this places face though which breezes are to ener at ablique angle of 20°70" towing 71a) instead of lowing wind pass straight though house hs creates turbulence hich makes for better ventiason. When wind veloc low internal ve oly can 6 ncteased by use of wing walls noxttowinéoa 19 Create ‘min pressure Zones" tere. Casement windows or adjslable Shutters can acheve same effec Place windons. where ventlaton Tequiredwith cls at desrad cooing height: eginbedr at mstiess level Window heights aso p40. Plant evergreens an N and W sies cf nous fo block cold winter winds =) Use ground shape ard any nearby ponds or lakes to improve natral ventilation. On sloping sites (paricualy lacing 8) breezes move up il, ‘during day, down at night. Near bocies of water cooing breezes mave from water Yo and during day. ron lane 1 water at night (8) ‘These guidelines may run counter to elective use of otenaton to maximise. sols gain p80. Trerelore for any design bret specity taht solar gan of natural venlation should have pronty, Ingeneral consul local wosthor bureau for accurate information onsale ‘adaton, solar asigge and beating, cloud cover, rain and snow {al ‘eestion and erengtn of provaiing winds. 4 Onion fornatiral vention Pelle) Racal 5 infuonces of ground shape & bodies of water ornare vein yenqeHyeyvoeH 82 Habitat Housing: old people | ‘ i Be ¥ = oo pee Ee SO ian Taidayconmelayoutpan Arcs Robert Wile Aseocsatos dary wt Gaborraxid Sooland as 91 cotogas, wardens oatestmenn: each ctiageravng warden casyeiom wth ak Dk re ldad a Gay conve ast layout Bo-personcvi2ge ecu ‘Strong trend against puting off people in homes unless in need of stood care and attention, old people's preferences beiow. Umiting ‘Boor canbe land values. In USA most ow income housing for elie Fe boon high rise to alow use of expensive land near shops and recreation possibile. UK standards envisage 2 types housing {contained for 1 oF 2 mote active old people (2) souped Tatets fr Tess aelivo wit some communel amenities anc Services (13998402) Old people's preferences ‘Ghedt stot what old people want, based on USA exporence: ‘ew from ving: wih 1 window low enoughta see aut when seated weiotor persona tertory le auktoorareaor siting anc social contacts (porches, gardens) | dose to shops informal home-ike scale | commmunity outdoo: area witin easy walk frequent esting places along walks Security and re slar systems aoequate to Ftetton work tops lower than usu Separate bed ather tian efcency design ‘Ghose of ning nar comnmarity dining ‘Communal amenities Coton rm provided for vel-contained dwelings may include siting coon hakbies tm a: workshop. Min flo space/P 0:95 m?,Prowde oat coriman rm 1 we and hand basin, te then 0” panty wa snk Suet wterhat span forhas rd coats, Gamingcodandea 2 or grouped lets provide wardon's quarters, emergency aa syste ror connecting each owelig win warden’s, commen im wih = 1.8 ‘mile and sneilery amenities a8 for sellcomased above, launder feiephone for tenants wit adjacent seat, cpd for communal leaeing eSbraiy = tm" Prowide access batween all aocn by enciosed and Tretioa crculation areas and for direct goods delivery rom door to door ‘ellvery natches or gioupodlockers acceptabie ‘2 Prvata rairement house wth adjpning unt for isting dhidren USA Arche Ha WK HumEr i 219.2030" ___ a ton ‘J Low budget hong or aldeny Ponda USA atypical todrdwei | Betetayoutpian aren Rancobh WedsegHabitat’ 83 Housing: old people et fe 17 Maxreachover warciopio shalt ope jSsSes sr co Pa All 3 3 hot worktop working sutace 8 Teach toward tings 4 ng tighclearercetor abies siting worktop eee 16 Secton of bm acanted for ons Planning factors Access: f involves climbing more than 1 storoy provide elevator. 2 lovato i more than 4 storeys high; aocess stairs shouldbe encosed. Starrs >p88(5) 408; ramps p87 407. Alidwelings should have nal or loaby with space for hanging outdoor clothes. Doors -»p401-2, Doors to we and bat must open outwards and be fitted with special locks whic can be opened fom ours. Kitchen; work sequence —»955. Provide working surtaces both sides Sinkeand cooker Max height working surfaces 850; max neigh! shelves, 41520 -~(1)2). Cookers specaly adapted for safe use by old peonle Min size Ing 0.7 m° INB do rot elo underneath worktop). Nin sto ‘capaaty 1.7 m®. Safety precautions p84 Heating: space heating living areas capable maintaining min 21°C; for afggton ras gioupe fee mn TS. wen ie fee an El socket outlets: generous provision of socket outets st converient postions andiovels mportant: mn (UX) Hichen 4 ving area, bed 2, hallorlobby 1, bed sting rm Living spaces: important provide adequate space for movernent ound fume, consider use of Bun units (Specialy cod, wa) but take ‘account also of furnture which can afford hand holds when moving aboutrm. Remember in designing sto space old people tend accumulate ‘reasured possessions. ‘Guest rm: preferable provide m for sits rom famiy in self-contained “Swelings. For grouped fatets guest rm may be proved; should be placed cosa to communal av ‘Bedrin se-contained dwelings folow standard design butnote moot ‘ance of room to move round; bult-h watofobe desrable Bed siting ‘Sometimes in grouped Tatts, ueualin old people's homes —+(10)1") Safety precautions for old people p34 - ‘5 Aide fr gating in outet ith ‘maxtor kom 7) Mounting efincinod ral forwe — $1 Sing m dmersions & dala yeyqeH84 Habitat Housing: old people = = yeuqeH see + Bath: low-sided, fat bottom; length limited so that user cannot be amlotely immersed: max 1860, Consider seat lim height or iting towash logs 210 feet. Hand basin: rm between 800 and 250 high ‘Shower —p83(9): compartment well Nested with pegs for cothes on Shred, dvised rom wet side by shower curtain. Flor non-sip ad {ie lars hazards, mnooth wit fal to drain, 140 ray wth vpstan Stop over, not necessary. Provide secure handhold and wal-mounted SE Water supply thermostatically corroled to give between 36° and {45°C (Uk requirement bul USA salety precautons shove). Ausable ‘Spray outlet ‘on flenble hoee Which can be cipped on in Geren positions. ‘Taps: must be usanle by arthitc fingers; tops bolsy colour-coded, ee hot ang con sare rlatonship thoughout bi, Wer seatheight 380 —+p89(7). In 1-P grouped fatiets hand basin shows be provided, ‘OLD PEOPLE'S HOMES ‘Srmual meg nin, sing, Ronco Bedrooms: usualy bed siting rm. Typical layouts single 89K), ‘Table helghts: cing 700: gap between cha seat and unde of Main: kitchen, service, 10 smi, matron, ed HR Shall accn, resident ana cay # Relationships (1) \ double >pe3(10), Table top mn 140 p81} occasional abies in common rm nok ower i | reas residents’ rm with elated bath an iv 4: storoy layout (3) Furniture than onal seat nog ‘Easy chairs: not 100 low for geting out; ow enough to keep feet on Foot, 00-20, footsto0 fr those with shor legs: seat dopth 410 oe _ {T90, arm rests 220 above seal, Gack high enaugh 0 support head "2 Arerity housing or ld at Queens Solan 15 cotoges {consider adjustable pad) angled at 28° to vertical. Gap between under 2 Rreimrrover oot paveoneralsamninietaowerish Seal ado fares fo daw ack when geting uP NB 19 Sok Sea ae er eraueplae NerMarsl,Norson Assoomies padding can put stan on vssues, "J" Layo plareathamo forekory Dorsal England earoundplan B Yet&2na cos 63rd Moor 15241 door swings futor915 x 1524 oor ewangs in stverching at least 300 each side of Soorway (USA requirement. Main access patio house shouldbe atleast 1200 wide and any garden pals min 900. Access ‘rom font to back garden should prelerabty Bypass house —p47(6), be kept clear of opaning windows and simisr pads (4) and. in wheeleha housing, peovide turing space for chair-»(7)p#313), Width needed or wneeicnalr passing (5) Hazards: wire auch haza'ds 3s open mantles and access panels ot ‘pen excavations occur protect by baer min 2400 rom darger point ‘ghamark wh sound and ght warning devices CCarparking: provide near house s possibe, relerbly withinoundary Ctproperty,Anbulantssabled aver requices parking space min 4800 & 2700, wheslerar user min 4800 > 3000. USA requirement min 2366( ext'a on each ade. In general carpark hansicapped should be newest 09 ad clearly marked. Dsabled shoud not need travel behing parked crs. Garage space needed for wheo carr user 16) Parking for wheelchair users should pretaratty be under cover and linked fo house. Car port partculry convenient alows unimpeded faccess, Cross beam shoul be Suppied to fake stieup grip or hoist 1 ‘Garage provided should proferaby be integral wit house anc! give ‘rect access. In is ease floor shouldbe ai ofall of at east 1100 ‘way fom house: in UK resation tom bldg egrequtements necessary foproviee hush treshota 2 Kerb ramps should whenever possible make naturl extension of ‘ugoment oop bd ss 4 Opeting window hazard 5. Fooipathw ier wheelchair passing —3000- 4 s200 $ 5 Garspace or whooiak voor (2800 scequatotor amount Sisadied)wiuqey 86 Habitat Housing: disabled y =e md |e 3. Delvates box beside Font oor, ‘taoeee fo Keyhele shaterparels Inside box doorlocabie 4 Doors forwhoalchar wore ‘Soudbe hung wie rnges oars 5 Shar for ambulent dabled ‘Sideny people 7 Sarlark =(6) area out ‘heelenar user Coven, HN, Salley sunt Bixee pd, Wadwasting mech Arg. RS roating stunt, Sk (6 Standard kayautior ambulant ‘eabied 18 8 Diwork ops shelving shouldbe adusaasinh ‘Common access areas Infats bull to accommodate dated andin ther big kely tobe used by them in any numbors atleast 1 main entrance and any coor giving ‘acess to emergency ext or external space ikely tobe usedby dlsabied ‘occupants must have level or ramped approach flush threshold clear width min 775, Elevator mustbe accessible o such entrance. Double leaf doors should be designed so tht only leaf need be ‘opened (1). Automatic sling doors operated by pressure pad most ‘convenient But expensive, Where revoNing doors used normal ide hung door of suitable weit shoul also be prowedes. Internal planning Forambulantclisabies 000 wide enough or entrance als and passages; \willalso alow enough space for occasional use by wheeichars For wheelchair users efiance hall min 1200 wide for depth 1800, preferably 1200 throughout, Lobby banween 2 sets of dors wit need Be 1500 x 1500 clear of obstructions ta allow freedom to manoeuvre Ghar USA tor vel eae oui 5 fem coer resin 10 swings, Clearspace min900 shouldbe provided alongetde leading adge of oat ‘door fr ease of access to keynote and hand#e—»(2), USA 300 each side ‘of door, Se 900 x 300 use! Both inside and outsice o take parc's When opening or cosing door (2), Door closures should be sutable {or disabled users. No sharp inclines or abrupt changes o! eve at aor cil I delveres box provided (3) inner door shouldbe lockable. Mat Wells shoul be ful recessed 2). {All internal doors should have min opering 775. Thresholds should be ‘lush, For whecienar users doors should be hung with hinges toward ‘comer —»(4) orn smal, open out Low hanging door closures must not obtrade into trae ways. Foor should be non-sip. Each storey ‘Should on 1 level or connected by ramp level changes. ‘Stairs & steps (5) Avoid abrupt aosing. Handralls 819 fam tread at face of ee, | extending min 460 beyond op and bottom step (USA Tequirement. Ensure adequate lighting without confusing shedows. \Witntow hanging colingighis or signs alow tee-standing Sar Gearances 2 2138 from floor. Controls & switches fright het, voniaion, windows, curtains, tre alarms and others ofessentt use shouldbe within each o whestchar User. identeation of ewtones important, epecily for bind ot paral Sighted, Provide rased or recessed letorsornumbers orm dentiicabon at side of door at eulable neigrt. Knured handle or kncb on doors Teading to areas dangerous for bine person Living areas: adciional spaco needed in winestcnair housing to rmanoouvre chat in ivigem, kieen—=(6)7).bat p87) andateast {Teds 98714), Liingrm windows shoulabe dosgned alow seated person see out without ciclly. Bay window very suitable, especialy in ‘wheelohairhousing 28716) Kiteheen work tops and shelving adjustable in height (8) Knee space ‘beneath fiments paricularty Important in wheelcnale housing ~~). Cooker shouts prefrabiy nave separate oven and ob. Deep sinks ‘ica for most disabled people: max depth 150. Bathr & we should be equioned with basic supson and grab ras A2p87(7); seat 400 wide should be proviced al head of bath, Hand basins best set into wark tops cantlevored from wal prefered height for Use by ambuian @Sabled 850, by whoelchalr users 750. Miror towel alle and shelves «1016 above foot. Wheelchair users need enough space round wcpedestal to permibath frontal and lateral approach, with space for assistance i! necessary Tp87(G); door shouldawingout Dispenser and disposal untsatsde of ‘we not directly above, Bath celing shouldbe so constructesto alow for fixing Molto” track f necessary. balhr planned open diecly of bed ‘wack canbe ited provide cect route between Ded, bath and we ‘Sound warning signals shouidte dupicatod by visual for destHabitat 87 Housing: disabled ; a I planni Internal planning s g 2. Wh ouward pening door ambutant Seabed 3. For nhookalruserwe comparmontar mat 1. Standardbarwendargedto onde space or Gan use nomal nc comparment pemooer woot ver Y 3 aaet | este else — 55 Dovble cr forwneicha ser 6 Bay wncon mtvcan ove pease External detail baleen taaal | | i: q 9. Publotaaphone stale fornandicasced & 10 _Ornkng unten for whoolna usr should Shitean: goed inktngmnperar:tuctonein beopoatedby handover paver ound lomian Eel sah omoncartine wkzwentl foprevonmasapsies ace 7 Spaces & igs orbar or whose uot : rete riaatsigetcome arene secbni arene 1 Spaces tings era orwhookhair user 11. Outdoor ramp cata max gracant 1:12 p10?yeygeH 88 Habitat Houses BALCONIES 3 Groupedbalc with piokctng 4 Grouped balewith soparating sto ‘Balcony desiable extonsion of ving em, especialy for ats. ‘Comer beloonies that canat be overlcoked and are protected from wird) more comfortable than freely projectng balconies whicn havo tobe shiesded on wind and weather side (2. Grouped balconies Shouldbe suitably divided for privacy. (3) r separaied (8) Loggias less economic as thay crente mora exceror wal sriane (6) Balconies ‘Soggered vertcaly more dfleu to protect rom wine ar from berg Sve boxed (6) Baleoriesslaggered in plan wel protected and private S78 Impocent considerations inekide orientation to sun, view, poston