Engineer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search
For other uses, see Engineer (disambiguation).
Engineer
Kitty Joyner - Electrical Engineer - GPN-2000-001933.jpg
Kitty Joyner, an American engineer, in 1952
Occupation
Names Engineer
Occupation type
Profession
Activity sectors
Applied science
Description
Competencies Mathematics, science, design, analysis, critical thinking,
engineering ethics, project management, engineering economics, creativity, problem
solving, (See also: Glossary of engineering)
Education required
Engineering education
Fields of
employment
Research and development, industry, business
Related jobs
Scientist, architect, project manager, inventor, astronaut
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design,
analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures and materials to
fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limitations
imposed by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.[1][2] The word engineer
(Latin ingeniator[3]) is derived from the Latin words ingeniare ("to create,
generate, contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").[4][5] The foundational
qualifications of an engineer typically include a four-year bachelor's degree in an
engineering discipline, or in some jurisdictions, a master's degree in an
engineering discipline plus four to six years of peer-reviewed professional
practice (culminating in a project report or thesis) and passage of engineering
board examinations.

The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their
subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life.[1]

Contents
1 Definition
2 Roles and expertise
2.1 Design
2.2 Analysis
2.3 Specialization and management
3 Types of engineers
4 Ethics
5 Education
6 Regulation
7 Perception
7.1 UK
7.2 France
7.3 North America
7.4 Asia and Africa
7.5 Corporate culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Definition
In 1961, the Conference of Engineering Societies of Western Europe and the United
States of America defined "professional engineer" as follows:[6]

A professional engineer is competent by virtue of his/her fundamental education and

training to apply the scientific method and outlook to the analysis and solution of
engineering problems. He/she is able to assume personal responsibility for the
development and application of engineering science and knowledge, notably in
research, design, construction, manufacturing, superintending, managing and in the
education of the engineer. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied
and not of a routine mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of
original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical and
administrative work of others. His/her education will have been such as to make
him/her capable of closely and continuously following progress in his/her branch of
engineering science by consulting newly published works on a worldwide basis,
assimilating such information and applying it independently. He/she is thus placed
in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or
its applications. His/her education and training will have been such that he/she
will have acquired a broad and general appreciation of the engineering sciences as
well as thorough insight into the special features of his/her own branch. In due
time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice and to assume
responsibility for the direction of important tasks in his/her branch.

Roles and expertise

Design
Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design
process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems,
conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing
solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on
researching, locating, applying, and transferring information.[7] Indeed, research
suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information
behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.[8]

Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the
solution that best matches the requirements and needs. Their crucial and unique
task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order
to produce a successful result.

Analysis

Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954

Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or
maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and
elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain
quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects.
Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects.
Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and
processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism
under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design
into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component
of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and recombining the components.
They may analyze risk.[9][10][11][12]

Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test
how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts,
to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.

Specialization and management

NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era
Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines.[1] Numerous
specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major
branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example,
includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering
include ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Mechanical engineering
cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics.
Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one
type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.[1]

Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is,
the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these.
Research[8][13] suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers'
work: technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development),
social work (i.e., interactive communication between people), computer-based work
and information behaviours. Among other more detailed findings, a recent work
sampling study[13] found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in
technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work.
Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work,
with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work,
37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66%
in non-technical and non-social.

Engineering is also an information-intensive field, with research finding that

engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information
behaviours, including 14.2% actively seeking information from other people (7.8%)
and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).[8]

The time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the
competencies required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers’ core
technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their
personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success
in the role.[14]

Types of engineers
Main article: List of engineering branches
There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific
technologies and products. Typically, engineers will have deep knowledge in one
area and basic knowledge in related areas. For example, mechanical engineering
curricula typically includes introductory courses in electrical engineering,
computer science, materials science, metallurgy, mathematics, and software
engineering.

