SOMALIA

Simon Nti Nzie

Rani Jobara
Gabriel Rocha Belloni
Corina H Cortez Oliveros
Christian Lara
Chiara Guidetti
Area:
637.000 kmq
SOMALIA
Background 1
= France, CAR, ½
Colombia, slightly smaller
than Bruma (678.000)

Urbanization:
Urban population: 37.7% of total population
GDP (purchasing power parity): (2011)
$5.896 billion (2010 est.) Rate of urbanization: 3.79% annual rate of
country comparison to the world: 165 change (2010-15 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): Ethnic groups:
$600 (2010 est.) Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15%
country comparison to the world: 225 (including 30,000 Arabs)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: Languages:
agriculture: 59.3% Somali (official), Arabic (official, according to the
industry: 7.2% Transitional Federal Charter), Italian, English
services: 33.5% (2012 est.)

Human Development Index (HDI) : 0.285 (max. 1.0)

165 out of 170 countries in the 2010 Global Human Development Report
• education is the lowest at 0.118
• income at 0.253
• health slightly higher at 0.486
Life expectancy in Somalia is 50 years, u from 47 in 2001.
Multidimensional poverty index (MPI) 0.47 out of 1, placing Somalia at 94 out of 104 countries
 SOMALIA
Background 2

Population: 0-14 years: 44.3% (male 2,270,282/female 2,273,506)

10.2 Millions 15-24 years: 18.9% (male 978,197/female 955,253)
= Dominican 25-54 years: 31% (male 1,643,803/female 1,538,723)
Republic, Belgium, 55-64 years: 3.5% (male 165,408/female 188,992)
Bolivia, 2 x CAR, ¼ 65 years and over: 2.3% (male 93,434/female
Colombia 143,970) (2013 est.

Births Death rates Maternal mortality rate:

41.45 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
14.22 deaths/1,000 population (2013
est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
1,000 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 3
Infant mortality rate:
total: 101.91 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 3
 SOMALIA
Background 3

School life expectancy (primary

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write
to tertiary education):
total population: 37.8%
total: 3 years
male: 49.7%
male: 3 years
female: 25.8% (2001 est.)
female: 2 years (2007)

Births Death rates Maternal mortality rate:

41.45 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
14.22 deaths/1,000 population (2013
est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
1,000 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
country comparison to the world: 3
Infant mortality rate:
total: 101.91 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 3

Dependency ratios:
total dependency ratio: 100.1 %: A high total dependency ratio indicates that the working-age
population and the overall economy face a greater burden to support and provide social
services for youth and elderly persons, who are often economically dependent.
youth dependency ratio: 94.4 % : A high youth dependency ratio indicates that a greater
investment needs to be made in schooling and other services for children (0-14)
elderly dependency ratio: 5.7 %: low life expentancy and low part of the population (65 +)
 SOMALIA
Background 4

Young people have been one

of the worst-afflicted groups to
YOUTH suffer inter-generational
PEOPLE historical exclusion.
& WOMEN At the same time, in recent
years, they have become the
largest population cohort.

Already, youth are major actors in the conflict,

constituting the bulk of the participants in militias and
criminal gangs, including Al-Shabaab.
Somalia HRD Report 2012
 SOMALIA
Background 5

Somalia ranks second to Afghanistan as

the worst country worldwide for women.
YOUTH Gender Inequality Index (GII) 0.773
PEOPLE Ranked globally, this places Somalia at the
fourth lowest position, just above Yemen, Mali,
& WOMEN Afghanistan and Papua New Guinea

High fertility rates, estimated at 6.2 births per woman between 2010 and 2015.
Over 70 percent of Somalis are under the age of 30;
6.17 children born/woman (2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3

All interventions should aim for gender transformation through strategic actions that
end unequal power relations between men and women.
 SOMALIA
Background 5