of falghbouning fats anc bi and relationship ol ling fm, studio, ktonen nd (sometimes) bed. Omer facsors: appropriate size, vac, protection from steel noise shielding fom excessive cun, wnd andran Suitabie mates for parapets Trosted glass, pastes, asbestos cement tebe” Sats and steel sheets xed to supporting sretute of sob or tubular ‘Steel sections frmiy tached to bldg: stel verbcas(horzonal canbe limped By children) co not ge protection against wind or being overlooked. Draughts created between balcony floors and solid parapets —»9) better place parepetin rant of Raor (10) oF use sali parapet (nt 00 hight! ‘bathtub feeling fo be avaded) wih stee al at byeaw hog, possible room for fower boxes (11), ‘Acoess balconies 709697 oor vet Dale toor ace toes te yf a i a © Bases _ammnimicaa 9 Sars te ps | y. rusht 7 T eeedad ia] L Gieaiga Le eens mam Wpmaaitcanme B egmomoios be pogges ante aparmetblda 2 ‘eno &enarce oxteror space ech Karmitzer Greek Vilage Playo sel ey USA have oun. square &rectanaJar bale placate oul ope spane Botweontidg Arch Karmntzer 1 alargo top Toor apariments al Les Argolos USA hav sider '0| those of Sale unt Bat apartments nFalywood USA perihous Iv Feuosbae a oot gardanmerzanne Arh wamntzor 15 Pexbio bale read by ueing Ware of ccing las dors set on Pepteota une binge ancestral sos Drch Kamtzer | iHabitat 69 Flats & apartments 1 Upper or plan of 12s pon bck at Bates London Englan esignd 1953 bat fronce escape toutes Deween ats Arch George Trew ‘soune BUILDING TYPES This section discusses bdg dived horizontal o provide separate and sell-containes dwelings which need nat nacessanly be on eo! only ‘Types can be disingusshed a flows, Low-rise or high-rise {In UK accepted max height of entrance door to dweling normaly feached by ramp oF stars 4 storeys trom ground level or trom main ‘ontrance fo bldg. Beyond that mit elevator access must be proved: bldg containing such fats calle high-rise. n practice low-ise Rated ‘bldg offen provided with olovators; in pubbe sector housing these required where more than 2 storeys have o be climbed fo any private ‘ntrance doar, Such big, om 3t06 sareys, often called mediums, Point block or siab block In point book al dwotings ena sing vertical access eyetem —»(). Vertical acess must always include starway; accorcing to eg arc layout big might algo havo 1 or more elevators ana secondary escape Sais. Sab block continuous big in which awellags reached by 2 or ‘more separate vertical access systems (2) . Maisonettes ‘Separate dweling in low oF high-rise blocks having 1m aranged on ‘more than 1 storey known as maisonette: have been bull fn UK in ‘4-storey blocks >), in slab blocks and in combination wih Mats —>(4. ‘Such arrangements can show savings over fats of simier acon because ‘common access space less. In USA similar ‘skp Noor design Faves elevator stops in high ise. fosdstebearfrom eae” Beh Powal k Moye 2 Slab bok: Story flats whoa accass uit 7853 Pinico Landon: se carabucon le use of Io Brstoor 13 Malsonanesin «stray bloasinhigh-deray developrentin London Engrg; ove o sto port cecess 2 sacone-atorey na cerand single sepectheuso planet seooningofeta&oscspobalc bed exroy MuPper ‘malsoneteAvch Yorks osanborg Mardal comet anpe&brgsto ren shoopny et om cae ng reyqeH90 Hobitat Flats & apartments: access ‘TYPES OF ACCESS ‘Access can be classtied as saiway, balcony or cowior. Stairway access Stairway acoess, with 2.3 0° 4 fats per landing allows grouping of services and can provice high degree o! privacy” standard solution in Pointblocke. n slab locks, However, disadvantages where morethan 2 Fete served from each tandngs usualy Involves back-to-back planning and consequentiy some form of artical ventiaton->(1) Balcony & corridor access Balcony and intemal cridor access, usually employed in sab blocks, rma Savings in common access space, Exposure to weather obvious ‘Sisadvantage of balconies. particulary in high ee. and stoma planning ‘constrained by pototal lack of privacy onbalcoy side; window design ‘San modi this constant. tema crigors escape weather but woduce Tew problems of sound insulation, tihting and vertlaion and require higher standards of managementin use. Open coridors or rof-streets _vOId most of these difeuiies, In meduim tse development open Corridors and shetere balcories givingaccessto smal ats cverergee Svelings can accommodate wide variety of Household sizes at high Censities. 2). Balcony and condor access have been much used ‘conjunction with split-level ts and maisonettes, Such arrangements 996 97. access For iteswitn stoepor vaieg sopes bricge access-—+(3) offers tats with {storey at bridge level with + or 2 down and up. Stars ane landings covered but not onciosed inal Sut severest climates: I tosed possible by onentalion use them as passive sola tap SE teowratorape aa anten\aeee one ee ‘9x 2m felvandlng achive good daylighting & cces-vertlaton but rwalhasto be weighed agains! soonamy ofcirtion [eseaet 2 Wadur-rashovsingatighdevaly 6108-specere)aiinglon Shoot Condon England ach amy Rouse erred ground evel rough vate (ardor: smal ruagcnots das have acces rom open cor or foot ‘teats whien bicge batween Docks 8 ae sorvedby eevalors aatepin Biorplans e'ypeal secon Arc Oarboure & DakeHabitat 91 Flats & apartments: access FIRE PRECAUTIONS: PLANNING wea aon I Canale aval eta coor Horizontal escape routes to storey ext Ce ee Oitmaa Seco eee [memes Sear avalrgractonsescce | iran mage we eee mecemcamest (Pesce na | arimmmmatenceh | | mage decin megeeee emeemecenae |* soeeets Sacer ett | sapere - Siereeseeaimarmanten | isan | Saetebes rhea eee ener ernie b whoat direc vat storey tas text ont with, pena are ged eter nusaaion se eles conee, | Banas Lesiemteecaics bylcalaunery neaoperton winste depen: | Sper! popesch bo Oe ee Siena eee Recta | wtrownerse Heo encanta Protection of staeways seieareere cee ee enone | " ee Sere a tr | peer See ane vase taeae ees, én ‘opens into core with smoke ‘only: not more than 40m Josed and separates rom comainde eit tomer each Spincaioandmetceing Tejoenes | Selig has kematve ules FP cocape n 2 drectons: bylrwals andse-cosingt doors Nedweling | oveuna hs ¥ gecepen2 dec Should open area rom sven starway but | SPS ran 0 auld be reached tough intervening lobby. [Fas entered rom bin ‘T rotmorethen tfstoper | natmore tan 4500 ‘cess balcony or comnaor Enclosure reauto: | blugeptod soeys wih Srey, 8 nt or ots men does notappiy to subsidiary access sia | sarway ony ‘Bove ftp tare ‘ering small groups of awelings trom tan se Open comtdos or aceon te 2 ncmoremantaspar | netmore tan 16m ‘ope cortiors or accoss balconies, subject © gan ats oagtans tated n (1) andin storey, & nel ora ot Stans stated in (1}andinp83U1), rey. noo af a tran 20m & hoprwte lenvance dor more tan ‘han 4500 tromstorey ot ‘orton selteaing Foe “cross ob. & every secon inovertisiadtoapen a : Teas maonotas Toor ofaccea bale etre than rm fnterestom open ‘onstuted corparmert scooes oa fooe "ats ard maisonetes ‘onli masonetehas | notmorethansom arte nares rom ‘Sepondentatematve open aecerseactycue- | eccaperoute,cr Bolan acoess etarway Suber stray does not ‘xtondre then storey ‘ove o below open scenes bate, 8 subsciaysakway 7 sore no it at acca “ ‘evel ginal more an Stats . tthigherorowerievel 8 each 1 Travel itarcesin storeys contarng fatertrea 8 whaly cone . ‘ass &mabonetes ables nog tare niin vet 8 ro fat Ashodty aus designers ude to escape fevance door marathan foquremonts wihin leg more han Batroys S000trombeador foot e- which conta fats or masonete, based slay sinew. & sabsicary ‘onvatous codes &eg curent appli UK Slurway open to accoss ole [torgy eghesmaxvavel dtanaato storey ‘permanent vertates betwrich must ator be dor epening rect aienead Ieoponairatercurd eve ordooriopretecod ‘Saiway a cescrbed =p. yeyqey92 Habitat Flats & apartments: internal planning European development Development of fats n Europe between 1919 and 1999 largely dom= pated by conceptofmin Gwetng. extreme ousing shore dwelings Gf'smal oor area and few inloral amenies were used to prove Fighcensiy housing inner-city areas —(1)(2()(6)@). More (Generously planned fae weed In surburban stutions and Tor miile~ lass oocupation —(6)(7)6)9) ‘Standards for flats & maisonettes Modern fats not regarded a3 second-best’ but should provide accn ‘anlar to houces for equbvalenshousenoid size, Indeed space standards eeriktsim puble sec n UK aighty more generous than forhouses, 5 ConvenbieRalindayBrighluse |S Bedratin stom bag Sars Teeapriengomicutes ofposngiorkteraluetonaneireescze winiga-gwaybede crews. a40 Tura Segen Achy Jreson 991 83 1 4aSurm low-rise fats NadDON Zich Swizerandt 91 ArHME acto eta! *( [tree * ope > 1 Vernese @mfatol 10206;4 2 SmallGerman ft wih we on fasslaresog inmor wall veg ar 28.06 18 Giasioal Goman aubirban tat 4&3-rn S aapect als wif geneous ‘Rech Masascne Womnungsbau leg er& prvatobse Ars Hibersaimer 3 Were gonorous-mniiatwitwe 4 Dutch S-mfiatwih intemal N10. Sn fit at Highgate Lendon ase ‘amr: compact plan wie separated England wih bear epening fom once aren Lapel frtemal 6 (1930) Ms arangerert ‘mould now howe seconcay escape frombodr Arche Lubes FETE of i i i $2 Apartment eaotoornbiockolfats Rouen Franco. Aron LodsDepondt Beauclak AlexaHabitat 93 Flats & apartments: internal planning Tomar te ctonane ted koranee acre bysch coup coer pes ance Lite eeownd tor Tsaeratvecoaoe Seog eieare | ezesmatoane See | aa eanoha 8 wyahe heedtiea 1 Eecape rads romfiats& maisonettes 05—-p91(1) thisalzohasre egal tutor buts cesignr& guido to escape quirements lated fo rer ‘anni, babed upen varus codes ® curently eped MUX (197) [Rhee cal eforencesexat thoy mightbe los onerous, ut lable shout ‘ways provide uae safe larning DETERMINING FACTORS. Prvacy and fhe escape principal determinants of intemal planing of ‘ats and maisonattes. Other user requirements summarised in Parker Monts stendarés pda 48 810233 Privacy —-also p76 96 98 Privacy Dest secured by stcirway access whore ont entrance door snd possibly selvery halch open to larcing In baleony access, bat, we [Endkiichen can be placed on access side, butnote att in providing natural ight were high widows are below balcony. ‘Sound insulation presents greater ificuties ifs than in houses, and privacy Dest secured by planeing. Avod long separating walls to bed, find avod bed benealh access baleonies 0” agjoining elavators, sas 6 raluso chutes, Where possible use cupboards (closets fo increase ‘sound insulation of separating wal Fireescape Bede doors opening ino private entance hal should whorover possbio be nearer to entrance coor than living rm orklohen, Alldoers ther than bathrand we shouldbe sel-closing andr walls enclosing enirance hall houldinave Yt, In mostothercondtons plan for alernativeescape toutes from beds above 2 storeys. Recommendations goneraly based ‘on curfent codes of practice summarised in (1) and ustated > (2)(3)4), But note: always consult appropriate code. ‘Services —»p383-97 ‘Attention should be paid t0 grouping of serves and provision of ‘adequate sevice ducts, especaly where bidg incorporate variety of ‘weling sizes and plans no rpetive. Standard locaton and arange- ‘ment of bath, we and chen ftings facitates design of ducts anc fervice stacks Internal bat and we require mech ventiaton, either ‘ndiualy oF by common ducting. Shared vention systema require ‘smoke- stoping by tre campers and stand-by fans to ensue continous ‘operation. Check list for services in flats, water e Grainago (+ rain water drainage) ‘gas(ratinrigh-se) ‘ech ventiation TViFM radio aerials Tira relay telephones mam entrance pone & contro {3_nlargor as cstaroe betwoen farthest bod 8 erence dors shou ot ‘coo "500 urls erate escape out rode’ ‘tomatoe scape arin mesa ‘Tater boet Sas ivetmore he 500) 2, Canwrnalamalftpn rosea aangad wih Bktretton “4 Fatwhinneriob, above 2sorys, ays eques ata escape Provision yeyqey@ 94 Habitat Flats & apartments POINT BLOCKS By ingenious planning upto 10 fata servedby 1 vertical access stern Freome contnartal design, Fre escape reg make such sluione ict In Briain unless fats very emall oF unless access balconies used, Feducing convenience of pain lock arrangement ‘Some point blacks builtin Brian —( N12} ‘Ammerean and continental examples p95 1 Povntbiock et Tharearnead England: 12-tcey syte-bult structure Prones#fatsoneach aorey -AehGLC AENNEES 3 Yolackahaveboen developed msaveralcounes,paricuaryiniow- se Jemvsunaretny conbeioined geet witout overshadowing Fs oriole butt 1957 at Cunbemavk Soma, has ame at unequal anges, ae ate aro oayoue arangereris a avocing dosed coun Byneslupper floor ban layeurplan”ArsiCumbemauld Developmen Corevation fatson Waters + fanRoalbectrolEngardionedtioe Brehpantbeckswinmae 4 Lowporgbeksor steaks wh cleats cn pro ihe Juana fatelctorey, spt hexagonal la lpealy accomodate 6 ats & ous lor eldory people sinus London Engand 3-trey Dock of {han t/sorey PM henteoee recisconcarcpacotreachlat under shfiredhousng-=pl2_ Arch Yorke Rlosonbarg Mara ‘Sresar pagum auppeloerpian Bsecion Arch Ap AssociatesHabitat 95, Flats & apartments POINT BLOCKS Some Artrican and continental examples, most of which would not meet Brith reg Flats in point blocks generally smal. wth Kitchen and bat planned as Stanare unit ane often wih areal ighing an venation. Point blocks can be planned as 2 blocks o fats conrected by vertical access core. This twin plan arrangementimproves dayight and sunight tolarger number of ats). ‘1 Amorican aparmna al serve ts Suounding Teno ‘réulabon are Arch FIC Roamer 2 Swedish pom beck fre precaons rely on containing ee fa where ‘ngnates& prevorsing evens pantation by Soubo door 3 Ma ortancs acane aiches provced nba oars accepted at strway & access landingsmght notte usstla wis freberg eught > 4 Twinpian’ 10a cer, escape star wel potted but ave sstarces ‘hould botoo gral tor UK reg Arch Mater len, Sigman 3 Slasloncra Bote Goma Rs hve ro cor bilo apes a8 pf Boor Sonenshovsis eae Minch Gomeny Ach Fromme yeUugeH96 Habitat Flats & apartments “1 Duplex Fslan type vary anal ft wih med dopng a butmore spaces ‘ovens bale seven 2 Sey weal enkance Arch MA insbarg DUPLEX & TRIPLEX SECTIONS Designs for spl level fas and maisonettes, with 322085 balcony, deck oF corridos every ‘Second (dusien) or tied (lex) storey, have Been developed over mary years Wie some ‘esign problems solved, eg vim pracy, oss Wetton, ofners increased, such