LESSON 1: MONASTIC SUPREMACY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR- born on
AUGUST 30, 1850
-a propagandist, reformist
-uses TAGALOG language in his
works (PEN NAME: PLARIDEL)
-founder of DIARIONG TAGALOG (to
propagate democratic liberal ideas
among the FARMERS and
PEASANTS
- from KUPANG, BULACAN, a
PRINCIPALES
-LAWYER, one of INDIOS BRAVOS
-SATIRIST( uses humor/sarcasm)
-studied @ COLEGIO DE SAN
JOSE(where the father of Rizal
studied) and UST(where he finished
LAW in 1880)
-Mother: GATMAITAN (surname)-
GAT means part of royal fam
-Father: GOBERNADORCILLO
(which was the only highest position
for indios)
-he rejected the assimilationist stand
& began planning an ARMED
REVOLT
-”INSURRECTION IS THE LAST
REMEDY’’
-was an inspiration for BONIFACIO’S
KATIPUNAN
-died on JULY 4,1896 in
BARCELONA coz of
TUBERCULOSIS which was caused
by hunger & privation
 LA SOBERENIA MONACAL EN
FILIPINAS (MONASTIC SUPREMACY
IN THE PHIL)- 1st published in
BARCELONA, SPAIN in 1889 and
reprinted in MANILA in 1898
-a PAMPHLET or a small pin book
-translated by DR. ENCARNACION
ALZONA in 1957
-Its publication in SPAIN was hailed
by SPANISH LIBERALS & former
SPANISH ADMINISTRATORS in the
PH, including former GOVERNOR
GENERAL EMILIO TERRERO and
BENIGNO QUIROGA (former director
gen. Of the CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
in the PH
-denounced the FRIARS for their
wrong teachings which had resulted
in a life of poverty and misery of the
filipinos
 JOSE RIZAL- most cultured of the
reformist group called Del Pilar’s
work as one that had “NO CHAFT; IT
IS ALL GRAIN’’
 POLITICAL ASPECT
-The FRIARS control the status quo
of the country in defiance of the nation
and the institutions.
-the moderating power of parish
priest may be useful to society to
BALANCE & HARMONIZE the interest of
the people.
- to frighten the GOVERNMENT
w/the REBELLIOUSNESS of the PH, and
to frighten the PH w/the DESPOTISM of
the government
-the lack of union between the
people and government
-diversity of languages
-the privilege to vote is in the hands
of CURATE
-PUBLIC EDUCATION is 1 of the
most common aspirations of the
government and the filipinos
-the PERSONAL SECURITY of the
citizen is equally endangered by
MONASTIC POWER
-the danger to NATIONAL
INTEGRITY is the friar’s hobby of
imposing their preponderance in the
country.
-the CARDINAL was the 1 who will
takeover if wala ang GOV.
GENERAL/President
-1887, the government of LAGUNA
tried to get infos about the increase
income of the LANDS OF CALAMBA
belonging to the friars & found out that
the annual income of 5,000 php has been
sextupled amounting to more than 30k.
-PAPAL DECREE OF 2 MAY 1867
(TAX OF RELIGIOUS FESTIVALS) aimed
to relieve the filipino catholics of this
burden by reducing the # of feast days &
ordering each diocese have only 1
patron saint.
2 types of government during spanish
era
NATIONAL LOCAL
GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT
Governor General Gobernadorcillo
Cabinet members Cabeza de
barangay
DIRECT TAXES INDIRECT TAXES  Trade in RELIGIOUS OBJECTS
Personal cedula Markets -1 of the principal sources of income
Urban tax Vehicles of the monastic order
Industrial subsidy Horses  READY MADE BELT W/OUT
Municipal tax Stamps & PRIESTLY BLESSING- sold @ 4 or 5
Surcharges pesos a hundred
Provincial tax Slaughter of cattle  READY MADE BELT W/BLESSING &
Personal loan River tolls becomes an object of papal &
EPISCOPAL INDULGNCES- the orice
rises 100% at least
 RELIGIOUS ASPECTS  NEW MEMBER OF
-in performance of their duties, CONFRATERNITY- sold @ 62
the municipal officials depend on CENTS, FOUR EIGHTS OF A PESO
the PARISH PRIEST EACH BELT
-the essential requirement to  OLD CUSTOMER- it will go down
everything is the CURATE’S until 25 CENTS MINIMUM.
APPROVAL/SIGNATURE.
- the SIGNATURE of the
CURATE is necessary to the LESSON 2: TAXATION DURING SPANISH
CENSUS OF RESIDENTS, the PERIOD
CONSCRIPTION OF ELIGIBLE
YOUNG MEN, to FORMALIZE  2 REASONS WHY THE PH WERE
ACCOUNTS & OFFICIAL REQUIRED TO PAY TAXES
DOCUMENTS 1. As recognition of Spain’s
-to CONSODILATE THE sovereignty over the colonies
FRATERNITY between SPAIN & PH 2. To defray the expenses of
is the best defense of national PACIFICATION( the act of FORCIBLY
integrity; it’s Spain’s ideal, it is the suppressing hostility within colonies)
dream of the PH. and governance

