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Chap 7. Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces PDF
Chap 7. Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces PDF
Chap 7. Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces PDF
Compression
• Columns, wall studs, truss members
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = ≤ 𝐹𝑡′
𝐴𝑛
One row of bolts
𝑇 = applied tensile force
𝐴𝑛 = net area at the critical section
1
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − 𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 + 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
16
Two rows of bolts
𝐹𝑡′ = adjusted allowable stress for tension
7/8” + 1/16”
2160 − 540
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 5122.89
sin 18.43°
𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 18.43° = 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃
1080
540 (180 × 6)
1080 1080
5122.89 180 × 3
4860 = 𝐹𝐴𝐹 540 540
𝜃 = 18.43°
2160
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 7
Axial Tension Only
D+L = 25+20 = 45 psf 𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
Spacing = 4 ft 𝐶𝐷 = 1.25 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑤𝐷+𝐿 = 45(4) = 180 lb/ft 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑡 = 1.0 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
2160 − 540 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 5122.89 𝐶𝐹 = 1.4 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝐹
sin 18.43°
𝐹𝐴𝐹 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 cos 18.43° = 𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝐹𝑡 = 550 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 1
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
540
5122.89 𝑇 4860
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = ′= = 5.049350649 𝑖𝑛2
4860 = 𝐹𝐴𝐹 𝐹𝑡 962.5
𝜃 = 18.43° 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438
Trial Sections:
2160 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
1. 2 × 4 → 5.250
11/5/2019
4. 1 × 10 → 6.938 8
Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 4: 𝐹𝑡′ = 𝐹𝑡 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
𝑇 𝐶𝐷 = 1.25 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑓𝑡 = 𝐶𝑀 = 1.0 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑛
1 1 𝐶𝑡 = 1.0 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐴𝑛 = 5.25 − + 1.5 = 4.40625 𝐶𝑖 = 1.0 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 16
4860 𝐶𝐹 = 1.4 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝐹
𝑓𝑡 = = 1103 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐹𝑡 = 550 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 1
4.40625
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝐶𝐹 = 1.5
𝑇 4860
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝒇𝒕 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = =′ 962.5 = 5.049350649 𝑖𝑛2
𝐹𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Trial Sections: 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438
1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
11/5/2019 9
4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 4: 𝐹𝑡′ = 550 1.25 1.0 𝐶𝐹 1.0 1.0
𝑇
𝑓𝑡 = Trial Sections:
𝐴𝑛
1 1 1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
𝐴𝑛 = 5.25 − + 1.5 = 4.40625 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438 4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
2 16
4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 1103 𝑝𝑠𝑖 Try 1 × 8:
4.40625
1 1 3
𝐴𝑛 = 5.438 − + = 5.016125
𝐶𝐹 = 1.5 2 16 4
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝒇𝒕 4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 969 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5.016125
𝐶𝐹 = 1.2 → 𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 10
Axial Tension Only
Try 2 × 5: Ag = 6.750 𝐹𝑡′ = 550 1.25 1.0 𝐶𝐹 1.0 1.0
1 1
𝐴𝑛 = 6.750 − + 1.5 = 5.90625 Trial Sections:
2 16 1. 2 × 4 → 5.250 3. 2 × 5 → 6.750
4860
𝑓𝑡 = = 823 𝑝𝑠𝑖 2. 1 × 8 → 5.438 4. 1 × 10 → 6.938
5.90625
Try 1 × 8:
𝐶𝐹 = 1.4
1 1 3
𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 > 𝑓𝑡 𝑂𝐾 𝐴𝑛 = 5.438 − + = 5.016125
2 16 4
4860
Use 2x5 for 𝑓𝑡 = = 969 𝑝𝑠𝑖
5.016125
member AF 𝐶𝐹 = 1.2 → 𝑭′𝒕 = 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊 < 𝑓𝑡
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 11
Axial Tension + Bending
Design Checks
1. Tension on the Net Area 5
2. Tension on Gross Area
3. Bending
4. Bending + Tension 4
5. Possible compression (Bending -
Tension)
1 2
5. Possible compression
- This check is done when the resultant of 𝑓𝑏𝑐
minus 𝑓𝑡 is [positive] or compression
𝑓𝑏𝑐 − 𝑓𝑡 ≤ 𝐹𝑏∗∗
757.47
757.47 757.47
378.735 378.735
= 2064.9
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 15
Axial Tension + Bending
𝑤 = 27.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4233.615 𝑙𝑏
4233.615 4233.615 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16500 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
757.47
757.47 757.47
378.735 378.735
= 2064.9
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 16
TRIAL SECTIONS (Sreqd = 11.418 in3, Ag,reqd = 3.594 in2)
1. 2x8 (1.5x7.25)
CF =1.2 (Fb) CF =1.2 (Ft)
Ag = 10.88 | Sxx = 13.14
2. 3x6 (2.5x5.5)
CF =1.3 (Fb) CF =1.3 (Ft)
Ag = 13.75 | Sxx = 12.60
3. 1x12 (0.75x11.25)
CF =1.0 (Fb) CF =1.0 (Ft)
Ag = 8.438 | Sxx = 15.82
4. 2x10 (1.5x9.25)
CF =1.1 (Fb) CF =1.1 (Ft)
Ag = 13.88 | Sxx = 21.39
(please check attached pdf file for continuation of the solution for this problem)
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 17
Axial Compression Only
x y For a certain column or
compression member,
buckling only occurs in one
axis. And is determined by
the governing slenderness
ratio.
𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒
𝑟 𝑑
General For Rectangular
Slenderness ratios
𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑥 𝑙𝑥 𝐾𝑒𝑥 𝐿
= =
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑒 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑦 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝐿/2
= =
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0
SIDESWAY PREVENTED SIDESWAY 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
OCCURS
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 22
Axial Compression Only
Important:
The sheathing provides full lateral support in the
weak axis of each stud. Thus, 𝑙𝑦 = 0 forcing
buckling about the strong axis.
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 32
Axial Compression Only
Example 7.6: 𝑙𝑥 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡
Determine the capacity of a stud wall shown 𝑑𝑥 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛
assuming it only carries vertical load combination 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
of roof live and dead loads.
The stud wall is composed of 2x4 member spaced 𝑙𝑒 4 𝑙𝑒
16” o.c. It is made of mixed maple stud. = 32 = 76
𝑑 𝑥 7 𝑑 𝑦
Assume dry service and normal temperature
condition, use 𝑙 = 9.5′ and do not consider the ′
bearing at the bottom and top plates. 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
= 370000 1.0 1.0 1.0
′
Important: 0.822𝐸 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 370000
𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 2 =
The sheathing provides full lateral support in the 𝑙𝑒 4 2
32
weak axis of each stud. Thus, 𝑙𝑦 = 0 forcing 𝑑 7
buckling about the strong axis. 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 286.68 𝑝𝑠𝑖
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 33
Axial Compression Only
𝑙𝑥 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑦 = 9.5 𝑓𝑡
𝐹𝑐∗ = 𝐹𝑐 𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
= 350 1.25 1.05 1.0 1.0 1.0 𝑑𝑥 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑦 = 1.5 𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑐∗ = 459.375 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐾𝑒𝑥 = 1.0 𝐾𝑒𝑦 = 1.0
𝐹𝑐𝐸
∗ = 0.62407 𝑙𝑒 4 𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑐 = 32 = 76
𝑐 = 0.8 𝑑 𝑥 7 𝑑 𝑦
𝐶𝑃 = 0.515
𝐹𝑐′ = 𝐹𝑐∗ 𝐶𝑃 = 236.58 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ′
𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑀 𝐶𝑡 𝐶𝑖
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐′ 𝐴 = 370000 1.0 1.0 1.0
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹𝑐′ 5.25 = 1242 𝑙𝑏 ′
0.822𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.822 370000
𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = =
1242 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑒 2
4 2
𝑤= = = 931 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 32
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 16" 𝑑 7
Of combined roof 𝐹𝑐𝐸 = 286.68 𝑝𝑠𝑖
live and dead load
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 34
Axial Compression + Bending
Beam-Column Elements
-structural members subjected to
combined compression and bending
1
← 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑏𝑥
1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
𝑓𝑐
2
1 𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 → General Interaction
+ ′ + ≤ 1.0 Formula for Combined
𝐹𝑐′ 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑥 ′ 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑏𝑥 2
Compression and
𝐹𝑏𝑦 1− −
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝐸 Bending (if no eccentric
axial force)
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 37
Axial Compression + Bending
General Interaction Formula
- This includes the effects of moments induced by transverse loads,
eccentricity and P-Δ effect
6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑐
2 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐 1 + 0.234 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+
𝐹𝑐′ ′
𝐹𝑏𝑥 1 − 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑥
2
6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑦 + 𝑓𝑐 6𝑒𝑦 /𝑑𝑦 1 + 0.234 𝑓𝑐 /𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 + 0.234 𝐹𝑏𝐸
+ 2
≤ 1.0
6𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑐
′ 𝑓𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝐹𝑏𝑦 1− −
𝐹𝑐𝐸𝑦 𝐹𝑏𝐸
Example 7.7:
Determine if 2x8 dimension lumber is adequate as top chord of a truss. The axial force
and bending load is shown. Use no. 1 and btr DF-L and assume normal temperature and
dry service condition. Connections will be made with a single row of ¾-in diameter bolts.
The top chord is braced laterally throughout its length by roof sheathing. The trusses are
4-ft o.c. The governing load combination is D+S.
11/5/2019 Wood Members Under Axial and Bending Forces 39
Axial Compression + Bending
A = 10.88
S = 13.14