as sound raulaion sals0 p971"K) 2 Tags eaty French ype: lbcpene Hom access ale win sas Por ‘own Arch Pregusson ‘3 Spltlevel it wih nsc acess orbance, rng a &katenrarce level Iv % storey up bec down Arc rch = omer {4 _Taplex Maroschal ays wih acess bal very thr tv, Carrie tsa deparats vances wr rvaeslarsfo larga; aint havecess Vetiaton Avch Keen Kenreay 15 Wide accows bale or deo housing Rabi Hood Lane Landon England Euyparttorscanbe arangedtoperntwice vanatonctwolngs2ee sas ‘tlaccou-nwale must be epnred asbermanest suck, rctoeseape BSC ‘abecriovos Ach A8P'SmnscnHabitat 97 Flats & apartments INTERNAL ACCESS |” Narow- forages iis Waroaes ance frougererdadtoughven deep ooh pals bak on each facade ‘uti atow sun 4 devlehtpercraten access by wise rac avery MG sere} Ach Le Coser98 Habitat Stepped housing 1 Gardentougrspreventovedaoking attr necessarytoxghdentnx— ‘a= depthotter ha even hee storey = tought ‘Sleep slopes invite stepped form of construc- fon Rake storey aight terace dep) must falas slope, canoe 6-40" Ninterrace dep OF 3200 faong Swit SeCUTE privacy whe froviding lll sunlight and view. Garden troughs Erion a terrace rowise some advaclages of private garden and prevent overookng —(t. Bier arangemenis ging teased orvacy S215) Advantages of stoped housing, wih privacy ard wow ainigh dersibes lead use m spec ondtions, even onlova stos bldg of angular (Gr sloping section: can Be in combinaton wth Silerent bidg use —»(@) or tn single aspect Sivalion, o enjoy sea ww of exclude mole wayorrailway noise ~(8) S% r r 2 Teroverhang for extra orvacy 3 In2-stroy uni uope oor Sverangs 4 Siegqored Toor plans 5 ahapac Mas wit protected patos a “Sicppedhouses neve ae oh Frey Sevoder Sahai eat ze \ pst sP mascrete ‘o_o access ang ery ron ie. | pecmagarveraniia Road Landon Engand: al vetings yoy Sas9e= Bee eBags excited Ach Borough Architect London Borough ct Canon {5 Sachon rough cnlerence sate DesgredbyE GetPa Habitat 99 Shared housing 2 Variant of pant of_»() which proves large shared ator poople Iretesdoflrgo,redium & oma enge fits ‘5 Bad eting acon win common mn eral person houses: nolewe Sora tombaby "Arch Marving Corp &Parrors Nocds of 1-person households normally very much tke tose of 2 person. In cerlan ckcumstanoes, however, cingle people may pi hare. May be provided in or of als or houses, usually for between 4 ‘and8 people. containing {-bed/sting rm, bar andfarmhouse kitchen ‘or separate lving/dning rm and workngkrchen Houses or flats used for sharing require mare parking space than Formal housing (at lesst 1 space/bedspace). Large private garden Unita t be requires though Some out-door siting out space should be provides. Generous provisn shoule be made for sto of buky ‘bee's, sporting gear ete Partculsly advantageous f meters canbe rea from outside -»p 743) ndf some form of external dalvery box can be provided for use when ‘ccupants ou at work (5), srounstoce ‘¢ 2 Viorian vrnouses adapied to sharing AVG Yor (England) Univer sign Di 5 Boma aaivey box Tousing references. “Biblography reterences 037 038 Ota O87 O82 179227 228 239234 285 236 297 258 240 242 245 246 247 248 269 264 299 200 202 263 1372 438 464 467 511 512519521 548 558 575 574 624 631 637 6501 Typeal venice ovations PRIVATE GARAGES: Size roid under-dimensioning gafages, Cloarance between car and side tally sould oe min 200-300 with margin in ront min 690. Fer gotieg Sot alow atlas! doce wth betwoen car and wal or between cars ant fever less than 70D For ea Gearing, was orale cars should Demin 1200 away Siting garages Garage srould be cloee tohouse entrance, ugh rot necessary ont Soot ith easy access; aclu oitance from house wil vary with size S88 number of venieles, On sleep slopes wih Houses above road {garage canbe sted a sree eve (max driveway gacient 6% but rust Pe erected agers! ground water (6), Where Nouse ‘9 cose 19 boundary garage can be set atangie or combined win next00 garage i716) ‘Acooss divoway should ether be consolidated overs whole with or fave conciete wheel-tuns (0) Ar apf07 in front ol garage should be ‘Conereted ful-with, 3000-6000 lang and drained iar car weshing anc thou occasional of ste garkng ‘or another car. Garage 1001 Should be raised 30-50 above washing area and lope towards Integra garage —-p101(1)2) ‘atages asbestos coment ste! sheet, ‘inaievaion bin sis or Teton eye wih 2 Stray asso vane sure Usual mater these demouriatle comgatedbterbet “Tee 7 Boundary nose prinyio 8 Combined garages where Fuse so garage a ance ‘stance rom bouraary Pt stipulated © Gorage npn) 9 Access divenay wheelsHabitat 101 Houses PRIVATE GARAGES Incorporated within house Garages have been piacdin basement, sometimes under consenatoy ‘or simiar ann to house (1), Should be avoxded I possible; chould fat be used in areas which have freezing weather: access slope Not moro tian 20% —4), Driving up steep ramp wih meta still ead shortens eaghe ile, sy ‘and can be dificult, Garage therefore better pacod at ground love, “Srwvewaly having sight all ards road. Onslopingstes ground toot of terrace may be raised sulienlly 0 alow basement garage at oad level Direct access to garage ftom entrance hallo lobby va set-closing I | ‘door usualy permissible: threshold must be 100 min above qarage floor, Otherwise access to garage can be provided under common, ‘canopy wits entrance door ta house yeugey Garage shouldbe away from living rm ancbecr,accessibe rom klchen land siee oF sorvice entrance. Car mashing and arveway shoud Be Screened by shrubs and bushes, whist wilalsa mule nose Carports 10266) Doors —p102(7)-(10) Up-and-over doots or roller shutters now sual: canbe operated by ‘moiors with remote contol satch or by eleconic devices, provice Aoional nead-room for motor caravans ang similar venicies, Siang i t Cosel bores ated omennentslaeentmenanscel| tesseeabne: Menierbatamereemiene ttt ae Tea eS aeaneses Folding doors also p02 | \Windowsand! ight shouldbe near car engine, with sitchos at gage door and any other envance. spark protected socket outer, wel lea of Misr, sabe. Heating bes! stuated in font at or under engine, keeping garage above °C. ‘ater tap with hose attachment shoul tre ear doo, In easy reach of ‘washing area, wih Fose-feei mourtea nearby, Garage shouldbe vent lated nea lor leve Internal finishes. Walls can be fai-taced brick or blockwork, parted, oF sled. Floors Usually coment screed, but of stains hard tp remove, Asphalt tes ‘iseolves by al best leanng maton ai-prao!coramic as, For ros, Stancing on hardwood tbr ses or woadbiock best can Se Rept ‘ree tram oll Garage should have foo: quloy, and floor should be 150-200 above ground level outside { 3. Blot erhause wih aac gar steering serpin rence cour ganaaly mare ecanorical iatvactne} mar soray house wih mtagragarspe“() burimpues ower doneyeuqey 102 Habitat Houses PRIVATE GARAGES :|BUILDING REGULATIONS pas ee via 0 1 Single gar (ora b—pt00{3)) 2 Doubleoar PLL, cl Fe semsom 4 3. Garth wor anc, 1 cr, motor yee in scar & Bins 4 Garwiwashinger ‘Small garages Fr domestic garages n England Wales —-Sib650 ‘Smal garage defined as one wrich has for area not more han 40 m*. Sch bldg Subject special ules (E18) Where smal garage combined with small open carport rats of E19 must also be studied ‘Detached bg coneisting ot smart garage, or small open carport or both Should be regarded as PG 1 bldg for purposes of Part (E18). ‘Doteched emal garage which s 2000 oF mere away rom any boundary ‘must have roo! covering complying with E15 (ofs) but need not ‘ontorm to any other rog in Par E (E16). Detached smal garage within 2000 of boundary must nave root com. piying with E17 and ary part ot external wall within 2000 of boundary must be extemal non-comeustile, ll ts ntarnal wal surfaces must be case O spread a lame (E18) Detached smal garage win 2000 ot house must have ro! comelyng ‘wit E17 and any pat of external wall witin 2000 of house must be ‘external non combuetela,Alinteral wall sutaces of garage must Gass O spread of fame. Honaver, it house wall is isa! exteraly non-compusbble ard has Ys Rr fr and na unprotecte areas wih he 3000 stance greater than 0.1 m2 or nearer to ane another than 1500 requirements on non-combustoity ne fame spread do not apply io garage wals (E18) Fequirements on cass O fame spread in €18 (3)(4) do not apply to ‘exposed surface of rare member forming part of wal ‘Smal garage attached to orforming par ofhousemusthaverooftoE17 I there is oor aver garage floor ust have fr fat eat abe. Any wall between house and garage mus have at least Yer Ary opening in thal wall between house and garage rust havo treshold at east 100 above velo! garage lor and be ited with sel-cosing tr oor (Yh) {0 E11. Inall ter respects such garage must comply wih relevant requirements of Part E (E18). Garage etoronces: “eiblography erties 225 276 948 435 636 650, 8 Overhead door (oldaway) Double gar used to extand Ite heuse 19 cree" palo. w cena souton Ha. 66 Exarplost American capors welled ioenrence « Arch-leam Groptas Bren Setar 4 8 Ovemnesd coor, sectonal {tyover tracer) 10. Roller shutterENCLOSURES | yeyqeH 1 Sipechanienenargvon 2 Coreteposswintamacin 17_Preparagbataniencng ope? posts wth wire mesh ‘wire mesh batten splayed) ree 1 tate a 3 Weonotinggatowitnbracing 4 Wreneting:vavalsize 40-85 © 13_115bickwal(halibaco wan 14 Close-boardadTancw Sipporing pass &: EN ig eos seacn, 0-0 J 15 Framed ledged,braced® 16 Hedgowihinkmesh nil bara gatos DDosign offence and materiis used LIES ss raera ints construction should harman: Scie isa with surroundings. Show Dest Side (tar face) of bouncary fence Sutwards wth poste wise from vat sien sng ound 7 Weasghcenvaiingel 095 ioral Tae tence should tolow conours. actors Bars oncrse sone poss ype) tonce PONE Extend protective fences against arimale 100200 below ground, — sepecally where hedge Bled “a(te} Hedges —pi04 Most timbers. used for fencing require somo form of protecve treatment. Panesar Important Lumber pets rates agent docay below ground and atleast 200 above ‘ground. Coneate plinth reps prolong ite of most ster forces. Where tarmitos presentin grauna L very desirable. use pressure S Tabapatdiaicrmy 9 Forcecoettanow tuo TE_ Who tmawanoncng Weed or emt rosin’ wood Soe athe ale es ncedeeuqeH 2 Suiable ayoutoramalgarden Protedtvon vind wil egeables near kenrance 1] areal ale give gest ‘frma tr to garden 4 Oraniaton& eaton Seer SITING & LAYOUT Siting Raped of ground and ts angle of stopo ~(6}p108 have important ‘enang on arounto sun radiation &receives a cferent seasons: SS _ slopes warmest curing May and Sept SSW stopes warmest Oct—Apr SE siopas warmest Jun—Oc Orientation —+p40 77 81 Layout Pak Tancscape simutaneously with design of Nouse sa tha levels of fiivos, itaces and entrances ee cooramated. Where space ports provide turning areafor vehidos and mechanised ep, ‘Study position o! sun and prevaiing winds and avoid lost pockets when Sting planing areas 6), Pat lees and hedges 10 give protection from cold Nand winds. ‘Vegetable production: allow 55-75 n#/P on bast ol avaable Soil Fimus or sandy loam beter tan heavier loam, clay Foose send Conserve tepsol excavated from areas of paving or busing for use elsownere 0105, Enclosures for gardens Wal: brick o¢ stone (use ype which blends win materials used to construct nous. Fences: wood or metal (match surouncings) 103. Hedges.(7)(10) clppad ovage formal or lowering (informal), low Sutfsent epace formate width of Madge when estbisned, 450-1200 ‘Toproduce tick hedge stagger Plants thus: Windbreaks Planting of shelley belts has marked otfect on sal temp, giving ‘comeiderabie increase in crop producton (5). 9 Sione usedin conaruston of tur hedge 10 Tathedge |Habitat 105 Gardens 7 =x ‘SOIL PREPARATION z yetana Topsoil Sz ? Tit wes Tap ye! of Sol must be preserved: provides growing mum for By We plants x OOP PEETBT OT. rape (On bidg sites store topsoil in temporary spall naps —»(1). Keep tree 75 | ‘romweess. istered overlong pars ts geen maninag. Tu oer reap atleas once ayer. 1 Tops epiheep 2 Filion geri slopes Spread cpsoiatercompeten tanh mong. Allo €00-1000p112 Provide background of sens, wal etc to protect plants rom effects col high winds. To lactate crinage finishes sutace of supporting roo structure shout bela ofalis +6). Rock gardens LUndulalng ste with SE or SW aspect ideal. Simulate ite-size outcrop (aot mountain range in ministre) Inked by iregulr-shaped areas of stone chipping, alpine lawn or grass, men placing racket select 1 of 2 specener, min 500 ka, fx key Positions. Bulld up nucleus of rocks 250-500 kg round them. Pace ‘Smal rocks 150°200 kg towards perimeter (67). Floodiit tandscape features ‘Te nghlight folage feodights mounted on lower branches of ree and light Beam projected upwards trough folage (0), \tligt-source can be concealed loadlghts maybe positonedstvaseof {eee andbeam projected vericalyto lumina futheghtof ree —( 80) Light source placed aome distance away from tee whore folage used as luminated background and dotals unseen (82). ‘Sculpture may require only single laodightbutis enhanced by subdued Iignting in suraunding area to give mpressionorefiected ight © Postionng ofrocks & mathed of boaing hand oot binortocnng supotes Eig etm ° rs ea ~All gil se 17 Constusion of bed scum] vce gordon 2 Sandupgecen pan ak ewraion 10. afcodin fountain bundoratorfooarghingHebitat 111 Gardens yeygeH 4 aFroo.canding workconvoaedecoraivescreen Bwoxcentveatiached 5 Open shod © Open hed wih rot &walaio ‘gar oF neuse wall closed wih nrgod lazod parol: stobns unde poting ‘ontaring pe bench Xe GARDEN STRUCTURES Sinaia 6 bul wit soba 8 Enclosed shed osloap 1 9. Enclosed shed to stoop, with heds Separatol $0 & parapets to Separate cooking space peruaaiy reams tailor ae 1 Provide space sidered as permanent living acen Unless. contnually occupied oF Used for business purpose. ‘Should not bo sited noarer than 1800 to site boundary or bidg a9 same site, unless. boat-nouse Structure and waterway boundary. USA: check setackrequrement inlocal zoning ordnance, Barbecues 777 107(8) Glasshouses & frames ‘Sposity glzschouses accoreing to ‘ype and wath Length adapted suit conations. Root ridge sted NS. Framos taco S Dutor-tgre—(14)ut rom grouns evel and oten transferred. 