Ramos, Aila Nicole C.

Analytical Chemistry
1MT-R Prof. Divina Palacio

1. Define analytical chemistry and its role in the industry, medicine, and all sciences.

Analytical chemistry is that branch of chemistry in which samples are analyzed in

order to determine their components qualitatively and quantitatively. On the other
hand, American Chemical Society (2020) defined the analytical chemistry as the
science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the
composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of
determining what matter is and how much of it exists. It plays an enormous role in our
society, such as in drug manufacturing, process control in industry, environmental
monitoring, medical diagnostics, food production, and forensic surveys. In the field of
medicine, analytical chemists help physicians diagnose diseases through clinical
chemistry — analyzing blood gases, enzymes, bacteria, and other medical samples.
Through pathology, analytical chemistry helps us understand disease through its
molecular makeup.

2. What are the divisions of analytical chemistry? Differentiate both in terms of their
purpose and give examples.

SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS OF THE ANALYSIS

This course deals with the problems of the spectroscopic methods used in the
analytical and physical chemistry. Theoretical foundations of the spectroscopy,
problems of the receiver and registration of the spectra are considered.
Example:
Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures.
Chromatography, Electrophoresis and Field Flow Fractionation are representative of
this field.

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

This course deals with the fundamental concepts of the development of the main
methods of electroanalytical chemistry (voltammetry, including polarographic and
stripping methods and techniques, potentiometry, including ion selective electrodes,
coy, the measurements of conductivity, dielcometry) and the instrumentation of
electrochemical analysis. The use of electrochemical methods of analysis, flow
analysis and electrochemical detectors and sensors are discussed.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS OF ANALYSIS

This course is devoted to the theoretical aspects of chromatographic methods of
analysis, to the different methods of separation and detection, to the analytical
characteristics of chromatographic methods of analysis, and to the scope of their
applications. Gas, liquid and ion-exchange chromatography principles and analytical
possibilities are discussed.

METHODS OF SEPARATION AND PRECONCENTRATION

Theoretical background of the main preconcentration methods are given: sorption,
solvent extraction, co-precipitation, evaporation, etc; as well as the principles of the
combining of the preconcentration with subsequent determination and applicati
reconcentration in solving practical analytical problems.

KINETIC METHODS, BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF

ANALYSIS
This course deals with the theoretical aspects of kinetic methods of analysis, the
measurements of the reaction rates, the metrological characteristics of catalysed and
non-catalysed methods, and the scope of their applications. Enzymatic, immunoec,
biological methods, biosensors, their sensitivity, selectivity, and the scope of
application are considered.

COMPLEX COMPOUNDS WITH INORGANIC AND ORGANIC REAGENTS

The investigation of metal complexes by modern methods of analysis, and general

aspects of their use in chemical analysis are considered.

3. What are the classifications of quantitative chemistry? Explain each and give
examples.
Gravimetric analysis: Here the said substance is precipitated into an insoluble form
which is filtered, dried and weight is measured as a function of quantity.

Ex: Barium sulfate + Sodium carbonate →Barium carbonate + Sodium sulfate.

Titrimetric analysis: Titration is a method wherein the volume of reagent required to

complete the reaction with the substance of interest is noted using reactions like acid-
base titration, oxidation-reduction, complex-forming or precipitation reactions.

Ex: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O. Once the reaction reaches completion, the
endpoint is indicated by a change in color of an indicator added in the reaction
mixture.

Amperometry: Here the sample which has the ability to conduct current is tested.
Wherein the current and time needed to complete an electrochemical reaction is
noted.

Potentiometry: Those substances which have an ability to oxidize or reduce are

measured by this technique. In potentiometry, the changes in potential or EMF due to
oxidation or reductive reaction are measured.

Conductimetry: Which considers the electrical conductivity as a function of the

quantity of substance of interest. Here the substance under test has the ability to
conduct and on the addition of reacting substance, the conductivity goes down
gradually till the endpoint. From there the conductance of externally added titrating
agent rises.