 ECONOMIC ASPECT  REAL Y SUPREMO CONSEJO DE

LAS INDIAS (ROYAL AND SUPREME
COUNCIL OF THE INDIES)- made
GOVERNMENT MONASTERY
colonial laws on taxation.
Lack resources to Build grand
 RECOPILACION DE LEYES DE LOS
undertake public convents &
REYNOS DE LAS INDIAS (NEW
works spacious palace
WORLD)- where the laws were
for curates
embodied in the compilation of
Establishes legislations related to New world
primary school in -it was a 4-volume collection of laws
each town relating to the Indies w/c was
Find thousand The public pas in published in MADRID in 1861.
obstacles in return of
collecting taxes HEAVENLY  TAXES DURING THE SPANISH ERA
from tax-paying PROMISE
public 1. TRIBUTE/TRIBUTO- general tax
Worries about Overflowing with w/c amounted to 8 REALES.
meeting financial money Those who were required to pay
needs were;
Refrains from Friars invent every A. 18-50 YRS OLD MALES
creating new day new forms of B. CARPENTERS, BRICKLAYERS,
sources of revenue devotion BLACKSMITHS, TAILORS &
in order not to SHOEMAKERS
burden Filipino C. TOWN WORKERS SUCH AS IN
interest ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS & THOSE
Govt houses made Friar curates has WHOSE PUBLIC IN NATURE.
of light materials stable and
spacious place