10 another pet ater cropping, ther types may be set on dwar wal less usualy 680 q,Heaver weight ‘908 or plastics sometimes used Temp of unieated olasshouses and frames 57°C, nested 12-15 entiation essenta. “Spacity ‘adequate numer of vents, Het ot Icold bed trarne lights (12) may be set on sing racks, compote $B Smal greenhouse 14 Bach ights removable or raised for vention,112. Habitat INDOOR GARDENS Indoor gardens lend adjacent rm spacious festing: plants freshen ar, 38d hum, provide hobby. educate children. Ideal anentaton in most Ghinates ior most planta $to SE. Nto NE daybghi should De augmented. by special plant lights W sun dificult control. Pan arial ighing rot bly for plats welfare but in reiavon asoining rm, Studies Show Coo (nile Nuorescents provide many characterises needed by plats also ‘valable specialised plant ight win greater range benefits. lealheateg ‘andooling for plants very ow veloiy ar system: ater systems canbe ‘adapted, ROOF GARDENS p88 ‘Consider shade from nearby bldg, wind and smag when choosing Tocaton and plants fr reol garden. Weight of sol factor in rot gardon {design (0.08 m* a soi equate 36 kg). questo ofstructuralstrenothal oo! tonsider ydaponie gardening using ight weight Roiing madi Suchasperit orvermeuite. Desirable set pants inplantersornenging ‘baskets rather than beds or ease of plant replacement as wel as weight ‘Considerations, Pantere ay ba af wood, pateryoreinforced lasts. ‘Shade tolornt plants could inctude Wuchsias, begonias, nary fern, Impatiens azaleas, Smog lofrart pants include vy, oleander, azaleas, fankgo, camelia, privet. Wind tolerant plants: holy, ivy, Boxwood ‘uomtymus (shouldbe started as smal plans to buildup resistance.Habtat_ 113, Gardens WATERLILY, FISH POOLS CCan be formal or natural in shape. Prefabricated pools usualy glass lore oF other plastics. Bu-n pools reinforced concrete, using rather cy concrete moc 127-162 thick, placed in wocden form or shaped ‘excavation infer soll lined with vin plastics before pouring concrete. Pools must be sed for max sun high enough ensure ground water not ‘onter poolin heavy an, neat waler supply no automatic supp. Depth ‘water not lass than 356 so that water iis may be plateg inboxes or ‘9880 of removal. Provide overlow pipe, removable or draining 4 5 Sal poo & outdoor ang ar Regi Aros Steeman 8 Witla comrca = ‘hones 936 Stang agent oe of carne whch ca be ea eto Towers Sdiocrtaeinioueaonos rpenee au My 2 ‘oe need otal randlng. avalos, feratrtahaire semen ‘cadumiypochinte | sarong agers popu cheenelom ath hgh arne ‘aeaa Eemvane deperses gusty wnon asso waa ‘Seta nanaing aed much drag och once ‘tron oes bog: noose Regurt Soncimen deperes tating ‘alc hypocrite | sierng age cece uae, spsaiy er vases ‘fata cng sue nenpnave, Scrat (Seclvos sony, avg rectus wees pacedin Setting face coo ae Teconases | erlainganens: descve compte gg, TotoctenpH | conga, hg vesdua nedlesssndeongensatan fan aero, es use bt cost move because Iman ae ox wah condone nodepccn oe bores chook ol conan ve! bominelowersaH | seming apart canbe used iner-avoraie Scrmutonaysemous exon. coronene, ‘Sieut der tessehecsve mon chow Tearetowers pH | soning pen eae coca nates ace ‘cana doo a eause paca easytusebet ‘ore ean matron ‘esc las oacve an ocine ‘exlumbiarboate | execs shat recariended kr nang exon: vases ‘shustnertsn shat rg sig, easy Sasumcareonme | oxeca pri elect, qucx asi, ose (Seas) Iremeraiesurhsrousvoy sate nvm must rasespe opened sogumbisuprate | coos pH gonuraly contro bes of ya pea Stultz bua Sb pre modem Stunna Trane a3 ‘egulies aig ody vata, pos pope, iowere pe Paquner scree welt eee ne pre-morgetccant {ery aamegina te paolo sec pope neds ‘Stung revertata of cer oat amounts une santa pterange 5 Punting & pampng atoms ‘6 Guide o common poo chemicals yeugeH114 Habitat Garden swimming pools ‘Depinatwater Single orginal Tow ‘wit ston pipes fesaeeinereeereeee ee eee ‘8 Dock atlvel pang conceals ier eqp& hoster alow Beoign Amitrong Sharman 7 Perro onde alproponyne provides sat backroundlor Dlantmateras sheer 1 Scupparneopechotnated water oo! Patngbeds ‘9 Secon shwing water dior 100 x 122 spingboars 0. Plumbing stom for sand or pressure atomacsous earth ort ies tom main Stak stare & vacuum cerwergng ant pot {foe waves) botoe emering pnp & er {1 With ati trainee cain ito sire ‘water titredthen dawn eto pur fr rtm {Spoor pump & motor uauatyplased whi 1S.00t poo! sith rated rom wind, ose to stim dor se ‘cea ys). wn wew of Kenan hiden ‘eight an fingm or operon cater ‘raat ie mitra of vison. No deceous Foosor struts by poottoavadieves soppy rode means of reventng grass ee On Jatrgiio water; poss rlsedeooing (esr Gecson) ‘Wath 2250. Lengtt of swimming stroke approx 11500 plusbody lang: sroxes = B00Ulengh. ‘Depth of water to chin height, of mother rot chien, Dierence Detwoen night of poo! Sind wales level —=(2) depends on skimming ‘motnos acoptes. ‘Shape Simple as possible for reasons of cost ens water cifetlation (sbelow. maintenance), Rectangular but wth laser or stops in comes. ‘Crea poo! shape als economical with woes ‘steal pate construction Construction methods Fol poo) basin (fil = sealed outer auto) on ‘Supporting structure of masomy, concele Sie reading above grou) orm ecated pit ‘Basins made of olyaste or las re reine Dlestios, rarely erected on site, normaly pe- fabricated; it general not sel-supporing. pacing of lean concrete necessary \Waterproot concrete basins (on-site concrete ‘double shells, comentgun concrete singe Shols, prelabicatod conciete components) ‘Surface Tning of pool usualy ceramic mosaie, less often coated (chlorinated rubber or dyed ‘coment or omented plastics sheeting. Pool maintenance Usually kept clean by means of recirculation system —=(4). suface ciculaton —=(5), wth Surface water Kopt ean by ellacve surface ‘kimmors of preferably slices. Types a fe: ‘gravel_or sand (botiom ters, some wih Scavenger blow), dafomaceous ear (surfaoe Fite) plastis foam ‘Adciional algae controlby means of chemicals (chine, cherine-te alginic agents, copper Sulphate}, Common pool chemicals p11) ‘Water cleaning aso -+p337 Heating ‘By counter-curent devico ox contineous- lam hhaaterin bolero salar colecting system. Mis protongs batrang season for moderate adional ‘uty. In some plaoes system using thei heat economical ‘measures for children Preferably not ony though fencing of pool but by providing p00 cover or se-operaing am Sigal system (iggered coy wave formation) Protection against freezing ‘With rigid poais by insertion of edge beams, heating or ant-tast outow sysiom. Do rot ‘empty winter, (Open air pools 250 p39Peet Peer eee oe i | Habitat 115) Private indoor pools toy ind || BE a | 1” Evaporaoninincoveredpook 2. Specie voumeteraporatonin {opting Pool in operon baton covered pool fr) insta of rest Ine sate fess evar hawahmax uso Ml water tompta = 27°C, evaperaton Tin ruse 6 bar (= S0'G/84% baa) testing 28 mbar (=20CGE% nan) Standard ‘Water temp 26-27" alr terp30~31"/60-70% relative hur; maxaitow (0.25 mis; water evaporation 16 gir? hr (state of res fo max 204 gir with poalinuse. Main problem a hum: wate’ evaporates irom poo unt ‘evaporation lit reached -»(1)(2). In stale of rest evaporaton stops ‘even in low temp range, as saturated "ooundary layer of wate vapour Femains ver peal: pool shoultherelorerotbe ‘blow at wth vention fit, Expensive dehumialy pool house by ventilation (though essential, o paton); win num atlavel of up te 70 even small thermal bridge can cause sirdctural damage in very short time. Construction Most common form fully insulated hangor typo big sutable for winter Use (Ke, max 0.73), (aus frequent form, uninsulated “sure” pool house (ean also be of kind whieh can be tismantoa). Semi-retractable ‘oof and other siding parts make possible open pool house during fine weather, 0 can be used as open ar poo (al weather pa); however, this causes problems over thermal bridges. Min size (8); as part of poo! house, in annexes if necessary: we, sho, space fr min 2 dock cha, With of poo! surround Geperds on wall Surface area (height of splashing-6): accessible passage unc pool Below floor level contre! aks, ul pavision fr loads a ar u's Location Incortelaion with: agarden idea 'covered pact open ait ae shallow feat-washing Youghs’ b mastered’ (wih pa bath perhaps tobe used forshowering); ving tm: alecate 10 nF of plat forbade ‘Auxiliary areas fr rest, galley, bar, massage, keep fil apparatus, sauna, SpT 17, Hot whiepocl (massage. 40°C) T ‘Mech eqp and insiaations: water weament with tite plant, stetsor Closing system, splash water trap (approx 3 m), water sofine (rom), water hardness 7 oH), athlete's foct spray (oariculaly i Noor carpeted ‘oud pool; ventiaion system with either ftesh air or secondary ait Str) th ducts in celing and in loc, cr simple vertiaion box an extractor {ar How not too fas, otherwise risk of draught); nesting by fadiators, convector heaters or warn-air heating, combined with ai Conditioning, possi) solar collector system, Undectoor neatng 25 xtra comfort’ only practicable with floor insulation k greater than 0.7 ‘and surface temp less than 23°C. Energy saving by moans of heat pump [cast dopendson mato eurrent) reat recovery heat-exchanger in af-condtonng par, orby Swverng 0 (alr blind or coverng stage), or by raging a omp in between ‘se (lemp regulation by aquasta). Elective saving of 30% total neatng requirement, Other instalation anc eap: stating block, underwater light as safety tlemend, reverse curent intalon, chute, sorum; diving boards Fequlre appropiate paot depth, ard height of pool house. Sound pro- tection (sound: absorbent rot, oise-careing wih ai-concitonng plant (ite sound), protection against siuctire-borne sound in pool basin "sal. Technical specifications In principle only cowosion-proo! material: pot-gahanisea (hot dlp) steel, cotrosion proof aluminum, no lester. imber open-pore glazed. Hat insulation kn, max 0.73 kca/menek, 10. Aretuourewiba plaice windows. compressa pla 1 Sress-rekel design 2 cablesyatem 3 iyigrtop raw sham douse ble ‘sjstem anchor system Sting system SHVAC ystems Talon Sfatome Bartock SrevoNing coors TO emergency doors 11 Wansparont veugeHyeuqeH 116 Habitat Private indoor pools Ti ~ Sees = Pool basins mainly reinforced concrte, in separate ayers. pansion Toins not necessary wit lengths under 12m Important: ground-water {equalising valve essential to preven! darage to basin Lining: ceramic, ‘lass mosaic or pain on sige aye of waterproof concrete of pobjester. Dect min 1 5 thok as seaing, etude n design skimmer or preteraly ‘vertlow gully, attom Ile, courter-curent system, underwater food: Tignt, and bulls in wih seaing flanges. Plasies poo! basins, because ‘o blow level Noor aocess surourd, only gossible in exceptional ‘drcumstances or with specal structural reinforcement Floor ining: ceramic mateo stone (must stopaor water to run of) reoenly also water permeable carpet (so sawng need or Sound-sbsorbert ‘overing), Prove fr keeping out water fom underneat ring and for Sprays againatalhlete's foa. Floce posting pleasant adton but not essential Walls: surtace lining material must be damp-ressiant and urtfecies by splashing. {Ar conditioning essential, Hote! swimming pools: basin o! 60 m? normaly sufficient, Exceptions: irroguiae periods a! use, winter sports hates. Important: gonerous rest, area, deck chairs, halday almosphere te, keep apparatus, sauna, ‘rect communication betwoen hotel rm and poo bldg (elevator oF Separate slarease), rot many changing cubicles needed but Gothes, Tookers with samme socks es hotel bear {Bath atiendant usualy required. Extension of use throughout summer by means ofaddtonal opera pool ndconnocing channa for swenimers ‘Gun bathing Exwas). Indoor pools aso 323-92; changing 1m —p605~6 °C ea ae Se ee aie TT wea ‘4 Ratio of doo: apace opal area tr ndoor & outdoor pools 5 Layout tor covered pol 2._asupportng ameworkf ouble metal arches spane 18-36 sing 4 anie'bim plantmutlayered canopy groves ora sessed sree Besquare dared suture wih sporting tamer of 4 meta Ys-atch fectons arranged 6.0" 260 misao: canepy of tarsion-stesse plant l= lbyereamarbraneHabitat 117 Saunas ‘3 Large eaunawitniooby 1, changing? bat sla, win stove, massage wit water bole’ manage deren 6, watrbacin7 = =| =TS RUE S| ao - ole El § sal |e cal 4 bs AT tl, ‘¢ Saravihibathr massage & wash 2, changing m5, veranda # wood ‘hos. epae bat stoe 7, water teen 8, Avatar supp 9 ‘Sauna more than body bath: for many also method of mental cleansing. InFinland t sauna/e P; used tweak. Bathing process: ateinte appcation of hot and coat, sweating in dry nota, hot clean gusts of water vapour at 5-7 minute intervals by pouting on 4 Iwater Canbe supplemented wth ntermecite application St cold water, clowed by massage and rest. Construction: usualy blocks or tbe: gos heat insulabon necessary for enclosing walt since beat ciference between inside and outside can often be more than 100" in winter Bathing area small as possible, 16 m= 2500 high. Dark wooden lining reduce hea radon on calng and was or sol wooden walls of softwood. except fr stove aea Park beds of atice (ait ceculation) various eights fr comfortable siting andying, top bed approx 1000 below celing, Plank beds demountable for cleaning, Hoos of gripping material no wood frames, ‘Smoke sauna: ayered stones heated ta hightempby wood, smoke being sparingly drawn off through open door. When stones glowing fro removed, remaining smoke diven off by water and door Cosed. Alter short ime sauna 'ipe’ for bathing. Good srl of srroked wood and feliable vapour qalty. 