Land as a source of conflict

Traditionally, pastoral land has been
communal property under the control of
clans and sub-clans, and not individuals,
ENVIRONME while agricultural land was allocated to
NTAL ISSUES households by village elders without clearly
defined property rights. The clans and sub-
clans have often fought over the use of
these resources; traditional conflict
resolution mechanisms were used to settle
disputes.
But this traditional system of conflict
resolution came under stress during Siad
Barre’s regime, after he introduced a new
land registration law in 1975
The End of Environmental Regulation
The collapse of the central government authority meant the end of all environmental
regulations in Somalia.
 Brief conflict analysis
Poverty + inequality + exclusions = Armed/Violent Conflict
"Economic development cannot promote sustainable peace without actions to promote effective governance and security and vice-versa.
Spoilers
Horizontal inequality Commanders
Identity based on VIOLENT/ARMED CONFLICT External Actors (Al
Collective deprivation RELIGIOUS and CLAN IDs Characteristics: Qaeda, and other
exclusion GRIEVANCES
- Happens along clan lines, BUT neighboring countries
NOT on clan identity. Proxy War ERI, ETH,
- Struggle between clans are USA)
Frustration Aggressive
INEQUALITIES shaped by leaders to pursue
ECONOMIC Behavior (GREEDY Drivers
control of resources and power.
SOCIAL individuals) Women
POLITICAL - AL SHABAB PROFILE (below)
Communities
Opportunities for Religious Leaders
rebellion Clan Leaders
Vertical inequality AL SHABAB
internal/external stress
Individual relative CONFLICT PROFILE
deprivation GREEDS DOMINANT FACTORS/ Neighbors involvement
-ANTI-WESTERN/IMPERIALIST VISION
Roots of the Conflict -RELIGIOUS COMPONENT GLOBAL & Foreign intervention
JIHAD
Extreme Poverty -SHARIA LAW
A. Historical and political factors (State collapse, -LINKS TO AL QAEDA AU peace keeping
Demographic youth governance failure, legacy of past violence, RELIGIUOS -PROXY WAR (ERI-ETH)
bulge & unemployment Uganda
conviction,) Burundi
B. Underdevelopment, economic stagnation and chronic
Adverse Ethiopia
poverty
Underdevelopment Consequences/Impacts Djibouti
Ineffective governance C. Inequalities at different levels of society and across
groups Sierra Leone
Human Security ILLEGAL TRADE
D. Demographic uncovered needs (youth, women) Kenya
PIRACY
E. Natural Resources Pressures TERRORIST ATTACKS
F. Geopolitical pressures
G. Exclusions (socio-cultural economic, political) at
different levels (individuals, groups, households,
communities)
Group motivation (GRIEVANCE)
Private motivation (GREED)
Enviromental stress
State/governance failure
Based on Steward 2002 and Ostby 2003
 SOMALIA DD
Demobilization of 15000
Ex-Combatants in Somalia.
Four mobile Demobilization
Sites in four provincial capitals (Chisimayu,
Garbahaarrey, Beledweyne and Gaalkacyo)
and one Static Demobilization Site
In Mogadishu.

Jan. - Feb: Chisimayu

Mobile Demobilization site:
Monitoring and Evaulation

Gaalkacyo 2500 Ex-Combatants

March – April: Mogadishu
Mobile Demobilization site:
Beledweyne 2500 Ex-Combatants

May – June: Garbahaarrey

Mobile Demobilization site:
Garbahaarrey 2500 Ex-Combatants
July. – Aug: Beledweyne
Static Demobilization site:
Mogadishu 5000 Ex- Combatants
Sep. – Okt: Gaalkacyo
Mobile Demobilization site:
Chisimayu 2500 Ex-Combatants
 Previous activities:
DDR PROCESS
Pre-assesment
Staffing
Weapon collection
Policy Design (DDR Commission)

