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Chap 5. Beam Analysis and Design PDF
Chap 5. Beam Analysis and Design PDF
Chapter 5
Most economical beam - the member the satisfy all the design criteria
having smallest cross-sectional area
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 2
Beam Design Criteria and Definitions
Beam Span L
Lateral Stability
1. Beam may buckle due to
compressive bending
𝑙𝑒 𝑑
𝑅𝐵 =
𝑏2
b = beam thickness
d = beam depth
le = effective unbraced length
= based on unbraced length, type of span, loading condition and lu/d ratio
The formula is result of the column studies of Ylinen and is confirmed by the work done
at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) as part of a unified treatment of combined axial
and bending loads for wood members.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 12
Laterally Supported Beam and Shear Stress
Laterally Supported Beam, CL = 1.0 𝑉
𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
𝐴
𝑃, 𝑤, 𝐿
max ∆ = 𝑓
𝐼, 𝐸 ′
Deflection is checked under live load alone (ΔLL) or combination of dead and
live loads (ΔTL).
𝐦𝐚𝐱 ∆𝑳𝑳 ≤ 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. ∆𝑳𝑳
𝒎𝒂𝒙 ∆𝑻𝑳 ≤ 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘. ∆𝑻𝑳
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 14
Deflection
𝑤𝐿4
max ∆ =
8𝐸′𝐼
→ 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑤
𝑅1 ′
𝑅1
𝑓𝑐⊥ = ≤ 𝐹𝑐⊥ → 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≥ ′
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝐹𝑐⊥
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 17
Example 1 (Analysis of Rough Sawn Beam)
Rough-sawn Beam Solution (Example 1)
Determine if the 6 x 14 rough-sawn beam in
figure below is adequate to support the given 1. Reactions and shear and bending moment
loads. The member is 63% stress grade Dao diagrams
(from moderately high strength group). The
load combination is D + L. Lateral buckling is
prevented. The beam is exposed to weather
condition under normal temperature.
7.2 k 7.2 k
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 18
Example 1 (Analysis of Rough Sawn Beam)
2. Section properties 3. Check Bending
For 2x12:
CF = 1.0
We assumed correct CF.
Thus,
Fb’ = 1725 psi
M = Mmax = 1164756.348 lb-in Look for members having nearest S (Trial Sections)
1. 10x22 (9.5x21.5)
Fb’ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCiCL A = 204.3 in2 | S = 731.9 in3 | I = 7868 in4
CD = 1.0 (load combination is D+L) 2. 10x24 (9.5x23.5)
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) A = 223.3 in2 | S = 874.4 in3 | I = 10270 in4
Ct = 1.0 (normal temperature) 3. 12x20 (11.5x19.5)
Ci = 1.0 (no incision) A = 224.3 in2 | S = 728.8 in3 | I = 7106 in4
Cfu = 1.0 (default: edgewise loading) 4. 12x22 (11.5x21.5)
Cr = 1.0 (not repetitive member) A = 247.3 in2 | S = 886.0 in3 | I = 9524 in4
CL = 1.0 (assume for now) 5. 14x20 (13.5x19.5)
CF = 1.0 (no size yet, assume for now) A = 263.3 in2 | S = 855.6 in3 | I = 8342 in4
(Assume timber for G1) Try 10x22 (one with smallest area)
Fb’ = 1600(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) → With cross section above, solve CF.
Fb’ = 1600 psi → This serves as temporary CF. 34
Example 2 (Part 2: Design of G1)
fb = M/S Sreqd = M/Fb’
Fb’ = M/Sreqd Sreqd = 1164756.348 / 1600
Sreqd = M/Fb’ Sreqd = 727.97 in3
Bearing parallel to the grain, fc ≤ Fc* Bearing perpendicular to the grain, fc⊥ ≤ Fc⊥’
𝑃 𝑃
𝑓𝑐 = ≤ 𝑓𝑐⊥ = ≤ 𝐹𝑐′⊥
𝐴 𝐴𝑏
𝐹𝑐 * ′
𝐹𝑐 ∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 43
Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain
𝑃
𝑓𝜃 =
𝐴𝑏
𝑓𝜃 = bearing at an angle to grain
= bearing at the sloped rafter
𝑃 = reaction at the beam or header support
𝐴𝑏 = contact area or bearing area
'
𝒇𝜽 ≤ 𝑭𝜽⊥
𝐹𝐶∗ 𝐹𝐶⊥
′
𝐹𝜃 ′ = ∗ 2 ′
𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 2 𝜃
𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the
grain of the sloped member excluding stability
factor
′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to
the grain of the sloped member
𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction
or bearing stress and the direction of the grain
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design (of the member being considered) 44
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
The sloped rafter shown is supported on a
ridge beam at the ridge line and on the exterior stud
wall. The reaction from dead load plus the roof live
load on the rafter at the exterior stud wall is 1800 lb.