60% vadional Finnish saunas bulk hs way. Fumigating sauna: ator heating with srnoke removal, heated inwards" whan Stove bricks healed to about 02°C. Combustibie gases burnout ‘completely without causing soot. Stove doors then closed even i sil flames in grate. Temp qucklisesty 10-20°C. Last carbon fogremoved botore bathing by quickly opering door etc and lade of ator splachod ‘Chimney sauna: brick stove clad in jacket of stone or tn sheet which {Quides smoke and gases to chimney. Heating by fre door o bath oF Tobey. When stones hot re door clsed and upper aap m stove jacket ‘Open whan aquired set oul ht ar or pout mater on stones, Cty sauna: with special el heater; heat regulation of el heated stones: wit press button ‘Temp: at celing 95°C dropping by 60°C down to foor. Relative humidity: 5% or 10% st 90°or80°0: 100-120°C aso possible if sufficiently ow air hum. Sweat then evaporates immediately ‘Shower or water rm: where possible Separatd or ntl washing nd \water cooling, 1¥2-twice 620 of caune are, without wood if posse Hip bath worth white 1000 x 1000, 1 100 deep, ‘Ar bath: for breathing in cob! tresh air to balance het air, cooing of body. Protect agaist peeping, Shower, spray and cold water basin desirable. Iino open a bath possible, then wel ventilated area, ‘Changing: open rm or cabins, twice as many as istors at peak times (buble sauna) 9338, Fst rm: rest benches for half quests in saune area, remote trom functional area ‘Massage rm: alow for 30 persons, 2 massage peints (bc sauna), Details construction & bap public sauna p38 Garden references: Bibliography entres 002.021 032066 087 155 161 166 167 171 263 264 3203376.410.411 430431 465 482 550 552 583, yO| 118 Community Schools PRINCIPLES ‘Since each country has is own Wadion of schoo provison, governed By sivealona and économicercumsiances, not posse give unversaly | ‘Sppicable dataor sonoot design. Information given largely derived ror. ‘experience n England and Wales, Dut presented so far as possible in {arms of widely applicable pincipies. These apply beth io new schooks tna chit chosing nes indeed tations meoe bf construction | Inlest generation schoo! planning has evolved in response to changing feaching methods and Schoo! organisaion. Currcule have Decome Increasingly dveraed 10 meet needs of indvigval punts: whole teoveatona process more acive and interelted betwean its many Sspects, Claosim and independent special subject rm no longer sole Ingredients school design, parbculary for younger and miccle age ranges. ‘Age ranges for which schoots designed vary widely in cilerent counties ‘ompulsory schooling may start al 5, 60" years andensal12upto 16 ‘oars, wih coresponingly diferent interpretations of pre-school. pr trary and secondary stages. These can useful be studied in 3 age Fanges: younger, prox 9-8 years; middle, approx 8-13 yoars oder, ‘approx 18-18 year, q Ayunwiwed, Regulations Fork DES reg (810273) lay down min standards for laying fos, Sites, santary tings and pecrbe provision of sutableacen fr charging im: ca, valores, meal mod, sal Regare supplemented by savsory publications In USA reer to slate and local codes. ‘Schoo! funture-»p119 130-9 Boarding achoo's+p127-8 YOUNGER AGE RANGE: NURSERY LEVEL ED, wt Thea | frgoigalgmesaea ae mney stm alee eon SS On. “EE (Garg prooses combanes work and play For main Ingredients o meta: SEC daeee | EagFeme| planning both or indors an ouaoors cn snoudbe comedy sana nse shade and none) f 3 i, & Be, So 3 oe Bin, 2 EPs ‘J Norwery ri on ate ol associated primary echo, bultin ve72}0160ch irom 3.8 yoarswi'2 qf oachors 83 essen: 20% ie, 30 Imomngs ony, 80 aero (00 on rl) play, carpetedblod, open 10 ‘Toande onda to wales ply cour win vws ott onclosed fr safetyIrredents of (iacenroe Ci i a Community 119 | Schools NURSERY LEVEL Workandplay ofvery young chilren canbe divided roughiy into about7 calegores (2). Indoors deftion of zones mainly by arrangement of ‘umiture, but appropriate surfaces important eg for messy work (cay, water ete) and for quiet work Height also important for moving ard ‘limoing. Pre-scnoot accn may be found as Unt of chock (3) 9 a8 ‘Separate nursery soiool-+(4). EARLY SCHOOL, In earliest years of compulsory schoo! defntion of soaces probably relies more on architectural panning: canbe considered in Sextegores ingreciertsof'oalceres, shared areas indoor, shared ars atdoors. Design of outsce as plaos for work ang pay continues important (1). Working groups vary considerablyin ize and may change rom hour to hhouras pattern of work changes. Ingrecients of local centres canbe assembled into centres ol varying Sizes and types according size and age range of schoo) -»(2): home: ‘base, space fra pupisfor whom | teacher responsibie tobe together otmecessarly at tables anc chal; enclosed er quiet concentration ‘or noisy activity such as musle-making: particular bays where special ‘299, 69 sink oF cooker, can De installed and Independent projects can be pursued with continuty by sal groups: general work area, uncon rnitted: space in whic furnaure can be arranged respond diferent needs; covered work area, oextan range of workbyprowding shetered transition Between inside and outsie. (Change from standard classe planning to planning in terms of cones ‘can be S207 In adaption o 0168" schoal (34) and ne designed on ‘now principles 1204), Ayunwiwog: PIEACI.] lizzeeesl Lal Ld 2 cyanate angst ‘ont ea or 2 teachers wong ‘eolaberaton: H heme base, P para bey. 6 genera wa, E enclosed mV coverod work ar | oe ee sees, ‘3 Conversion n 1976 of 1991 echool but o alandard clam planing a= there are 3 coves br 60 &tachors wth oo karished as work, reference dspay space hac showntchodare shared yal nursery unk aaces 4, Det cree tr erie rts boo enange ‘osprey onAyunwWoD 420 Community Schools RURAL SCHOOLS: Modemisaton of ural schooishas received widespreadatenion because ‘many of smallest have fallen behind standards cf tne newer suburtan ‘ourterbars, bing economicaly Nard 10 sustain, For2 genera trends in primary school design (2): inclusion of nursery units integra pat ‘at design yot with degree of independance: contsbuton of money (and therefore space) from sources autide educaton service (here about > (of tta cost) s0 a8 10 oer wider socal sevice, both fr school and for ‘aul communty, than couldbe provided independently. =Bib215 Yoerye wont {a Diagram b plan of ares &rureey school openedin 1979 fo 240 5-7 yeas wit nursery ut fo 60:3 corues, AE onc fr upto 70 P win 2 eachors, Cor upto 100 P wth Steachers Raced a shared by al PofS—7 2 InaWelsh county dart schoo wit acs about? Sm wih oa ‘euclmors39P. replated 1976 bys new schoo for 20h of." years, i Bivoal eens each torupta SDP & 2toachers& nursery uit tse: Fre-cchool gerdon play a, fobs pick & Murinatedharc-siviaced ames [tor youth cubs € acutsCommunity 121 Schools MIDDLE AGE RANGE, In mide age ange, as curiculum becomes mare diverstied, workin iooal oetres increasingly supplemented by workin other spaces shared by everyone, indoors and outdoors, where soope of work can develop andeepen—(}. Designs tor such aivision of work shown by 2 schools (21/84, each ofwnien has centies grouped round comin areas (natcnec}. a == = IT a ‘or Fell 3 1T Diagram afar of work ormidaio age range sahecs IRS neue | 7” Nidal ago rage school wi caesar of comman use Gated) ‘ore detated plan et cante are sown 3.4 Diagram ot orgarisation & umishos pln ot ‘school for 420 P of 13 yours opened wir {Gentestor approx 105, suporisedbyStsachors {Ger teachers beng ako evolved net war) AyunwiwoDAyunuw09 122 Community Schools MIDDLE AGE RANGE LLocalcenttes net always plannesas defined spaces. Another practic is lo provide Hexanlty by maar a uniform soace sub-dvstleby screens ‘and panels, rather than varity of spaces for diferent kings of work an ‘grouping of pupils. These 2 approacres, ta llexibiy ana to varely, Fepresert 2 distinct trends in curont scr planning. -»(1) shows Sharad working areas desgnedinterms of for speciicsubyects (asin Conventional socandary echoo) snd therefore do nat imply integrated Curriculum as implied shared areas described —>p121(3)4). (2) ‘hows middle range associates wih older range senooirgin secondary School enlarged to comprehensive block pan. "Lower schoo!’ and ‘upper school share same areas such as pe, lige Seale music anc star, and cing, 11 Nowwesjan achoolwihd keal cones sub-avidd for dere! avis Sereansé panels 2. Exsingsecunday school NotrananehteEigerderded 1973 bso an deta sea Cattes fey par) sarc wor Gv, po ergo soko aces shared with ‘upper school eaeCommunity 123 Schools OLDER AGE RANGE Designing for older age range more complex and less certain: edu cational poles al ins stage increasingly alacted by potical tits, fxm poliies and demands of higher education and of adult society (oneraly. Because of lage numoers in schoo and versily and {hoioes within curriculum, socal orGenisalion has lo be considered move specticaly win compleated pattern of tiietabing and accr Gr attenpis fring into torus 3 easenbal elements: numbers, wore ‘ed social organisation, aking as example 1 spectic ervolment of 1035 pups aged 11-18 years, win annual entry of 180 auple and 735 Sudents of 16-18 staying on ater min sch leaving ape CCharacieristic princile affecting panning of schools fr tis older age range: work ats Ihely tobe shared by allor most pup, who move ftom 1 arto schoo! to another aooorain to hoi particular courses of ‘Work, Number at suojects anc retaive provision made foreach depen fn objectives of individual schools: sore have predominance of Academie provision, others of provision Tor soentiio and engireetig ‘work, and 50 on. Bui many senoots hope achieve certain balance, wth ‘Wide ange choicos— (2): usualy common curneulum in lower years; reparation for examinations mile years; dvesication nto mary ‘ferent courses st Tow (3) presents organisation of 3 schon, wih 7 years agespan hoizon= lal, 8nd numbore, wore and social organisation veraly. Dierent Stages also reflected in sil organisalon: in exarles {and 3 some ‘2¢cf lor work and for social bases exclusively for lst and eesond year ‘Bupls Some planned mainiy forthe to sever year cup: ant some {cg Wary tobe narod ny whole schoo. nexampiog (argostencimert) ‘organisation, and consequently planning, dies schootito separate fentiios, except for worksrop crafts and pe Vor which cen eared by everyone. vee work ar examples: grouping maa Say a = Shared by at | of work ar retgoineacaton mecca vom ip pee histo oe etc fetes seoarohy ca Pen | sae eon = a enous on a romans | Site = OEE drama foes 18m 11-18) ‘workshop crafts at bl a a gat carta arts rats EIy eee “_" ae me cutyese grouped | S00 wae ny ggoms ae Amodiedin mary) zune soe poate ae Stonways | Be es 1 Gir agen oot argaieion 3 Okage age ones as = eee eer] aa F =e = Si mai T = aa =] ef ‘Waker _geoorny| | lina omy sr te ee ~ oe oo [ef pei | fom tm wom || ona [| | ova | Poa = wow [fey Te oe |e 3) Oidorrange: examples of school organisation Ayunwiwo9124 Community Schools OLDER AGE RANGE (190) ilustrate diagrammatic grouping of su Ayunwiwoo, comprcensie sion or 212 of TB years, doagad© Provan eng arta nar ce toy pean eons peggy. eran sa Boo pronsion for some oworkon Engen, mabe 1” Maa cote for ruaiisinBeriahire England 7 Ganvensare beahetnin crona aor eae, sas neadework 8 assovsteasudiesin 2 giah wihprectoorm ltonagtous toe afr haieovalwork deagredtorabout 158 Ptoworkthere alt fimerafora0 61 16—1e years to have social base hereCommunity 125 Schools \ OLDER AGE RANGE may retain senso of denity in large cornmunity.—+(1}2) show solution {o nis problem wih schoo! in 8 independent blocks, 7 of which © ‘excluding largest, namely sports hal) planned as ‘street community “These, with and 2 floors, inked bya gatod wal and ty sharing simat + aimindesign of most scnoors fo older age range miigatenstiutonal log materials but retain independence by shape, size and det Influences of size by finding ways in which indkdual and smal grou Ayunwwog 182 High school in Laeashie Englandapened 1978"ar 600 tom T1-1eyears:desigrodty gouprg tolosaenprescreo ae fn indica & sas groupAyunuwog 126 Community Schools e ‘SYSTEM BUILDING Industrial systems use build many schoo: best oer suicient fexty Inbotn plan and section mest educaional needs al ypes schools, wit ‘Guay fat rts them fet ciass permanent big. ~»(1(2) show schoo) Suit using such system (CLASP), also used ~-p120(1)2). Financia ‘ontiouion from non-edvestonal sources made possible extended provision for sport availabe both fo school andto commurty-P120(2) =8i0200, REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS Increasing civersity educational needs in 1619 year age range teneourages development separate institutons seve several schools 9 fegion Some sited in assocaion with 11~16 year school: some wit ‘college of further ecucation (2) some independent. Ai St Aust England »() provilon of pe avalabein nearby borough spon cent, ‘sir orn college and neaty college of futher edvcaton share some feaching acen fo linked coureas. Generous provsion for individual Study both In brary and elsewhere: tis, togethor with small m for Semnars and fuforel work, of considerable Importance fr ths age ‘r0up. 112 his Notinghametro England school bal on an nds yt owe school lock plancny)o¥ors40P of 11=T3years.main school pened Urdlor S60 Pol 1216 year: corualoxrefor acm cning heat Ibias {oman 2-foor locks ars, ras & sconces (Jee science separate ‘Pho ida) ‘3 StAnsol England 6h Yor colage opened 1873 or 460 P 16-79 years, fas dep forhumanes (clileg arama), musi scence & mathe, TBealsuaon Sa8 dengnoeneealveodtohs,cramastuso. 