2. SANCTORUM- tax in the amount

of 3 REALES.
-required for the cost of
CHRISTIANIZATION including the
construction of churches &
materials for religious celebrations.
3. DONATIVO- tax in the amount of
HALF REAL for the MILITARY
CAMPAIGN against the MUSLIMS.
-exclusively used for the SPANISH
FORT IN ZAMBOANGA
4. CAJA DE COMMUNIDAD- amount
of 1 REAL for the expenses of town in
construction of roads, bridges or
improvement of public bldgs.
5. SERVICIO PERSONAL (POLO Y
SERVICIOS)- form of forced labor
- all of able-bodied males from 16-60
yrs old were required to work in the
construction of BRIDGES,
CHURCHES & GALLEON SHIPS and
they were called POLISTA.
 POLISTA- were required to work for
40 days
 TAX REFORM ISSUED THRU A
ROYAL DECREE IN 1884- the # of
days were lowered to 15 days.
 FALLA/FINE- the ONLY way that a
polista can be freed
 GOBERNADORCILLO, CABEZA DE
BARANGAY & OTHER MEMBERS
OF PRINCIPALIA- were exempted
from forced laber and falla.
 4 REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE
1. CAGAYAN & DINGRAS REVOLTS
(1859)- occured on LUZON in the
provinces of CAGAYAN & ILOCOS
NORTE
-the revolt was triggered by the alleged
abuses of tax collectors.
-6 Tax collectors who arrived from
VIGAN were killed by the natives.
-GOV.GEN SANTIAGO DE VERA sent
colonial troops to pacify the rebels and
they were pardoned in the end.
2. AGUSTIN SUMUROY’S REVOLT (1649-
1650)- JUNE 1, 1649
-He was a WARAY from PALAPAG
(NORTHERN SAMAR) together w/his
followers revolted against the Spaniards
over the forced labor in SAMAR
-The revolt was triggered when the
TOWN MAYORS sent the WARAYS to the
shipyards in CAVITE for forced labor,
contrary to the announcement of the
government that all NATIVES SUBJECT
TO THE POLO WOULD NOT BE SENT TO
DISTANT PLACES FROM THEIR
HOMETOWN.
-they were responsible fro the death of
parish priest of Palapag.
-the revolt spread thru CEBU, MASBATE,
CAMIGUIN, BICOL, CAMARINES, ALBAY
AND ZAMBOANGA & SURIGAO IN
MINDANAO.
-they succeeded in establishing a REBEL
GOVERNMENT in the mountains of
Samar
-the death of Sumuroy on JUNE 1650 led
the defeat of the rebels
- DAVID DULA (his co-conspirator)
continued the quest but was wounded in
the battle years later and was killed in
PALAPAG, NORTHERN SAMAR.
3. FRANCISCO MANIAGO’S REVOLT
(1660-1661)
-was a KAPAMPANGAN, they were
against the tribute, forced labor and
RICE EXPLOITATION.
-they were made to work under unfair
condition for 8 MONTHS & were not paid
bcoz of this they set their CAMPSITE ON
FIRE- this was the start of revolt in
PANGASINAN.
4. ANDRES MALONG REVOLT (1660-
1661)
-was the MAESTRO DE CAMPO OF
BINALATONGAN (SAN CARLOS CITY,
PANGASINAN) was coaxed by Maniago
to revolt against the Spanish & led the
people of Pangasinan.
-hoped to be the KING OF PANGASINAN
as he assisted spaniards in governing
towns in his hometown but abandoned it
when the war broke out it PAMPANGA.
-after he succeeded he proclaimed
himself as the King.
 THE TAX REFORM 0F 1884
-one of the good reform w/c Spain
introduced in 19th century as provided by
the ROYAL DECREE OF MARCH 6, 1884
-has 2 IMPORTANT PROVISIONS;
A. Abolition of the hated tribute & its
replacement of cedula
B. Reduction of 40-day annual
forced labor to 15 days
 CEDULAS PERSONALES- first
issued based on RD OF 03/6/1884
- all residents over 18 yrs old were
required to obtain a cedula
 REMONTADOS D INFIELES- poll tax
of the Chinese who were the only
exemption in obtaining a cedula
 16 classes of cedula- all in all
 9 classes taxed- originally ranged
from1.50 php- 25 php
 TENTH, GRATIS- for priest, soldiers
& privileged classes
LESSON 3: AGRARIAN REFORM FROM
THE SPANISH ERA TO PRESENT
 LAND REFORM- aims to achieve
SOCIAL JUSTICE and full
development of HUMAN DIGNITY.
 TORRENS SYSTEM- created
problems that have far-reaching
effect onto early systems of
landholding.
-the nature inhabitants lost their
ancestral domains to the colonialist
1. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
 DATUS/CHIEFTAINS- rule the
settlements who compromised to
nobility
 MAHARLIKA (FREEMEN), ALIPING
MAMAMAHAY (SERFS) & ALIPING
SAGUIGUILID (SLAVES)
 Eveyone had access to the fruits of
the soil
 RICE- was the medium of exchange
2. SPANISH PERIOD (1521-1896)
 ENCOMIENDA- system of giving
