Introduction to Analytical

Chemistry

MAI ANUGRAHWATI
 What is Analytical Chemistry?
 Appropriate description of analytical chemistry is “. . . The
science of inventing and applying the concepts, principles, and .
. . strategies for measuring the characteristics of chemical
systems and species.”

 The craft of analytical chemistry is not in performing a routine

analysis on a routine sample (which is more appropriately called
chemical analysis), but in improving established methods,
extending existing methods to new types of samples, and
developing new methods for measuring chemical phenomena
 FOR EXAMPLE

 Here’s one example of this distinction between analytical chemistry

and chemi-cal analysis.
 Mining engineers evaluate the economic feasibility of extracting an ore
by comparing the cost of removing the ore with the value of its
contents.
 To estimate its value they analyze a sample of the ore. The challenge
of developing and validating the method providing this information is
the analytical chemist’s responsibility.
 Once developed, the routine, daily application of the method becomes
the job of the chemical analyst.
ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Analytical problems?
1. Qualitative Analysis
2. Quantitative Analysis
3. Determinations of chemical structure, equilibrium
constants, particle size, and surface structure are
examples of a characterization analysis.
4. A fundamental analysis, on the other hand, is
directed toward improving the experimental methods
used in the other areas of analytical chemistry.
 What is Analytical Chemistry?
Forensic Science

Medicine
Physics

Analytical
Science Biochemistry
Materials Science

Physical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
 Applications

 Fundamental Research
 The formulation of new drugs and the
examination of meteorites.
 Product Development
 Development of alloys and polymer composites.
 Product Quality Control
 Analysis of raw materials and finished products.
 Applications

 Monitoring and Control of Pollutants

 Heavy metals and pesticides.
 Assay
 The metal content of ores.
 Medical and Clinical Studies
 Indicators of physiological disorders.
 Food Analysis
 Labelling and provenance
 Glossary of Terms

 Accuracy  Detection Limit

 Analyte  Determination
 Assay  Equivalent
 Background  Estimation
 Blank  Interference
 Calibration  Internal Standard
 Concentration  Masking
 Constituent  Matrix
 Glossary of Terms

 Method  Sensitivity
 Precision  Standard
 Primary Standard  Standard Addition
 Procedure  Standardisation
 Reagent  Technique
 Sample  Validation
 Analytical Techniques

 Chemical analysis is an indispensable

servant of modern technology whilst it
partly depends on that modern technology
for its operation.

 The two have developed hand in hand.

 Analytical Techniques

 Classical Techniques

 Instrumental Techniques

 Historically derived and artificial

Analytical Techniques
Analytical Problems and their
Solution

 The solutions of all analytical

problems, both qualitative and
quantitative follow the same basic
pattern which can be described under
seven general headings.
Analytical Problems and their
Solution
 Choice of method
 Sampling
 Preliminary sample treatment
 Separations
 Final measurement
 Method validation
 Assessment of the results