18 soca) conve ese eee renceCommunity 127 Boarding schools Size varies from 5010 aver 100 boarding Eupis. Proportion of cay to boaiding pups aio vari: many schools take only boarders, Few new boatding schools tit rocenly bul many extended, wih new uses found for exiting bldg, AS school willbe Rome or two-thirds year ain) for homely and relang ambience, allowing pupls develop own per sonallies dnd community spit. SITE LAYOUT Requirements dite according to vanous lector: size of school, age Groups to be provided far, integration 0: separabon of ling quarters from ather schoo! dg, leeaton, smal, incusen of day pups, education programme tobe povided, Design easy, quick access between ba (n hostile cimetes protected) ling. cri, reerealonal areas close togetneIn lager schools sepals living quaters prelered, with communal dining, Integrated acen mare Suited to smal Schools wth muli-use mn, Ua sts generally cll fr Figher donates and mult-sorey beg, shanng amonties with com= ‘munty and using town services. On tial site schoo! usualy has io be Sel-sifent, only labs" and ving quarters being multi-storey. BBoacaing sohaols with many day pupils have Wving quarters inegrated with other bldg. Larger schoo's reque and can affor mare anc beter provision for recreation, nodbes a6 cultural pursuts ACCOMMODATION ‘Sleeping Preferable face E; separate m foreach sex overage 8 prefered same ‘age group 10 each corto. ‘Open dormitory more usual io preparatory and junior schools (nc in UBR), unoommon in senior, 8 mé for Hrs: 2 bads, 4.2 m® each actinal bed 900 botween beds, 6-12 beds normal but up to 20 can be accepted, Dormitory cubicles each to have window 2 5 mé ‘Separate bedroom > 6 m?, proforably9m#;USAmin 8.4m, preferred 102m" Bods should not be arranged in tors. Sto for each pupil's personal ‘betongngs and clothes beside each bed. Spaces to be adequately ventiated, Stufoedr—p 140. Senitary ‘Tobe dispersed throughout bid, aovssibl om stoning quarters 1 shoorb/10P (60% batns) 1 Fb/S Pup 9 60 pupils then 1 hb/4 P for next 40 and 1 nb/each futher space tmsP TwelSP Igy pupils lav nearby requirements may be reduced USA. for dots rler applicable codes and standards, Sick rooms. in smal schools placed near matron next to general sleeping quarters. In large schools ean be in Separeto nlig win doctors and nurses {quarters and dental suite. Provide separate for boys and gis, 1 sick Imn/20 P. Allow = 7.4 m/bed with 1800 between any 2 beds, Provide ‘adequate 1m ventlaton. Provide edequate separate sanitary accn for Sick: separate fsalaion m where ppls exceed 40; sufcint acon for nursing stat USA: lor detallsreter applicable codes and standards. Staff (Degree of suporvsion ot pupils by stall depends on system adopted Many schools divide pupils info houses, each with resident house master (olten marie), junior teacher(s) and matron, ancilary staf Sometimes also accommodated. Some stl vein saparate quarters. Married teachers naed fving m an bed each 18 m8, 3-4 smaller rm ‘andiktchen each 11 mv larder, we, bal, sto Totak each approx 80 Laxger areas normal n USA, ‘Junior teachers need study 12 m? neato day m space, bed! 1Om?neat jo pupis sleeping accn, preferably bath and to, In a? DE tecraeea 11 Camel Caloge Walingfar England 120 pupls aged 13-16, wlograled aoc a ground Noor plan, Bie plan Arch Hancock Hawkes AyunwiwogAyunwiwog 128 Community Boarding schools 2 9.2 0 0m ow 1 Chariemouse Schoo! Godalning England saparate accnfox a2 funle n7 houvos each wth hause mastr& fart veg nat lan bung beck (7 orrousd cereals) © house grounds tet foor ians house soclon ar 2wast-up 3K aieb Slay Soft 7G39 Inetere Bes 9tetigraton 10 salad preparation 11 2 pl wash WBealle 140 5 pool 18towarblece 17 howso7 Terosee sShouee maslersk B0hoUse master ea 21 Peusemasiors Ww 2Bhouse master's su. 231K 24 service a 251 well 26 common Ei montore common rm 2bertanes ta, 29 heuoka ry 30bes ‘3 bar a2 39% 36 bece 25 ea 38 oct 37 game ‘Be gar Bo boys lav 4Onobbie rm 41 fr M2 ay nueery 43 bece ‘44 Sted? AS bese 46 pass 47 olevater 48 sige well 49fatroo! Sdmasmr Si washr Arch Se Glee Scot Son & Parner ACCOMMODATION (cont) Day room Provide 2 than 2.3 n/P, preferably 4.5 m2. Should coneistot commen rm, iorary —»p129, nobbiee rm, quiet im, games rm, ra6o arty, Di Centraiged dining normal: 1, 2 0° 3 stings, depending on schon pokcy. Space can be sub-divided to be more inmate and to Weray {ups of pupns In smal schools space car be used or schoo assem, Eonceds, drama productions Allow 1 m*/P and adequate ar space. Kitchen ‘Aw 0.5 m2/P with catetena server, unt sorveries for gtoups pups ‘ar mobile serveries i abies. Ancillary ‘Adequale sto for pupils’ luggage, bedding clothes and eqp: suney, Ironingem, aig em, sawing Recreation [Depends on size o! schol and nearness to sports grounds, baths ee, Provide access to gicseed stead for ball games, serving poo, gymnasuin. running Yack ec, Sulable space and aap or crema, ‘uso, fms, lectures, rats, religious worship. Services Provide adaquate nd suitable ar spaca and heat or cool and vente accorting fo climate. Sevices may be centralised or individual o big 9383-87. 2 SiPaus School London England 700 pupls, 0 nor & 122 sen boars puoin soaratoaccn amonometre iow borin Bosh Rouse tst or plan caring’k tack par 500 seals serve 1200, couse uncws i @-quouecalterasysiem Arch Felden & Mason4 Community 129 Schools | uae seat wes Awe medacons AeneGured Sok MEDIA CENTRES Growth in use of instructional materials other than those of rational i ‘coupled with new emphasis on inca study has promoted concapt ‘of media or resource cente. Such aids as microti, aucio cassettes nd film need viewing rm and study catrels wired for spec echnical {2qp. Added lib service space needs become lige stating and work ‘ateas needa give elfectve support fr eassr teaching needs. Slusent ase suggests varity working and study opons. Mutl-purpose spaces, ‘Squieped with movable or stacking ces, ‘Such centes clude many of flloning Cais of several ypes, nclusing cusrions o carpet iors ‘abies ceaels, many wired foreqp—p177(2) Sal desks & chales Special furniture: culation desk les, sto cabinets, deol, photocopy reading, browsing, listening, viewing open accoss materials & stacKs small group listening & viewing conference areas ‘group work projects & instruction ‘amin & workspace ‘ogp sto maintenance & rena dar professional colection or teaching sat ‘magazine & newspaper st Ieuding microm Injarger school systems racio andy stuelos and computerisedloarning ‘esources may be included in cent In soma systems mater may tistibuted 0 Several schools rom 1 audiosual sto cen, Since such centtes designedin response student Input, ca! community Roads anc: siato quideines vaney of colutons found. Typical plan relationships o teaching areas indicated —(1)=(3) 28m for Vv pps! |S” Eerontary schol or 2 Noors Nasi lowa USA has resource one teaGhivel _ArchDanalarson Roba & Aesoclaies AyWNWULUODAyunuswiog, 190. Community Schools ee 22S va ; @ rb is ) He 1 Grouping of abies FURNITURE General factors Furniture governed by type of teaching for which providedandy seat pups. n fecen! years loaning an teasing evolved greater variety of DroUp sizes and wider range of activites. More mobility in choos and loser association of Book werk and practical work, both these alles sign. ad dstreution of furiture. 1) shows common features which nf feb use o tables and features which encourage eta ‘grouping ard versable use. Where tabies cecuiredsincly fo forma fading and wening work (2) gves relevan’ data; but inoteesingy these proportions iving way to double square shown for grouping purposes (1). Medern UK furniture range wil consist of siting and standing eink ‘working suraces in cose association an of many forms of mai sto land dispiay. (BID 197 207 208). In USA typical work surtace heights for educational use vary from 560 790, athough lower abies Used for very young, Recommended work epin varies from 290 Tor youngest chadran to 4€0 for 19 year ods or Dicer Wath of wors area varies farm 530 For youngostchidron to 760 {or 15 year ols or alder (3. ‘to under work surface rot -ecammended unless at side of knee space ‘or wotk surface increasedin dog. Toe space min 610 foroter chides, “ho need varying work heights depending on task: ping table 67. Work tables 735, sowing fables 79D. Work height for handicapped in \wnoelchaies must be adapied to treir needs 086, ‘Standing work urtaces for school age children should vary tom 520 ‘1Satage 15. Older onasron may Ed range 850-965 desirable depending fon height and Task fo be done. Sins set lowor, high counters higher (rors=1120) 25 6S y Is Se 5s + a Rep 2 Uktableplenezes 4 USAchais& desks aaackar b double nty sldy ctabetam ae “umigtabies chat ecasr unt cock wn char geass typing able Fdesk j study carelsCommunity 131 Schools FURNITURE ‘Stature data & distribution of furniture sizes Mobily of puplisn schools andhigh degree to ‘which working accn shared make incroasingly impractical assign carrendiabeto single pup Furniture shared any each char and related table size must therefore be cesignad aut max Stature range rather then for icidual pupils ‘Thisin principle means simultaneous saitac- tion of 7 fitng ‘ortena shown —>(1), wih ‘leerance between topo chat oat and undor ‘Sie of able top. “Though sto decreasingly provided at workplace, If sted at any siting working pane adequate legroom can onlybe ensuredit zones indicated forl80 sizes 1-5-+(2) tree from obstruction. UK view f hat dstrbation of trite should be based on puis’ ssture rather than on pup ‘age8=(3) Conversion of stature tage for UK seco! population in 1071 —Bib207. Revise British standard spectcationstor pupils chairs ‘and ables (~>8ib134) compy with ISO sian dards (86407), sizes ofwhichhave therefore boon shown, ISO standards do not apy in USA: view held that student sizos vary s0 much | tm may need ‘mate than 1 chal/iable heght, Dimensions based on USA research [-+83549) ~(). feocy Sat” fy tae eh EE se red eet foo CGeaarenbuoroontack lige 8 Fronedge som no pee a wort sarboneen ‘Sodtngeutaco& gh 1D dewaroe bameen then & unio Sieotiat etext ah _ebows approx evel ith etop \whonsperarnverte! Ff eupportor sack ar ‘ago bol shui sae 6 aderuateceance between back ‘eat oattgerae feo ie ‘movment ofbutocks expt many ating poshres bt asonsmnt of good emuleneous satelactoncl above ita 1) FitofP to char abl: UK cata Sr oe T i | fete ene sizes. ae 8 by ‘ 18 L : eg Edsdt ved LESSHsdnE le ea i ieee 2 Miniog dearance zones: UK ata are | ATT Yoo 1125) aa0 sen 160 ro q : 4 o zh ox as PD i fos — 155 sas — 157 pees ese ” ‘36 teesh a [gs 15) is Blrses ters saaaafa iises 105 psts 565 Te] 3 Staves of UK school population 44 USA dimensions relevant schoo umtire; HS = high schoo KDA = Kindergarten AyuNWUWOD432 Community Schools { FURNITURE Dimensional data: sizes of pupils & AyUNWWODCommunity 138 Schools FURNITURE lis" Inschoois fo younger ciren wi less move: ‘ment about school trays and invidual cor- tainers at workpiaco sulatie. Coats and sali, bags canbe hung on pegs local. But greater movemont of pups mile and older age ranges encourages widespread use Of various kinds of bags in wich books can be catied from 1 place of work oanather, Cental prewision of lockers therefore of decreasing Value since ther denensians and thr ication Ikely tobe inconvenient. Provision ofpegsand Facks fr bags associated win each work space, Forthicimoncionaldetagiven »(1)() relevant, Data prepared by Furniture Industy Research ‘Assobaton a6 pat! Survey ot sto of pups personal Belongs In USA lockers -+(3) sil standard for older Cilaren, tanty for secorty. nem so provides up to 12 years od. Basket racks alsoused (4) Sehoots reterences —Bilonaphy erfes cx fr tga 18898195 186 197 188 199200 201 292 203204, dos 2092r0e4taigatgztazisane 207 2% $314,486 451 476 484526530575 581 607652 3 USAlockers a Vier BSter o6iar Soombzaon unt 2 Lengths of puple coat ae i Se 44 Baskot ack can be sgle row (4305-838) 6° Dacelo back AyunwiwogAyinwwo0g 194 Community Colleges 17 Physica eaure teatro wih ole waling to rece sound & Eaton “Tecnnial Uwersty Darmstadt Germany aan B secon LECTURE ROOMS & THEATRES Utilisation of acture rm ane theatres tractionally low in rotation to epaco requirements and caplal cast tharafore consider designing fexsity 0 ‘accommadate various functions. Such spaces could sutlecures sige Droductions, demonstrations and cinema. Large theatre coud be > Shieto accommodate aiforantaudiehoo ses, smlary wih revactabie ‘Seating system p15, large lature rm can be eorwerted into assemly halo gyrraciim, Number and extent of such actives wt so determine eed or adjoining anclaty spaces such as preparation, projector, ‘workshops, changing rm, studios and sto, It policy tore facture heat to cutee organisations during vacations consider improved space standards ard oavroamental conations to Salsly more sopresicated requirements of business wor. Min ar/P: 0.46 m? (basad on moveable seats, armless 450 conte to centre) (0.8 m? (xed seats with arms at 500 centre to centro) Basic shape Shape of lecture thoate becomes mare important as size and velume increase, Square lexibie but fan shape prefored for larger theatres where plan frm relates to adequate sight ines for audio-wsual reson: tatlans, cama otc ~»p'36, Consider rear proecton ~(3), dala 196(1)-(2). Small capacity lesture rm up to approx 60 persons qute Sztstactory with flat for: argerhals require athe ramped oor (mac 1:10) or stepped fica, dependent upon achieving adequate sightines. Uniform eninge of aye level should bs acriavod at each seat fom, min ‘being 60 and median 125, Theatre ausitorium —p350 jee a rages for letra nat eo ear as Fon projsctnforlarg ha butior convenient for 3 Reon lecturer & alos igor baht ovo a hao nteteng ntCommunity 135 Colleges LECTURE ROOMS: SEATING ‘Seating types Categores: Incividval chars capable of berg linked stored away, with oF without arms, with 9 without witing tabets ‘xe seating of vanaus degrees of comfort wath or wtPOut ip-Up seats with or without rms —>(1)=13) Feiracabie seaing systems capable of folding down onto tered staging (Gehic usually includes aisles), whole arangement being retractable and stored in telatvely smal area fat auctorum Hoos capable of berg Used for other purposes (4), Flexible seating —>p951 Seating min dimensions Back to Back dstance between cows of seats fw tp-up seats) 750 Width of seats linked, without arms 460 Wit of seats wih arms 500 Unobstucted vertical space between seats 300 2 xed soaing wih pup oats & wing she jenn —t past “Hh ‘SEATING ARRANGEMENTS Folate fo function ot hal or that: Lecture: audience should be able 1 see and her lecturer. Where Chalkboard of screens needed destabie viewing requirements affect Seating plan increasing vend towaras auslence paricpation: ples students should be cose as possible ta lecturer. Can be achieved by U-shaped seatingarrangement which ices number olrows requited and aio give saving in foal roa (Cinema: criteria for good viewing maxhovizontal viewingangle 30° ‘axverteal vewing angle 35° citlealangleofprojector 12° max viewing distance 6x wotsereen rin viewing distance 2x wotscreen Demonstration: wil usualy quire stoeply rake tor to ensure good viewing topo! damanstaion benchas Relative coatot such auditors with Reavy serviced demonstration benctes, preparation rm and ike Should be compared with casts of normal lecture tm equipped wh ‘hosed crcuttv »pt3E()-(). Seating can be sot round demoasiveton ares in seri-crclar formation if no cequirement for chakboarcs or sceers, as with anatomy demon + ‘station teatres Sightines —p136:349 Cinemas 0954-2 res ow 4 (6 Prefered vowing dstanens lx hema projcion ‘4 Basiopincple of rearacabia seating 7 Lecture theatre wihderensvatn ale (eugcacine) Aunwwog:Ayunuiw0e9 186 Community Colleges LECTURE ROOMS: FIRE REGULATIONS: Design of lecture mo theatre must conform to saety rep, in parioulr fre and means ot escape. Number af seats perm ssibain any 91-4) ‘apenden upon elear stance apart of rows (back to back armension |A) resultartcloa secon (smansion Emeasures betwoen perpendculrs) and distance of