Explosive disposal and destruction pits

DISARMAMENT

Registration point
Management facilities (camp management, ID cards office,
Registration Screening for age
Marital status
GENDER Pre-registration
Health screening Profiling
Orientation and councelling COMMUNICATION Protection
Logistics
Recreational site SECURITY Assessment
Information Management DEMOBILIZATION
IM
Weapon storage Career Development
Staff facilities M&E
Kitchen. Food (halal) Education
Families’ accommodation (Shelter) REINTEGRATION Vocational training
DO NO HARM
Health Apprenticeship on-the job
Sex segragated facilities Social
Approppriate dress code Life Skills
Praying rooms CHILDREN & YOUTH
Economic
Drug rehab
Communication
WASH (toilets with enough space for easy washing before prayers)
Political Legal issues - Land Property
“Education” Strategies (eco, poli, soc)

Employability

Job Creation placement

Family Grants
Loans
tracking
ICC

Reunification
 I: Armed forces, groups and
individuals to participate in DDR
A.Somaliland National Armed Forces known as the Ciidanka Qaranka. (Main military forces in
Somaliland).
- Headquarters: Hargeisa Berbera
- Composed of two active military branches viz; the army and the navy.
- Based in the region within Somaliland, notably Shimibirale in Sanaag, Lowiye’adho in the
Djibouti border, Burao and Lasanod in the disputed region of Sool.
- Size: 28, 000 – 35,000 Soldiers
B. DARWIISH (Puntland Armed Force)
- Location: Puntland
- Affiliate: Darood Clan
- Somalia Arabic
- Created: 1998 to present
- Population: 28,000
C. Somalia National Armed Force (SNAF)
- Federal Government
- South of Somalia
Approximately: 35, 000 – 40,000
 II: GROUPS
1, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen (HSM) + Al Quda + Boko Harams (Religious groups)
- Location: Mogadishu & Southern Somalia
- Affiliation: Multi-clan
- Interest: Sharia Law
- Creation: 2007–present
- Population: approximately 5,000

2, civil society doing DDR activities (for secondary data information

 III: Individuals
- Ex-militiamen.
- Size; Not known because almost all militias are based at home.
 Profile of Al-Shabab
Estimated between
Composed by ethnic
5,000 to 7,000 fighters, Links to Eritrean
Somalis and foreign
plus 10,000 militants Government
combatants
(Assessment needed)

Presence of CAAGF
Offshoot of the Islamic
(boys and girls).
Court Union (ICU) Links to Al-Qaeda
Estimated on 30%,
created in 2006.
assessment needed.

Against the TFG and Supporters in the

Strong religious
allies/supporters Somali diaspora and
component. Own
(Ethiopia, Kenya, AU, muslim communities
version of Sharia Law.
UN etc.) abroad

Leaders invested in
carrying out a global Fighters mostly male
jihad
 Profile of Al-Shabab members

165 out of 170 countries in the

2010 Global Human
General profile of AS Profile of general population: Development Report
members:
37% literacy (+15 age) education is the lowest at
Young
3 years of school life 0.118
Single expectancy income at 0.253
Agriculture High risk of major infectious health slightly higher at 0.486
Poor diseases
Illiterate Mild HIV risk
Life expectancy in Somalia is 50
years, up from 47 in 2001.
 Special Needs Groups

Foreign
children
Parents of Foreign
CAAFG Disability Drug addicts WAAFG Widows Mercenaries Abductees associated Commanders
dead CAAFG fighters
with the
armed conflict
 Assumptions
• UNDP and USAID is already working with
criminals.
• Process/project is group-specific targeting Al-
Shabab.
• Donor risk: conflict economy, piracy, lack of
banking infrastructure,
• Creation of a DDR fund administered by the
DDR committee.
 Assumptions
National Strategies:
-Somalia Compact “ New Deal” (budget engagement form International Community,
about 1.800 Million Euro)
-the Federal Government’s Economic Recovery Plan (ERP).
-Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
-National Security and Stabilization Plan for 2011-2014 which emphasized the need to
develop programs for disengaged fighters.
-National Disengagement Framework which would operate at several levels:
international, federal, district, and local community.
-National Programme on Disengaged Combatants and youth

UN / AU / EU :
-UNSOM
-AMISOM
-UNDP RoL and Security Programme

Current relevant processes:

