A

MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON

“Study various types of strain measuring devices”

In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma in

Mechanical Engineering

Submitted To

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,

Mumbai

Submitted By

NAME Roll No.

Aher Abhishek J. 53

Gophane Dipak R. 54

Khatal Rushikesh R. 55

Satpute Vishal R. 56

Under The Guidance of

Prof.Pande A.M.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AMRUTVAHINI POLYTECHNIC, AMRUTNAGAR

TAL-SANGAMNER, DIST-AHMEDNAGAR, (M.S.) INDIA-422608

 Amrutvahini Sheti and Shikshan Vikas Sanstha’s

AMRUTVAHINI POLYTECHNIC, SANGAMNER

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that,

Aher Abhishek J.

Gophane Dipak R.

Khatal Rushikesh R.

Satpute Vishal R.

has satisfactorily carried out and completed the Micro Project work entitled.

“STUDY VARIOUS TYPES OF STRAIN MEASURING DEVICES”

This work is being submitted for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering .

It is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the prescribed syllabus of MSBTE, Mumbai

For the academic year 2018-2019

Prof. Milind Ingole Prof .Pande A.M.

(H.O.D.) (Guide)

MICRO PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

 MSBTE ,MUMBAI

Micro Project Entitled

“STUDY VARIOUS TYPES OF STRAIN MEASURING DEVICES"

Submitted By
Aher Abhishek J.

Gophane Dipak R.

Khatal Rushikesh R.

Satpute Vishal R.

Is approved for the Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Prof. Milind Ingole Prof. Pande A.M.

(H.O.D.) (Guide)

Date:
Place: Sangamner

M.E.M. MICROPROJECT
 Title of Micro-project
Study of different types of Strain measuring instruments.
1.0 Rationale:
Strain is an type of force/torque quantity hence comes under
the measurement of force/torque measurement.

2.0 Aim/Benefits of micro-project:

To understand the Strain, forces, and there effects and
understand principle of strain measurement.

3.0 Course outcomes achieved

CI402.02.To understand the force, torque measurement
devices.

4.0 Literature review

Principle of Strain Gages The strain gage is tightly bonded to a
measuring object so that the sensing element (metallic resistive foil) may
elongate or contract according to the strain borne by the measuring
object. When bearing mechanical elongation or contraction, most metals
undergo a change in electric resistance. The strain gage applies this
principle to strain measurement through the resistance change.
Generally, the sensing element of the strain gage is made of a copper-
nickel alloy foil. The alloy foil has a rate of resist-ance change
proportional to strain with a certain constant.
The following different kind of strain gauges are available in the
market:
 Linear strain gauges.
 Membrane Rosette strain gauges.
 Double linear strain gauges.
 Full bridge strain gauges.
 Shear strain gauges.
 Half bridge strain gauges.
 Column strain gauges.
 45°-Rosette (3 measuring directions)

5.0 Actual Methodology followed

First we will form the four students group for micro project.
Then finalized topic with mutual discussion under guidance of
teacher. As topic finalized, we will try to search available
resources and information related to micro project. Next step
will be to select suitable resource and information collection
from it. After that we will take readings, measurement of
job/machine component by using suitable resource.

Report preparation and finalization of it under guidance of

teacher. Then there will be presentation of micro project to
subject teacher. Report submission will be done after necessary
correction if given by teacher.
6.0 Resources Required
Name of
Sr.
resources / Specification Qty. Remark
No.
material
1 Internet www.google.com 1 -
Reference Mech. Engg.
2 1 -
books Measurements
3 Visit to site Wikipedia,Quora 1
7.0 Outputs of micro-project
A strain gauge (also spelled strain gage) is a device used to
measure strain on an object. Invented by Edward E.
Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of
strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which
supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object
by a suitable adhesive, such as cyanoacrylate. As the object is
deformed, the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to
change. This resistance change, usually measured using
a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known
as the gauge factor.

A. Full-Bridge strain gauge

In applications where such complementary pairs of strain gauges can
be bonded to the test specimen, it may be advantageous to make all
four elements of the bridge “active” for even greater sensitivity. This
is called a full-bridge circuit:
Unlike the Wheatstone and Kelvin bridges, which provide
measurement at a condition of perfect balance and therefore
function irrespective of the source voltage, the amount of source (or
“excitation”) voltage matters in an unbalanced bridge like this.
Therefore, strain gauge bridges are rated in millivolts of imbalance
produced per volt of excitation, per unit measure of force. A typical
example of a strain gauge of the type used for measuring force in
industrial environments is 15 mV/V at 1000 pounds. That is, at exactly
1000 pounds applied force (either compressive or tensile), the bridge
will be unbalanced by 15 millivolts for every volt of the excitation
voltage. Again, such a figure is precise if the bridge circuit is full-
active (four active strain gauges, one in each arm of the bridge), but
only approximate for half-bridge and quarter-bridge arrangements.

Strain gauges may be purchased as complete units, with both strain

gauge elements and bridge resistors in one housing, sealed and
encapsulated for protection from the elements, and equipped with
mechanical fastening points for attachment to a machine or structure.
Such a package is typically called a load cell.

B.45°-Rosette (3 measuring directions)
A strain gauge rosette is a term for an arrangement of
two or more strain gauges that are positioned closely
to measure strains along different directions of the
component under evaluation. Single strain gauges can
only measure strain effectively in one direction, so the
use of multiple strain gauges enables more
measurements to be taken, providing a more precise
evaluation of strain on the surface being measured.

C. Shear strain gauges.
The shear strain (γ) is determined by measuring the strain at a
45° angle, as shown in Figure E. The modulus of shear strain (G)
= E/2 (1 + μ). Therefore, strain gauges used in a shear
strain configuration can be used to determine vertical loads (Fν);
this is more commonly referred to as a shear beam load cell,
shear strain gauges are specially developed for manufacturing
precision force and torque transducers which employ shear beam
working principle. For the purpose of this specific application, the
shear strain gauges are temperature and creep compensated, and
they can be either encapsulated or open-faced according to the
requirement.
The karma gauges can be manufactured with effective modulus
compensation (EMC). The EMC gauges are mostly for
manufacturing low-cost force transducers, because with the EMC
gauges the manufacturers can eliminate the use of compensation
resistors and achieve the sensitivity compensation.

8.0 Skill Developed:-

1. Communication Skills.
2. Leadership Skills.
3. Teamwork Skills.
4. Persuasion Skills.
5. Interrogation techniques.
6. Intel about strain measuring devices.

9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project:-

1.Toknow various types of strain measuring instruments.
2.To understand the principle of strain measurement.
3.To understand strain gauges.