Required:
1. 𝐹𝐶⊥′
for the top plates, 𝐹𝜃′ for the rafter
2. 𝑓𝜃
3. 𝑓𝐶⊥
4. Adequacy of the rafter connection
Ab = 1.5(3.5)
Ab = 5.25 in2 Rafter: 2x8 -> 1.5x7.25 Ab = 5.25 in2
~ 12 in
Rafter and top Top plates: 2x4 -> 1.5x3.5
plate have same
contact area No. 1 spruce-pine-fir:
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝑝𝑠𝑖
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 47
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝟏. 𝒂. 𝑭′𝑪⊥ for the top plate R = 1800 lb
No. 1 spruce-pine-fir
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) normal temperature
Ct = 1.0 (normal temp) dry service conditions
Ci = 1.0 (default: assume no incision)
Cb: length of bearing along the grain = 1.5 in < 6 in Required:
Distance from member end is ~12in > 3 in (the rafter is 1. 𝐹𝐶⊥ ′
for the top plates, 𝐹𝜃′ for the rafter
not located at the end of the stud wall) 2. 𝑓𝜃
3. 𝑓𝐶⊥
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 1.5 + 0.375 4. Adequacy of the rafter connection
𝐶𝑏 = = = 1.25
𝑙𝑏 1.5
Rafter: 2x8 -> 1.5x7.25 Ab = 5.25 in2
′ Top plates: 2x4 -> 1.5x3.5
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Top plate 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25
No. 1 spruce-pine-fir
Top plate 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟓𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝑝𝑠𝑖
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 48
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝟏. 𝒃. 𝑭′𝜽 for the rafter
𝟏. 𝒂. 𝑭′𝑪⊥ for the top plate
∗ ′
′ 𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶⊥
CM = 1.0 (dry service condition) 𝐹𝜃 = ∗ 2 ′ 2
→ 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
Ct = 1.0 (normal temp) 𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 𝜃
Ci = 1.0 (default: assume no incision) Where:
Cb: length of bearing along the grain = 1.5 in < 6 in 𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the grain of the
Distance from member end is ~12in > 3 in (the sloped member excluding stability factor
′
rafter is not located at the end of the stud wall) 𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
of the sloped member
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 1.5α + 0.375 𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction or bearing
𝐶𝑏 = = = 1.25 stress and the direction of the grain
𝑙𝑏 1.5
′ ~ 12 in 𝑭′𝑪⊥ :
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Top plate 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25 CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
Top plate 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟓𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 Cb: Distance from member end is > 3 in (based on the
figure)
Length of bearing along the rafter?
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 49
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 𝟏. 𝒃. 𝑭′𝜽 for the rafter
𝐶𝑏 =
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏 = 3.5/ cos 𝛼 𝐹𝐶∗ 𝐹𝐶⊥
′
−1
6 𝐹𝜃′ = ∗ 2 ′ 2
→ 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
cos 𝛼 = cos tan = 0.894427191 𝐹𝐶 sin 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐶⊥ cos 𝜃
12
Where:
𝑙𝑏 = 3.913118961 𝑖𝑛 < 6in
𝐹𝐶∗ = allowable bearing stress parallel to the grain of the
3.913118961 + 0.375
𝐶𝑏 = = 1.096 3 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 sloped member excluding stability factor
3.913118961 ′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = allowable bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
This is incorrect. Cb is not applicable for bearing stress
of the sloped member
at notched part of the member. Thus, Cb = 1.0.
𝜃 = angle between the direction of the reaction or bearing
′ stress and the direction of the grain
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
Rafter 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 425 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
′ 𝑭′𝑪⊥ :
Rafter 𝑭𝑪⊥ = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
∗
𝑭𝑪 : Cb: Distance from member end is > 3 in (based on the
∗
𝐹𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 figure)
∗
𝐹𝐶 = 1150 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 Length of bearing along the rafter?