seats rom gangway (0 — w of seat In turn lear wicth of gangwaye and numbor within hall must be related 19 number of parsons to be accommodated. ACOUSTICS +p18395-7 lust as important hear distinctly as see clear; lecture hall must be ‘acoustically oatod rom otner noise sources, Nointornal acoustic treatment shouldbe ecossar formless than 300, sn*butas size ang volume increases shape of haltbecomes increasingly imporant Design of exiling as reflector of sound from original source important factor im echienng even disraution throughout hal. Design of wall surfaces and fishes aso imporant corseraton in ether refecting or absorbing sound aecotding to Inet eaonsh to stage oda szeo! | seatrow spacng Weabe ooo | 1900 | 1550 im wo | a | so 75 se | a0 | 37 520, aso | se | ee Sra ars | avs | ars 595 so | eo | 520 1 hal ivimagein elation io eee ofube &waatrom spacing zoo! | _seatrow spacing ibe = 00 | 1900 [1550 3 yes | 280 | 1125 v8 top | 1300 | 110 523 bres | teas | 1480 370 2rso | tes | 1475 595 bao | ten | 1925 2 Minwawing aistace om 1” Shape baquare Wontage of ewig aor 520 o250oF ‘4a stance of seals tom ganqways bplan seating witout ams {seating nih backs & arma pa of aon ‘aarboroiP Tinnumbor minw ecammedatedon feuts ‘ash ter ove 200 2 1080" 500 2 200, 300 2 1350 500 2 500 i 3 1500 1000 4 1500 | pus 1 adational exit of na eas han 1500 for ‘sbchenra 250 orportinteol wouarot ‘normaly aoply oem coro stesso Sering aodtorum otter 5 ExtrequrementsCommunity 137 Colleges Gane Baer a ih mem gerd pens Sos non wen Sebel Gece beitann Ae 2 Town lle sudo coat arisudert 0 BS roving 5 Sequence of operations day nadeing 8 poltary ‘SCHOOLS OF ART, DESIGN, DRAMA & MUSIC Scope andintensity of study inspecialstan, design and dma subjects vay from eoiege 0 college. Faculties Ikely include selectan of drawing & panting: fine ant sculpture industria! design: engineering furniture &interce design theave & television aesgn ‘graphics & related visual as inching photography silver &jewoiy texto design both print & weave sained glass rama ‘Schedule ofaccn for each wil generalyneude design studio, workand practice rm, technica! workshops and admin of. Communal leche {heatre or assembly hall usable aso as exhition centre often required but isplay areas for both 2 and 3 dimensional wark should also be provided throughout college, Design studios Should be next to appropriate workr or workshop; consider exclusionof noise an dust. Sto space for plan sheets, wardrobes cr elotes lockers, reference books and models should be included together with eqp fF ‘copying drawings and documents, although euch mey be centrale. Good lighting essen, both natural an artical. Drawing studios p139 Fine art studios ‘Stusios for painting and sculpture requir large areas: must have good atural daylight wih high level wiedows,eqlal to at ieast 25-33% of floor area, win Nor E aspect Rootights may provide anciay light; ll windows shouldbe ited with some form of dayéght contol. All surfaces should be durable and easy fodean Workshops ‘Siting wif dapend on type of work being done. Light work lied wih ‘raphics, ser and jewelry, photography and fasion may De placed on higher floor; metal, wood and past workshope where large machines ‘may be installed best sted on groundor basement level ‘Good workshop yout mus conto to motk flow and safety op 381}. Provide ample space round macrunes and fr gangwaysto aw ‘movement without incursion on work space. Non sip floor fnishes ‘Should be specited: workshop technician shouldbe ale surrey whole area om partalyglazog ot I each student provided with sets of tots space for individual lockers rreeded inworkshop area, Workshop eqp spaces p28 Practice rooms May be for individ study or group practoe. Should be well insulated ‘agains! passage of sound Irom one to anther, Stores Methods of storing wide range of goods and materials needed support ‘each actly should be closely stugie, as shoud areas requred cue ‘Completed works bolore exubiion or posal All so should be sted next to appropriate workshop; consider proper ‘conctions of heat and Fumigty where thase may be detimental to ‘materials being stored if not held within reasonakie its, 29 ter, lay, plaster, Special racking needed for paintings and large canvases; timber ane {imbor-based board materials, plastics sheets, metal sectong, rolls of textiles, glass and paper All such sto wil equire elemento contol and secuniy Ancillary accommodation \Wilinciuds offor teaching sll, commons, lavand possibly showers.| 498. community Colleges } ‘SCHOOLS OF ART, DESIGN, DRAMA & MUSIC 4 Ayunuiwog 2 Working spaces round 3) Various tomeaaoracking |S Ars corre layout or coteCommunity 139 Colleges DRAWING STUDIOS Space requirements elated to type of dawg and aled work, any, to be undertaken-=(7 ‘Wok station sizes in pat conestioned by eqp needed to accommodate raunng formal io be adopted. Exceatin USA mos! athces commited to ‘A sores of iernaanal paper ses: smaller formate obiames Op halving larger mensions in each instanco—~p3-5. For most rds, engireeirg. anc desgh consultaris drawing requitements can be faceormodarod by AD formal: daning Beards end drafing machines Sred according, Simplest form of work station: drawing boa‘d, eap trolley (cart) and ‘raughtsman’s sto’; where Grating work requires reference contained (on other drawings ether relerence tables oF vertical screens may be Used carry ins information. Screens nave advantage of Keeping Hoar area needed o minbutat expense o! controled supervision Feference Tables, which may aso prove plan crest crawing sto botow work surface, ether tosideot draughstman n paral’ wih rawingocardorat fight angles to f. Furtver posstly avalaole with back releence inhere relerence lable also suppor or drawing board benind. Where ‘rating function orly part of ob requirement and admin ware uS0 10 be ‘done feterence area may double ae al desk or, # space alows, desk ‘may erm addtional clement witvn wore sation Reference may nol be confined te niormation contained on rawings often need nave compeehonsive set relerence books or ana close at hard for draughtsman: may be naused communal ora each work Staton, Further category of drawing studio that alld to workshops where fultsized setbng-outcrawings (USA shop drawings) (or workshop os) prepared. Usually alled fo consiucton indus, In parte jomnery ‘shops; such drawings prepared on rolls of paper set down at long benches. Draughtsmen work sancing up st orafing surtace which horizontal and 900 am FFL, Orginal drawings sted in col fom rather ‘han sheet asin ther uss, lor which havsing maybe ethor oon (lan chests with drawers) or vertical pln le cadres). Layout of any susie therefore conditones by ype of work being under taken and ype of supervision required, Inallstucios good ghting essential, both dayight andar windows should have No € aspect. Ins no possible windows shouldbe ites with ons to screen direct suniight and prevent glare Ancillary areas may include printing and reprographic eqp; this may be housed in stud or, soph sticated 0” lage Seale, sited in separate 2atea, Archive sto lor crginal raw ngs which may neve tobe kept for indefinte period shoud be propery corasbonec for sto of paper ana ousings must bo fre ard food proo!. Present tend inroasea use of Computer processes for production of marking drawings: use of sich Sqp may inivence spatial requremants of uture drawing stcos, 00) aU 09 mP “= 1 = “ison Semee (220,1900, w 1 Vivo planing arargonee 2 Drawingstestkeprn cabinets 3 Sool chester plans 4 Drawing able stancargazas ‘000 "T3008 1280 x 2000. 2080 (USA 4 > 10821067 > 2300; 8380) '5_Typical sal phorcopying ‘actano used drawing or ‘producing pans Ayunwiwo0gAyunWIWwOD 140. Community Colleges ‘STUDENT HOSTELS: PLANNING FACTORS 1 Sage surbedrwanno Tom? 2 Single surbec: longo shape Proves more econemeal uso! 3 Sige subodr witout 4 2esaert unt aso used fr Conforenons 133 Zaese wad tate 5 Dovblesturboar 7 avanB Bcunain desk wath drawer uit ‘Teaeychar Sheaing convertor § Typicalstacaseaccoss ‘Sook shot over Table wih SookehaWes Boullinina es if ARE a 7 Typealeanpeiegcen oor 8 Covaczas auntsaves ‘ooess simiar but conteaaus coe Betwoon iarcase) noe postion (Ofer a shared wach & tot Hostel (USA dormitories) bidg usualy financed by university or college ‘romown tunds, government grants orloans, opensmarket/oane: naa Ficome raised has fo cover mnfrest, emerson, runing and ma tenance costs, Some goverrments mike grants to suvsdse annus income, This canbe supplemortoe by eting or conferences, educaoral ourees, nolday wstors In some counties eduoabonal estabishments Grd student unions have formes businesses provide of big ore So thal ncome can subsilse hostes. Sze ofhoste! rm ancamenitio to be provided therefore depend on uses bidg can be put oan on arn income obtanod Single students generally n9ed acon for 30-29 week/yeat. Mat Usually for 0-52 waeks, Acen should cater for chlaren outsie play Save and be plaoed near shooping and socal services and amenities, “Tend to house stucente in range of acen for ak categories: many institutional residential eormunites. For $i and admin weasors st Year students usualy placed in hals of residence with staf em, area Hitcher, unery ana’ voring em, tits, sto etc, meals being taken in ‘ining Cente Dining rm pt42 Hails with shared dining and social services nosy lanes 25 ge umber of sy bedr wit central batt and smal kichen’ may aso De vo Tat Tr stl! member provide supervison, In recont residential provision mace for students prepare and take allmesisindapendertyin Syn sociel grauns Smal groups upto 4 students need be sat-slece: (roup 016 Bsabally large enough divide ta sub-groups w ihoutbeng + {ho bg stare cooking ea suocesstly; 12or more do ol trmccheshe ‘group, shayed kitchen with ning rm Used or ter acivibes could lead to problems. Conierence use tequggzsnin washbasin in cach rm with quod aocess Sepang, ecu ating rn aternatve acen for fe sleet ‘esidence dung vacaions and so for possessions naedes Independent Rousing or hostel uns favoured by Hal year ane post (gasbate, car be in purpose-bl graupe, cated in urban comunity Breonvered houses. Shared acen also-p99 ACCOMMODATION REQUIREMENTS 1-bed/study space 9-19 m*; 2-bea/study space 19-19 m?(unpepusr vith UK students, fixed in USA); sel-coterng unk oil area 16-20 reas may be slighty recuced in amily’ Tats to allow more room ke amenity space Fin tobe furnished wih bed/dvan, desk ans chair, shelves arc hanging for Sotnes 0.81 m!, open adustatie shelving ans pin board, e957 ‘Car, smaliable, bedside abe, mito, bn, mligh ang desk/ed amp, ‘ipower point, “m near, caper, dense curtains/binds. wash bain included provie tone! ram rr, cupboaté or shel, saver pont. Rn showers and we sormatimes inciuded on indviual or shared basi. Some rm should be larger t provide for ertrtaning and meetings. Provide proportion of rm suitable for physicaly nandicappec Married student accn should comply with normal housing space Standards 984 48: coma wil nave fame. Provide background heating supplemented by em héster controled by ‘occupant Ensure good sound neulaton, especialy round service oes. ‘Shared acen p99 Sanitary 4 wei students; 1 betty students, or 1 shower/12 students (preter ably 50% baths); 1 wash bacin/3 students not proved nm ‘Space standard 12-18" USA: check appieadle codes and standards for ese det Prefabricated santaryunts p65 Hot water hating local or contrac 40 Typealamenty arCommunity 141 Colleges 1 Shuent residence Gultord Engund a second, st 8 ground foor ans of yplel unt sectors ABD creo pan of court Arch bor Magare & Keith Murray 2 Halll residence rox campus Soutarpion England ypial foo an MSs Pees eee ‘STUDENT HOSTELS: ACCOMMODATION (cont) Amenity space Dining Keene not intended for ul meal service with nity space alow 1.2-1.6m#/student. With fullmeal sence low 1-7-2m?/student ess formore than B students), Where hostel close to other university bldg ard communal service used, dining ktenen may be only shared soosl space. Cooking and ung areas should be Sopaatos with cing rm locatos where all, ‘students pass t [New acca more likely provide sell-catering,Eapse-caterng shared by 6: cooker and reingeraier, sngle bowl double diane Sr. 2000 3000 work top with Cupboards under and over (nctudo nivel food lockers), rotuse with capacity 1 day's use. Prove eqp for wasting, tying and roning for each group of m. NB: above not norma practice in USA, Rosidonces on campus use communal amenities; where aecn some isan fom ather univers big alow within Postel m?/stodent, large commonim — 09-1.2 Invreadingem 04-18 indoorgames 02-04 hobby em 0204 Within those areas also coffee bar/shop, ante-rn/cottee lounge, place for debates and society meetings, television, music practice, av for \sitors as appropiate in accordance wth local eg. Offices Latge residences anayffem campus need some off with approx areas (m8): warden'supenssor* 20, secrearyarchives. 