lands(ROYAL LAND GRANTS) to the
Spanish conquerors who were loyal
to them.
 ENCOMENDEROS- must DEFEND
HIS ENCOMIENDA from EXTERNAL
ATTACK, MAINTAIN PEACE AND
ORDER WITHIN & SUPPORT THE
MISSIONARIES
-they collect taxes from the indios
- their role were TO TEACH
RELIGION, TO COLLECT TAX, TO
PROTECT THE LAND
3. AGRARIAN UPRISINGS (1745-46)
 AGRARIAN UNREST- one of the
reasons for the revolt of Filipinos
 AGRARIAN REVOLT- in BATANGAS,
LAGUNA & CAVITE.
-happened in the towns of LIAN &
NASUGBU, BATANGAS.
-grabbing of lands by the
RELIGIOUS ORDERS angered them &
demanded that their lands be returned
based on ANCESTRAL DOMAIN but the
Spanish priest refused w/c resulted to
RIOTS, MASSIVE LOOTING OF
CONVENTS & BURNING DOWN OF
CHURCHES & RANCHES
 BIÑAN, IMUS, SILANG, KAWIT,
BACOOR, SAN MATEO, TAGUIG,
PARAÑAQUE & HAGONOY- where
the uprising resonated
 KING PHILIP VI- appointed OIDOR
(judge of ROYAL AUDIENCIAS &
CHANCILLERIAS) PEDRO
CALDERON ENRIQUEZ to
investigate the charges againts the
religious orders & to ascertain the
validity of their titles
 FRIARS- were ordered to sumbit
their titles to a secular judge but
refused to comply, claiming
ECCLESIASTICAL EXEMPTION.
4. FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION 1899-
intended to confiscate friar lands
and large estates but was never
executed.
5. AMERICAN PERIOD(1898-1935)
 PHIL BILL OF 1902- w/c set the
ceilings on the hectarage of private
individuals to 16 hectares & 1,024
for corporations
 LAND REGISTRATION ACT OF 1902
(ACT. NO 496)- provided for a
comprehensive registration of land
titles under Torrens system
-did not completely solve the
problem because the land owners might
not have aware of the law or they could
not pay the survey cost in applying for
torrens title.
 PUBLIC LAND ACT OF 1903-
introduced HOMESTEAD SYSTEM in
the country
 TENANCY ACT OF 1933 (ACT. NO
4054 & 4113)- regulates
relationships between
LANDOWNERS & TENANTS OF
RICE (50-50 SHARINGS) & SUGAR
CANE LANDS)
6. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935-
1942)
 Pres. MANUEL L. QUEZON-
advocated the SOCIAL JUSTICE
program to block the increasing
social unrest in Central Luzon.
 1935 CONSTITUTION- for the
promotion of social justice to ensure
the well being & economic security
of all people.
 COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 178 MINDANAO
(AMENDMENT TO RICE TENANCY  RA #1199 (AGRICULTURAL
ACT #4045)- NOV 13, 1936 for certain TENNACY ACT OF 1954)- governed
controls in landlord-tenant the relationship between landowners
relationship & farmers by organizing share-
 NATIONAL RICE & CORN tenancy & leasehold system and
CORPORATION (NARIC) OF 1936- created the COURT OF AGRARIAN
established the price of rice & corn RELATIONS
that helped poor tenants 
 CW ACT #461- 1937 specified the
reasons for dismissal of tenants
only w/the approval of
TENANEXECY DIVISION of DOJ
 RURAL PROGRAM
ADMINISTRATION- MARCH 2, 1939
the purchase & lease of HACIENDAS
& their sale & lease to tenants
 CW ACT #441- JUNE 3, 1939 created
the NATIONAL SETTLEMENT
ADMINISTRATION w/a capital stock
of 20,000,000 MILLION PHP

7. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 WORLD WAR II- started in EU 1939 &
PACIFIC 1941
 HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA
HAPON (HUKBALAHAP) composed
of peasants & workers against
japanese
 PHIL INDEPENDENCE 1946- problem
in land tenure remained

8. MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)

 RA #34- established the 70/30
sharing arrangements & regulated
the SHARE-TENANCY CONTRACTS
 RA #55- for more effective safeguard
against ARBITRARY EJECTMENT
OF TENANTS

9. ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)

 EXECUTIVE ORDER #355- OCT 23,
1950 replaced the NATL LAND
SETTLEMENT ADMINIS to LAND
SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION (LADESCO) that
took over the responsibilities of
AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
EQUIPMENT CORP & RICE & CORN
PRODUCTION ADMINIS

10. RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)

 RA #1160 OF 1954- abolished the
LADESCO w/ NATIONAL
RESETTLEMENT &
REHABILITATION ADMINIS (NARRA)
to resettle DISSIDENTS &
LANDLESS FARMERS and aimed @
rebel returnees providing home lots
& farmlands in PALAWAN &