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 50
Example 3 (Bearing Stress at an Angle to Grain)
𝑙𝑏 + 0.375 CM , Ct , Ci = 1.0
𝐶𝑏 =
𝑙𝑏 CD = 1.25 (roof live load)
𝑙𝑏 = 3.5/ cos 𝛼 CF = 1.05 (Table 4A)
6
−1
cos 𝛼 = cos tan = 0.894427191 𝐹𝐶∗ = 1150 1.25 1.0 1.05 1.0 1.0
12
𝑙𝑏 = 3.913118961 𝑖𝑛 < 6in 𝑭∗𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
3.913118961 + 0.375 6
𝐶𝑏 = = 1.096 3 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝜃 = 90 − tan−1 = 63.43494882°
3.913118961 12
This is incorrect. Cb is not applicable for bearing stress ′ 1509.375 425
𝐹𝜃 =
at notched part of the member. Thus, Cb = 1.0. 1509.375 sin2 63.43° + 425 cos 2 63.43°
4x14 → 3.5x13.25
Select Structural Red Maple 𝒘𝑫𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕 → beam self weight
Fb = 1300 psi 𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 11.27 15 2 2000 15
Fv = 210 psi 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + = +
8 4 8 4
Fc(perp) = 615 psi 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7816.97 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 ∙ 𝒊𝒏
E = 1700 ksi, Emin = 620 ksi
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 52
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
wDL wDL
𝐹𝑏∗ = FbCDCFCMCtCrCfuCi
∴ The beam is adequate against bending stress.
𝐹𝑏∗ = 1300 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑭∗𝒃 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 psi
Check Shear
𝐹𝐵𝐸 2064.6827453 𝑉
= = 1.5882174964 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
𝐹𝑏∗ 1300 𝐴
2084.525
𝐹 𝐹𝑏𝐸 2
𝐹𝑏𝐸 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖
1 + 𝑏𝐸 1 + 46.38
𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐹𝑏∗
𝐶𝐿 = − − 𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
1.9 1.9 0.95
𝑪𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑 (3 decimal) 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝐹𝑣′ = 210 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑣 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲
𝐹𝑏′ = 𝐹𝑏∗ 𝐶𝐿 = 1300 0.933
𝑭′𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊 ∴ The beam is adequate against shear stress.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 56
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
Check Deflection 𝑀
15×12
𝑓𝑏 =
Allow ∆𝐿𝐿 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑆
360 93803.625
𝑓𝑏 = = 𝟗𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝐹𝑏′ = 1212.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖 OK
𝑃𝐿3 2000 15 × 12 3 102.4
∆𝐿𝐿 = =
48𝐸 ′ 𝐼 48𝐸 ′ 678.5
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 1700 1.0 1.0 1.0 ∴ The beam is adequate against bending stress.
𝐸 ′ = 1700 𝑘𝑠𝑖
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏 < 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 Check Shear
𝑉
Allow ∆ 𝑇𝐿 =
15 12
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑓𝑣 = 1.5
240 𝐴
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿 2084.525
𝑓𝑣 = 1.5 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖
46.38
11.27 4
5𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝐿4 5 12 15 × 12
∆𝐷𝐿 =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼
= 𝐹𝑣′ = 𝐹𝑣 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
384𝐸 ′ 678.5
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.011129424 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏 < 0.75𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 𝐹𝑣′ = 210 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > 𝑓𝑣 = 67.42 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲
∴ The beam is adequate against LL & TL deflection. ∴ The beam is adequate against shear stress.
9/10/2019 Beam Analysis and Design 57
Analysis of Sawn Beam: Laterally Unsupported
Check Deflection Check Bearing
15×12 𝑅
Allow ∆𝐿𝐿 = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
360
𝑃𝐿 3
2000 15 × 12 3 𝐴𝑏
∆𝐿𝐿 = = 2084.525
48𝐸 ′ 𝐼 48𝐸 ′ 678.5 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐸 ′ = 𝐸𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 = 1700 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 3.5
𝐸 ′ = 1700 𝑘𝑠𝑖
′
∆𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏 < 0.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲 𝐹𝐶⊥ = 𝐹𝐶⊥ 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑏
′
𝐹𝐶⊥ = 615 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Allow ∆ 𝑇𝐿 =
15 12
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝑭′𝑪⊥ = 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 199 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑶𝑲
240
∆ 𝑇𝐿 = 0.5∆𝐷𝐿 + ∆𝐿𝐿
∴ The beam is adequate against bearing stress.
11.27 4
5𝑤𝐷𝐿 𝐿4 5 12 15 × 12
∆𝐷𝐿 = =
384𝐸 ′ 𝐼 384𝐸 ′ 678.5
∆𝐷𝐿 = 0.011129424 𝑖𝑛
∆𝑻𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝒊𝒏 < 0.75𝑖𝑛 𝑶𝑲