20, management Committee/consul mm 30, housekeeper” 9, cleaner's changing rm" 8, porter” (next to eniranco) 9, students union 20, * also needed when residence on carpus. Staff Design to sult single, matted and married wit family categories. Some ‘accn win residence provices sypension, Separate acenin houses or flats most economical, Warden noods (") 67-00; single academic sha ‘and housekeeper each 56-67; single supervisory sat 45-56; singe domestic sta as for students Ancillary ‘Alow baggage sto 0.3 mivstudent. Provide adequate cental Xo far household and cleaning agp, tne, future and res on each for so for cleaners and eap with sink and water supply. Prowdo laundry Chute appropriate, Circulation areas and ducts account for 2-5.7 m/sudent. Ensure passages adequate for toleys (carts) and carying sutcasos. Prova Entrance hall supervised ty porter with space ‘ot notices, telephone osks and mak nd mall detvery. Bol system or loudspeaker wil sere to transmit messages in conjunction with some telephone pos. Finishes \ “Materials should be durable, haré.and need ite maintenance & building form ‘Single row arrangement: with of bldg 5500, rm 300, corridor 1600; Joule row arrangement: with 10, 2m each 3500, corridor 2000: {pe row arrangement: with 14000, 2m eaah 350, 2carndors cach 11500 wih atcally Hand vented cere ack or washr ete Type of access avaiable: ty slits to rm, by stars and enor corndors, by Sas to central corridors, Adequate means of escape in case offre must be provided —-pa 01. With4 fore and more slovatore required: more ‘Sconomical build upto 3 storeys, Car parking: min rato 1 space/S students; sto for bicycles and motor cycies aso Site footpaths away rom ground Hoor windows and matin pracy, 3 Quincy House Harvard Univesity USA provides irtograted Sonemunid sorvccs asecerdfear plan I sgebedt 2 an duplex ‘Sate boar abovecr beew Stu Wv 4tu Sed" b ra fe plan Tk 2eonery Se 4 Jame 5 4-ed suites Bev 7bedt 8 itring om workr 103-bedr unt 11 reading m eround oor lan lowered Barn Soeniarconmons 4 ur carretera cent FSoniee & gar Bertance ab. Shouse ct” TO kar Sint Tt quest sute aren Steply butncn erason&ADDt AyunwiwogAyunwuwod 142 Community Colleges REFECTORIES/DINING HALLS ‘Gan be provided in separata bidg within ost (dormitory), within ‘community ectivties bldg ot 25 separate bidg. Space requirements Sepend on type of service (ell-eerice from counter, service trom {anes on table, water service) and seating arrangement but generally ‘low | 2 m/stiden, alowing for rumber of stings, Long abies with bonenee —»(1) preterable (nat USA} (0 small with chars: cheaper. Sure, space-saving, easy clan and clea, Wich of cat = 600; wish (of tale 600 (preerabi) 700. ‘Space for cross passages: (500 x 1950/3 seats = 0.18 my add extra space for side passages and-pacein rontof servery (service) ano entrance. Benches soul stand 80-100 away rom this table: need be ‘only 300 wide and 400450 Fig (easy to step over). Benches near wall ‘800 wide, inlrng 120clstance rom walto ge access. More convenient tener fom side But this means = 4 students on wall bench For more elaborate fumisring (2); where chairs and more comfort Able tables desred cimeneions are. width of coat» 650; width of table 700-800. Space required (access from behind -shatohed poston) {50 %_] 150 ~ 0.7 mt. Sharo of crass pacsoges (S60 x 1150/3 = (0.21 m. Floor araa/sudent wit appropriate exta space a5 above! Vata It space along walt bering chars used as main passage width increased to 2800. Tables with soats at either ond ~»(2) uneconomical, spoil communal feeing and emuakty smong stusen's, Space needed for abies in corners {Cohatching): 5900 x 2550)/12 = 1.25 m*. Space/student requires a ‘eg 9000 fag 2a00 nth a passages and appropriate extra space as above: 121.9? ‘Seating aleo—>p202—4; snack bars —»p205 206, ‘Circulation of ciners shouldbe t-way only: canbe achieved by caret ‘lapostion of ables ana sting of columns at corners of ables fo avoid waste of seating space (4). Kitchen, server (sevice) and ste area betwaen 40-50% of efector: food preparation 20% of ktchen, Servery ateator cafeteria serie upto 20% kitchen area. Desirable dasign on 1 level wth convenient stores Golivery, avoid staircases and elevators possible, Kitchen should be big enough for workin uninterrupted sequence vwhoul opposing afc Rows fran stoto servery. Sioa start ofcculion followed by food preparation tables, sks and eqp including area fr pastry making, thence lo cookers, overs and bole, then t0 warm ‘upboarda and servory. Provide pot wash neat to cooking area. OF fr ‘het chet should be posiioned to provide supervision of stores and ‘delivery points and alga whole kitchen area. Crockery shouldbe stored in servety area and afr use go by Wolly (cars), dshwashers and ‘ying cabinets back o server. Good venting system requted to draw ar ftom dining areas and kitchen and avocing flow of ar rom ktchen to dng area Restaurant kitchens p213-+8ib217 ‘Sanitary (USA: check applicable cases and standards) depending on Iocation and preximiy To other bldg should be provided next to ding tm; fakeady available nearby suggested provision: 1 wc/100 mais, pus 1/250 males, 1 urnal/28 MBS 2 we/100 female plus 1/100; 1 ‘wash basin/S0P. Finishes: materials should be durable and require litle maintenance. Colleges references: “eibtograpry enties 099 040 041 063.096 097 113 114 147 166176 ‘200 217 298 361 377 413 487 441 4a 472 476 485 528 S86 969583, 812629690052 2,,SeP rece 2000 sana aoee 255 spaiaregmrttmepoceeates SAG Sia ta 4 Space saving arengement of suppers ‘5 Inlegraod eledory senices & Catone Cologe Camidge Engand ArsvAme JacobsenCommunity 143 Cotten conversions of existing bldg both because of shanage of money and because often in aesthetically sensitive surcundings: theretore Youth Hostels Association (YHA reluctant lay Gown define plans for typical hostels, Nevortnelessspeciieatonsand requremerts particular ‘and etaied, specaly since ghtening ole req (1), In UK OES nae also requirements os hostels for whch il provides funds: more onerous Sn auestions of space Bed spaces 3.1 m= oor aP in dormitories 1 we/i0 bod epaces ‘ hb/6bed spaces 1 borsho/20 bed spaces For purpose ofcomputig toot avea DES aisalows ary part ol oot aver which celings less than 2100 high ‘YHA has lower standards, depencing on grade of haste: simple ot standard. Simple (need nt have resident warden) min 208 m/bed ‘Space; standard (must have residont wardon ving werin curtilage of igstel at al times when open to members) le dormitories min 2.22 rived space, recommeded 2.78 m". As doutle bunke normaly used {his mears 6:31 m!/bunk f DES standards tobe met. Dormitories YHA, ruling bocy for hostels in England and Wales (Scottish YHA has Simla standards), ays down alhostels musl have seperate Gormitries focmen and women, wih separate access, Layout of dormitories snouts be sue thal canbe used by ether sexas bookings demands means tat either sex must be able 10 reach appropriate lavatory. Most compact Solution black of ntorcommunicaing em with appropriate door locke betwoon soxas, YHAaims to switch to arrangement nmany continental hastels with ¢-bed dormitories, with sanitary acen reached tem commen Comdor, mote! svi. OES pressing for degree of ptvacy in washing farangements for women, satisied by arranging washbasins In own uaiee with curtain a entrance Hosteller's amenities 1s hostels closes. durmg cay armving members need luggage 1m 12 leave gear without having access fo "est of hase; may be combed wih eying tm, whore hosteders takeoff cuter clotting Botore Booking ‘nat reception desk, Teallow te cook own meals members” kitchen provided in al haste, in ation okchen af warden who wi aso Cook fr hostel. Members ketcnens nave combined dauble cooking tings and burners and gil Unis, fueled by propane gas where mains seroes net vaable. Lockee space also required, and also washing up space, n addition fo that intended for those hostellers who ake warden's mecis wha are equited tewearup, Warden's quarters Hostols wan move than 40 bedsusualy administered by marree coupes, [possibly with children who wil need ining quarts. Lavgest hostels wl have assistant wardore, prowded with own sitting rn stat cning rn, Kilcher and recreation em In larger hostels chiet warden's quarters should be in form of sal Contained house or fat wth bear, tty, cichen, ning rm and siting rm. In these cvcumstances hostels” aoen should never be over oF Under warden’ Fire YYHAincreashaly concornod wit applicaton of more srngent standards offre sataty to both rew and existing hosts, Sourees ol danger have Deen dentiiedas pamarly.inierfrerce wih staves etheaters,parteu ‘aryin drying im; et or gas tats; smoking: misuse of cooking stoves in embers’ kicnens. Provision of means of @scape i albisg eu. requires for protected stareases eiteult rovige in bldg wth timber floors. In salar hostels, akin fo domesic houses, distances avoid fn re escape routes not noxmally long enough ta contravene 169, Gene‘aly 18 m rave distance wo place of satetyconsicered max where floors umber. or 30 m whore non-combustible Win of 2 stareases orm required, in such postions that No parson unary for nsf {go further than max travel detarce to reach stairoases or other point of ccs To place of safety Youth hostels ce eitarean corona paloma aioe Sirecatiney HY etry ce dora 14 BEES) Seti tom erm ta Vivasksrmargorhened sagem ue cdoniianeneG en tne esa ee common 185223, nomberek Te Shaved saa os postin ocr wardens 1623 Nepean Scene = ja aguante cenw 1 Shar zt epce aig Stcers kiereten stood eee }tmpatatner a doen un pon ‘warden's 2nd bear fie beet 1 gadeciususaaeaaied ‘warden's dud bode Fae wernt a SS seed oas8e 7 Settee rattan trv TSviracen SreeSecr eaten apace Syocyarte oe tee Sees stinpepa 1 eee er jos SON mae 287° WBS mle ns es leer enenied a min deat ttinabwatrs ma wadepend 2. Youtnhowel convened ramesing hows by WA egroaioor b tstfo0r, : Ayunwiwo0gAyunuiwucd 144 Community Youth hostels rudack bed emalvaas dcampbed 6 raves kx Sooping lager tpafasee fr bankat gaube2-ter bunks plank bods 00 pg 100 avo | seo 7 = ie , fie a : iE 1 1000 Fp 1000, + 200 22 Typos deoping rm ren ar bobwesn sarongs bod 16m [1 bed am), Bepad om (1 bed 2m), o-bed 30m (1 boa Sm), 20-000 30 é (1 Ded 31m. maege cormones 22 beds 2.7m (1 baa 2m) GERMAN STANDARDS ‘Smal hostel with dormitory 30-50 beds Standard size 40 100 boas Lage 100-250 beds Very large 250-600 beds (Optimum 120-180 beds, wth 400 upper imi Relate numberof beds to ay number veto; design sleeping lager to cope wih peak Hosday Semana, Siting: open, sheltered rom wind, main m facing SES ‘Space requirement: or sandars host: in dormitory 22-2 8m"bod: for eter bunks 1 8-2.0 m'. 1~2 lage rm with 20-90 beds, or smalet lath 4-12 beds; bed rm much valued. Also rm for sek and acoxonts $2 beds Av occunation approx 40% ais 60% boys: sexes either on seperate figors or segragated by partons: some m arranged to moet erat balance up fo S0/50. Av rn height 2800, not Toss Pan 2600. Dormitory loor area 1.5 m*/bed. Plank beds: single ter 1.2-15 bad, tie 1.1 Ves ‘Common rm 1.0-1.5 m2/bed. Mesting/discussion rm sound-prooled ‘and lozaled away Yom other day ‘Walls proferred wood ine, wih rucksack stands an tip-up benches. Kitchens: doth visitors and wardens klehens reer entrance, preety wih ight from 2 sides. Visitors tchen titted lor sll cateting; in smaller hostels can bein common rm, otherwise sepstated. also apart tom warden’s Kicre. Generous provision of cooking eqp: 100-lbaler and sk. Rambler's ktcnen big enough Yor group eat an also si in wise Warden's ichen: lass door or window allows supervision of coming land going; 000 hatch to common rn. Equipped double s, low Sp sk, 600 deep cresser under windows, lokable draw for money. power Points for fitonen appliances, i gas-fitod. ew ngs fav large pas, Sk fad crockery eupooards nex! food hatch ang apart rom mar ntchon: rockery wasned by uses. Larder next kitchen, long narrow and col Warden’s quarters: min 3 sm oach appeox 16 m* inlucing ktren, ‘which may Ge an seme loo of separate in which case on ground foot ‘ex to reception and with siting rr, upstars beng 1=2bedr next gts ‘Section and bath Assistants 7 m°1P Entrance sheltered from wind oF with porch; corwonient approach, ‘Sheter canopy, easy lor warden watch ve. Focusol hose all and ay fm, dvided into nosy (worker, ible tennis, games, dancing), normal (Common tm, sing). quia (wing, reacra, discussion, ofc, sleeping): noiso convo! by separation an iierent oo. ‘Washrooms: area 0.35-0.4 mefbed; | washoasin’4~6 beds; 1 foot bath/15 beds. 1 shower/20~40 beds. Showors can be in basement, Detter next pede. Ground oar wash ‘or rivals Lavatories: 0.3-0.35 m®/oed; 1 war urnall-10 boys: 1 wel6-8 ‘ils: lower proportion i large hostel, Laundry gossibie ettod batty, srowers and heating in age noses machines and spin cers Ancillary rooms: sto fornack, bicycles, sports goa: drying rm; shoo Cleaning uly for hoste exp, first-aid box: dark nlarger hosts ‘wardens workshop. Construction: suiting environment; resistant ough treatment; stone and tnber mainly. in plaster. 2 LargehostelinGormany Arch Lautsmach_ SES eee iene 2 Community 145 Libraries INTRODUCTION Essential that close rapport be established between librarian and architect; fr largest schemes brary consultant should be employed Types CCommunty: primanty lending bocks to adults and caren and with ‘general elerence section. Curent trend in UK towards larger central Iovate wah branch saelles: rural areas often served mobile unt. Specialised: primaily used for reference, with smallloan section. National uriversity: used for reference and esearch; continua growing calsctons, See also school media centres —=p129, hospital arias p77 Increasing Iteracy and ieisure te pis ‘information explosion’ make it Important to plan for max Texbilty ard fer future expansion. Now ‘techniques are changing methods of controvindexing/tetova. PATTERN main elements, materials, readers, staf, are elated in varying ways ‘depending on organisation policy: ey community, school and hosptal libraries require predominanty ‘open acoase, ie readers have rect 88 1 books; catalogue a necessary axuncl At mes laige numbers ‘of peopie crcuste among sproas-out showing unis ar areatracted browse. Larger libraries including universities and colleges concentrate sto in ‘open slack’ and put reading spaces nearby rahe han amongst sheng Formal arangementot iis often used in USA. ‘Atematve ‘closed acess’ allows no contact between readers ans books ‘except through staff via catalogue. This method used for major soir ational, large ty and county reference collections, or are ana value ‘books and 8s ‘back-up’ stoin any Hayy ‘closed stack ‘Specalsed/large lorries may have soparao eubject dept each with lenguly serve, calalogue should remain centralised unless commuter based, Reterence andioan section catalogues maybe avd SPACE STANDARDS ‘Appreciable differences to be found among rational and interaational _lhorties Following generaly bases on (FLA stangard: ‘Community libraries jocation Percentage ol ala acutlendng 27/910 40m srr) fers? 20 Sicten #9 (acer e0m?) Greuatow —ADEEEUTRST ST SHOT) sr teesraiere Senoes! Suid Sere neces Adult lending ppuaionseved Toi Teoria 3000 2009 100 S000 fom feo so000 a 2000 eo to SBA i ‘boo aS ese 0000 24000 560 tgs a 0000 Sem Soften mot 80000 44000, ‘660 ete oe 120008 sooo Teo children Foor at 75—100 m? for populations up to 10000, and 100-105 m? far 10000 0 20000 people Sass as for adults (see above) bt Goes not ‘include space for study/talkaystory hours’. Separate enrarce some- times provides; but contra becomes acu. Reference ‘Allow 10 2/1000 vol as lass need for generous ckeuaton. + study ‘pace o 2:32 m*/1 000 populaton, with some degree olprivacytoavoxd a 3 Sabana ema ewe 1 Relationships Bsoovel Arch T Lowe’ Ayunuiwoeg