Fluorimetry: It is based on the ability of a sample to absorb and re-emit light of a

certain wavelength. When light is passed on to the sample at a specific wavelength,
the electrons in the atoms get into exited state. They come back to the ground state by
emitting light of a certain wavelength as fluorescence.

4. What are the different steps in quantitative analysis? Explain each.

1. Theory
The fact that quantitative research starts off with theory signifies the broadly
deductive approach to the relationship between theory and research in this tradition.
The sociological theory most closely associated with this approach is Functionalism,
which is a development of the positivist origins of sociology.

2. Hypothesis
It is common outlines of the main steps of quantitative research to suggest that a
hypothesis is deduced from the theory and is tested. However, a great deal of
quantitative research does not entail the specification of a hypothesis, and instead
theory acts loosely as a set of concerns in relation to which social researcher collects
data.

3. Research design
The next step entails the selection of a research design which has implications for a
variety of issues, such as the external validity of findings and researchers’ ability to
impute causality to their findings.

4. Operationalising Concepts
It is a process where the researcher devises measure of the concepts which she wishes
to investigate. This typically involves breaking down abstract sociological concepts
into more specific measures which can be easily understood by respondents.

5. Selection of a Research site or sites

With laboratory experiments, the site will already be established, in field experiments,
this will involve the selection of a field-site or sites, such as a school or factory, while
with survey research, site-selection may be more varied. Practical and ethical factors
will be a limiting factor in choice of research sites.

6. Selection of Respondents
Step six involves ‘choosing a sample of participants’ to take part in the study – which
can involve any number of sampling techniques, depending on the hypothesis, and
practical and ethical factors.
7. Data Collection
In cross-sectional research using surveys, this will involve interviewing the sample
members by structured-interview or using a pre-coded questionnaire. For
observational research this will involve watching the setting and behaviour of people
and then assigning categories to each element of behaviour.

8. Processing Data
This means transforming information which has been collected into ‘data’. With some
information this is a straightforward process – for example, variables such as ‘age’, or
‘income’ are already numeric.

9. Data Analysis
The researcher uses a number of statistical techniques to look for significant
correlations between variables, to see if one variable has a significant effect on
another variable.

10. Findings and Conclusions

On the basis of the analysis of the data, the researcher must interpret the results of the
analysis. It is at this stage that the findings will emerge: if there is a hypothesis, is it
supported? What are the implications of the findings for the theoretical ideas that
formed the background of the research?

11. Writing up Findings

The research must be written up. The research will be writing for either an academic
audience, or a client, but either way, a write-up must convince the audience that the
research process has been robust, that data is as valid, reliable and representative as it
needs to be for the research purposes, and that the findings are important in the
context of already existing research.

5. What is feedback control system? Explain its importance in chemical analysis.

A feedback control system is a system whose output is controlled using its
measurement as a feedback signal. This feedback signal is compared with a reference
signal to generate an error signal which is filtered by a controller to produce the
system's control input. It is significant because analytical results may be used to help
control a patient's health, to control the quality of a product, and to determine the
status of a synthesis.

Reference/s:

American Chemical Society. (n.d.). Analytical Chemistry. Retrieved from

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-
chemistry/analytical-chemistry.html

Bergquist, J. & Turner, C. (2018). Analytical chemistry for a sustainable society –

trends and implications. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-018-1036-4

Chemistry Department. (n.d.). Analytical Chemistry Division. Retrieved from

http://www.chem.msu.su/eng/chair/anal.html

Study Read. (2019). Quantitative analysis chemistry definition, methods & examples.
Retrieved from https://www.studyread.com/quantitative-analysis-chemistry/

Thompson, K. (2017). The steps of quantitative research. Retrieved from

https://revisesociology.com/2017/11/26/the-steps-of-quantitative-research/