-Youth @ Risk for Change Program
- build upon the outcomes and impact of the programme to de-stabilize and
lower the appeal of Al Shabab leaders for youth Somali.
- District safety Committees
 Strategic approach:
• Target: 15,000 (5,000 – 7,000 fighters, plus 10,000 PAAFG).
• Children targeted Programme
• Scope of programs: The DDR of XCs into societies in order to improve the security
and wellbeing conditions of local communities and the society at large.
• Partners and actors: National and regional governments, national NGOs, civil
society organizations, religious leaders, international organizations, international
NGOs, DDR committee, line-ministries, national security forces.
• Eligibility criteria: All fighters and people including women and children related to
the armed group as well as receiving communities.
• Reintegration approach: Economic and social (religious component)
• Key risks & obstacles: Re-insertation into armed groups, arms trafficking, insecurity
(i.e. piracy). Obstacles: poverty, lack of infrastructure and services, insecurity, clan
system.
• Key positive factors: Use of Quran as a vehicle of peace. Clan system. Pre-existing
peace processes (institutions) in Somalia.
 Receiving communities
• Approach: Community-based reintegration
• Use of District Safety Committees (to become
Community Councils) and previous XCs who
have been formally reintegrated into
communities.
• Phased approach to DD looking to facilitate
reintegration + SSR component (police)
looking to avoid security vacuum.
• Use of clan identities. Strong solidarity.
• Lack of services.
 Host country issues:
• Corruption
• Lack of rule of law
• Lack of governance
• Lack of national identity, fragmentation into local
governments.
• Transitional government
• SALW: Community disarmament, if applicable.
• Expected outcomes:
Successfully reintegrated XCs.
Successfully reunified CAAFG with their families.
Community self-sufficiency
Increase trust with governmental institutions
Improve human security
Increase stability
Fortified institutions
Partners and actors:
• UNSOM
• AMISOM
• DDR National Committee
• Al-Shabab leaders and members
• TFG: Ministry of Interior and National Security (MINS), Parliament, Somali National Security Services
(NISA), Ministry of Justice (MOJ), Ministry of Public Service Development (MOPSD), Ministry of
Communication & Information (MOCI), Ministry of Gender Development & Family Affairs, Ministry of
Youth & Sports, Ministry of Regional Cooperation, Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement, Ministry
of Reconciliation and Diaspora, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of
Justice, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Demobilisation and Militia Training,
Ministry of Constitutional Affairs & Federalism.
• XCs
• Victims
• Civil Society
• Religious Leaders
• Private Sector
• Local NGO’s
Operational approach:
• Public information and awareness: Use of local radio stations,
local newspapers, flyers, campaigns, billboards, mobile-van-
speakers, ad in religious advertisement. Use of entertainment
(comedians, musicians etc).
• Targeting families and receiving communities. Messaging
should be focused on children re-insertation, community
building and re-insertment.
• Manage expectations (communities vs XCs)
• Use of adverstising strategies.
• Use of telecommunication for public information and
reintegration purposes.
• Weapon management and destruction:
DD in camps
Documentation of weapons
Destruction should be supervised by both national
government, group representative and international
community
Eco-friendly destruction
Heavy weapons will be given to the national government
Light weapons can be destroyed in symbolic rituals.
Use of weapons to create artistic creations for the community.
 Screening/verification
• DDR committee: composed by the national
and local government officials, community
representatives, members of the community
council.
• Foreign combatants: Language and cultural
test
• Weapons use test
• Community verification
• Children*
 SSR
• Partial-unification of regional armies into a
unified legal framework.
• Partial autonomy of regional armies.
• +18 XCs can opt into joining the police force in
order to avoid the security vacuum.
 Reintegration: Approach
• Approach: Community-based Reintegration
• Argumentation: High percentage of
combatant legitimacy, lack of infrastructure,
ethic/clan system, combatants live in their
communities.
 Education
Based on screening process
DDR
- Enrollment of XC’s in public schools. Night
shifts with accelerated learning.

RR Children
- Enrollment of children in public schools.
Component of accelerated learning.
 Social Reintegration
Institutionalizing District Safety Committees in community councils
reconciliation and peace building; project development; peace and political
culture; social values; cultural activities for social reintegration; social services
identification and monitoring ; liaison with national DDR and information point;
outreach and communication)

Life skills training (conflict resolution, self esteem, anger and stress
management, effective communication, cognitive skills) – use of sports, music,
cultural activities as tools for personal and community development

Psychological support and trauma healing : religious leader/elders

Sensitization on gender equality

Special needs: drugs rehabilitation; “different abilities” approach

Special programme: ICC

Preparation for Social Reintegration
Capacity building of :
-Local district safety committees and Community Councils
-Psychological “first aid” mentor/facilitator

Building or reconstruction of:

-Multipurpose space for “R” activities (to be used for community activities as
well)
 Economic Reintegration
Assumptions 1 (main findings of the assessment):

Agriculture: 40% GDP; and 65% workforce

Bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; fish
 Land issues; agriculture value chains (processed fruits)

Livestock is the mainstay of the economy and is estimated to create about 60 percent of Somalia’s job
opportunities and 40% of its GDP. The export of livestock and meat generates 80% of foreign currency
 Hides/leather processing; meats processing
Manufactory/Industries: a few light industries, including sugar refining, meat processing, fish canning,
textiles, wireless communication, machinery sold as scrap metal.
 Aluminum and cans (New Coca Cola factory)

Services: Telecommunication, money transfer/remittance services

 Telecommunications/communications and media, wireless industry, administration, finance

Natural resources: Uranium, iron one, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas
Potential producer of oil
 Natural Resources Management

Export: livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal, sugar refined, Frankincense, myrrh
Import: manufactured products, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials

Public Sector: need of trained professional resources

 Economic Reintegration
Assumptions 2 (main findings of the assessment):
Labor force: Low education levels ; Low employability levels
General country need for Infrastructures / boost economy:
• health posts (1 per 15.200 people in 2009)
• schools
• roads and transports
• improved drinking water sources (urban: 66% of population; rural: 7% of population; total: 29% of
population
• Improved Sanitation facilities (urban: 52% of population; rural: 6% of population; total: 23% of
population)
Specific PSD need for Infrastructures
• Transportations/roads
• Plants / processing/ storage sites
Specific PSD need for services > capacity development
• Business providers; Credit institutions; Technical assistance / expertise
• Employment services / ministry of labor / youth /education and training
Lessons and info from previous DDR Programs [R component]:
• Specific skill already trained:
More in: auto mechanic; auto electric; electrical; tailoring; autobody work;
Less in: administration, carpentry, auxiliary nurse, welding, auto paint;
• Longer Business stream before the vocational training (more than 2 months)
• Longer vocational training (more than 10 months; recommended 16 months)
• Higher monthly payment for training providers
• More equipment/tools for trainings sites
 Economic Reintegration
Referral Vocational
Completing
system Formal
Training or
Secondary/Ter
(ICRS): provides Education /
permanent counseling tiary education
ASLP
“life project”; life skills scholarships
training; case-by-case (certificate)
monitoring

Community Economic
Vocational Training
Recovery
- Initial job coaching and preparation
• Macro level: Macro
- Oriented choice between:
projects with public-
1. Business training (value chain oriented) + phased
private partnerships
grant/loan + business start up support and mentoring
• Micro Level:
2. Specific skills (market oriented) +
Community-based
apprenticeship/internship + employment
projects for the local
community, involving
Secondary/Tertiary education combatants and local
• Scholarship + 2 years work in Somalia (public or private sector) workers and ex
combatants
 Economic Reintegration

Some Recommendations:
• Providing technical assistance to private
sector development (business studies,
etc.)
• Contracting local business for public Special Needs
works, including clause for employing
ex combatants Groups:
• Use community networks and • Children: ICC
traditional systems to access to credit
and monitor it (e.g. Hawala is a • Women
traditional way of transferring money
that is based on trust
• Commanders
Preparation for Economic Reintegration
Programming for Individual Reintegration
•Supporting implementation of public policies:
“Somali Compact” and the Federal Government’s Economic Recovery Plan (ERP) set priorities
which are in line with findings form our assessment (1. productivity of high priority sectors and
related value chains, including rehabilitation and expansion of critical infrastructure; 2. youth
employment through job creation and skills development; 3. Promote the sustainable
development and management of natural resources.
•Carrying out an Opportunities Mapping (2+4 months)
Communities characteristics; Demands of employment, goods and services; Value chain niches or
development [ex. meat processing; fish canning; (natural) leather processing; essential oils
(sustainable extraction), etc.], Necessary skills for these opportunities?, Personal profiles of individuals
to be reintegrated?; Services available and their capacities?; Cross cutting issues to be considered:
Natural resources (risks and opportunities); Gender (analysis of gender relations and
recommendations for special needs); children and youth.
•Organizing and realizing capacity development of relevant ministries, service providers, business
hosting sites/trainers and organizations
•Negotiation with private sectors and businessmen (letting them preparing for the programme)
•Setting up Information, Counseling and Referral System ICRS including gradual hand over to
ministry/local organization [once closed the DDR programme should be working in full regime]
•Providing necessary infrastructures and equipment for the implementation of the programme
•Eligibility: priority for Ex combatants; the services will be integral part of the Ministry of Labor (MoL)
 Political Reintegration
• Inclusion of civic education in social
reintegration process.
• Focused on civil-society capacity building.
• Contribute to election monitoring 2016.
 Preparation for Monitoring and
Evaluation
• Baseline study by local NGO’s financed
partially by Government and UN system.
Managed by the OCVP.
• Entry and exit questions comparison on the
subjects of: government, arms/violence,
society, gender, faith.
• Target indicators: 1) Participant satisfaction, 2)
Community perception of the process, 3)
Relevance of job skills training, 4) Social Skills.
Type of M & E Descriptions Monitoring and Evaluation
will be developed in
different structures and
fases established as
following
Instruments Period Content of the Monitoring
Periodic internal Weekly Report for Number of Combatants
evaluations: direct Disarmament, and attending the
observation, questionaire Demobilization, Monthly Disarmament Call, Number
Report for Reintegration and % of weapons, % and
type of weapons handled,
% of XC demobilized,
Initialization and End of
activities and % of goals
accomplished
Reporting and Analysis Validation Participation
Progress Report Spot-Check Visit, Field Security Committee, Staff
visits, Appliance of Members
Questionaire

Work Plans External Monitoring,

Evaluations, Internal External Consultant
Monitoring

Combined Delivery Reports

Client surveys, Evaluations, Focus Groups Meetings,
External Monitoring, Field Stakeholders Meetings,
Visits Outcome groups, Security
Committees
 Financing and Budget
• Presence of UNSOM and AMISOM.
• Possible major donors: High Level Conference
“A New Deal for Somalia” pledged 1,845.49
million euros in 2013.
• Major EU donors: UK, Sweden, European
Commission and Denmark.
• Bilateral donors: USA, Turkey, Switzerland and
Norway.
Budget

Total Costs: 120,000,000 USD

Item 1: 12,000,000 USD
Item 2: 12,000,000 USD
Item 3: -
Item 4: 6,000,000 USD
Item 5: -
Item 6: 6,000,000 USD
Item 7: 12,000,000 USD
Item 8: 60,000,000 USD
Item 9: 18,000,000 USD
 Transitional Justice
• Partial amnesties for leaders. Somalia has not signed
the Rome Statute of the ICC.
• Creation of community-based truth initiatives.
• Religious ceremonies for reconciliation and
forgiveness.
• Community based reparations coordinated by the
Community Councils.
• Can not guarantee “no repetition”.
 DDRR: +Repatriation
- Carry out negotiation with countries of origin for
foreign combatants. (Kenya, Eritrea, Djibouti,
Afghanistan, Iraq, US, UK etc..)
- DDR will take place in Somalia.
- Voluntary repatriation
- Reunification of XCs.
- Family tracing and reunification for foreign CAAFG.
- Coordination with UNHCR for XCs that can be
recognized as refugees.