When developing a product, engineers typically work in interdisciplinary teams. For

example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least
three types of engineers. A mechanical engineer would design the body and
actuators. An electrical engineer would design the power systems, sensors,
electronics, embedded software in electronics, and control circuitry. Finally, a
software engineer would develop the software that makes the robot behave properly.
Engineers that aspire to management engage in further study in business
administration, project management and organizational or business psychology. Often
engineers move up the management hierarchy from managing projects, functional
departments, divisions and eventually CEOs of a multi-national corporation.

Branch Focus Related sciences Products

Aerospace engineering Focuses on the development of aircraft and spacecraft
Aeronautics, astrodynamics, astronautics, avionics, control engineering,
fluid mechanics, kinematics, materials science, thermodynamics Aircraft,
robotics, spacecraft, trajectories
Architectural engineering and building engineering Focuses on building and
construction Architecture, architectural technology Buildings and bridges
Biomedical engineering Focuses on closing the gap between engineering and medicine
to advance various health care treatments. Biology, physics, chemistry,
medicine Prostheses, medical devices, regenerative tissue growth, various safety
mechanisms, genetic engineering
Chemical engineering Focuses on the manufacturing of chemicals and chemical
production processes Chemistry, thermodynamics, process engineering,
nanotechnology, biology, medicine Chemicals, petroleum, medicines, raw materials,
food and drink, genetic engineering
Civil engineering Focuses on the construction of large systems, structures, and
environmental systems Statics, fluid mechanics, soil mechanics, structural
engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering Roads, bridges,
dams, buildings, structural system, foundation, earthworks, waste management, water
treatment
Computer engineering Focuses on the design and development of computer hardware
& software systems Computer science, mathematics, electrical engineering
Microprocessors, microcontrollers, operating systems, embedded systems,
computer networks
Electrical engineering Focuses on application of electricity, electronics, and
electromagnetism Mathematics, probability and statistics, engineering ethics,
engineering economics, instrumentation, materials science, physics, network
analysis, electromagnetism, linear system, electronics, electric power, logic,
computer science, data transmission, systems engineering, control engineering,
signal processing Electricity generation and equipment, remote sensing, robotics,
control system, computers, home appliances, Internet of things, consumer
electronics, avionics, hybrid vehicles, spacecraft, unmanned aerial vehicles,
optoelectronics, embedded systems
Industrial engineering Focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of
production, logistics, and service systems and processes Operations research,
engineering statistics, applied probability and stochastic processes, automation
engineering, methods engineering, production engineering, manufacturing
engineering, systems engineering, logistics engineering, ergonomics quality
control systems, manufacturing systems, warehousing systems, supply chains,
logistics networks, queueing systems, business process management
Mechatronics engineering Focuses on the technology and controlling all the
industrial field Process control, automation Robotics, controllers, CNC
Mechanical engineering Focuses on the development and operation of energy systems,
transport systems, manufacturing systems, machines and control systems Dynamics,
kinematics, statics, fluid mechanics, materials science, metallurgy, strength of
materials, thermodynamics, heat transfer, mechanics, mechatronics, manufacturing
engineering, control engineering Cars, airplanes, machines, power generation,
spacecraft, buildings, consumer goods, manufacturing, HVAC
Metallurgical engineering/materials engineering Focuses on extraction of metals
from its ores and development of new materials Material science, thermodynamics,
extraction of metals, physical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, nuclear
materials, steel technology Iron, steel, polymers, ceramics, metals
Mining engineering Focuses on the use of applied science and technology to
extract various minerals from the earth, not to be confused with metallurgical
engineering, which deals with mineral processing of various ores after they have
already been mined Rock mechanics, geostatistics, soil mechanics, control
engineering, geophysics, fluid mechanics, drilling and blasting Gold, silver,
coal, iron ore, potash, limestone, diamond, rare-earth element, bauxite, copper
Software engineering Focuses on the design and development of software systems
Computer science, information theory, systems engineering, formal language
Application software, mobile apps, websites, operating systems, embedded
systems
Ethics
Main article: Engineering ethics

The Challenger disaster is held as a case study of engineering ethics.

Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers, and the
profession. Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes
of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering
discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members
pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be
governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the
principles of business ethics.[15][16][17]

An engineer receiving his Order of the Engineer ring

Some graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the
iron ring or Engineer's Ring, a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn
on the little finger of the dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada
with The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, where the ring serves as a symbol
and reminder of the engineer's obligations to the engineering profession. In 1972,
the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members
of the Order of the Engineer.

Education
Main article: Engineering education
Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering
specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life
sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied
accounting. A design course, often accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or
both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not
directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or
humanities, also are required.

Accreditation is the process by which engineering programs are evaluated by an

external body to determine if applicable standards are met. The Washington Accord
serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic engineering
degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major
national engineering bodies. In the United States, post-secondary degree programs
in engineering are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology.

Regulation
Main article: Regulation and licensure in engineering
In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power
plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved
by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled professional engineer is
a license to practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal letters; PE or
P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European engineer (EUR ING) in
Europe. The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated profession but the
control of the titles of chartered engineer (CEng) and incorporated engineer (IEng)
is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict
requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title CEng is in use in
much of the Commonwealth.

Many skilled and semi-skilled trades and engineering technicians in the UK call
themselves engineers. A growing movement in the UK is to legally protect the title
'Engineer' so that only professional engineers can use it; a petition[18] was
started to further this cause.

In the United States, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and

practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensure is generally attainable
through combination of education, pre-examination (Fundamentals of Engineering
exam), examination (professional engineering exam),[19] and engineering experience
(typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses professional
engineers. Currently, most states do not license by specific engineering
discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use
professional judgment regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured
approach of the professional societies. Despite this, at least one of the
examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular
discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination
which comes closest to their respective expertise. In the United States, an
"industrial exemption" allows businesses to employ employees and call them an
"engineer", as long as such individuals are under the direct supervision and
control of the business entity and function internally related to manufacturing
(manufactured parts) related to the business entity, or work internally within an
exempt organization. Such person does not have the final authority to approve, or
the ultimate responsibility for, engineering designs, plans, or specifications that
are to be incorporated into fixed works, systems, or facilities on the property of
others or made available to the public. These individuals are prohibited from
offering engineering services directly to the public or other businesses, or engage
in practice of engineering unless the business entity is registered with the
state's board of engineering, and the practice is carried on or supervised directly
only by engineers licensed to engage in the practice of engineering.[20] In some
instances, some positions, such as a “sanitation engineer”, does not have any basis
in engineering sciences. Although some states require a BS degree in engineering
accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) of Accreditation Board
of Engineering and Technology (ABET) with no exceptions, about two thirds of the
states accept BS degrees in engineering technology accredited by the Engineering
Technology Accreditation Commission (ETAC) of ABET to become licensed as
professional engineers. Each state has different requirements on years of
experience to take the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Professional
Engineering (PE) exams. A few states require a graduate MS in engineering to sit
for the exams as further learning. After seven years of working after graduation,
two years of responsibility for significant engineering work, continuous
professional development, some highly qualified PEs are able to become
International Professional Engineers Int(PE). These engineers must meet the highest
level of professional competencies and this is a peer reviewed process. Once the
IntPE title is awarded, the engineer can gain easier admission to national
registers of a number of members jurisdictions for international practice.[21]

In Canada, engineering is a self-regulated profession. The profession in each

province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the
Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of
post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in
ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional
Engineers and Geoscientists (APEGBC)[22] in order to become a Professional Engineer
and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice
engineering.

In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey, and elsewhere the title is limited by
law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is
illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who both hold an engineering
degree and have passed a professional qualification examination (Esame di Stato).
In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are
regulated and certified by the Ordem dos Engenheiros. In the Czech Republic, the
title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (masters) degree in chemistry,
technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the
academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year
engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after
completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological
Educational Institute (TEI).

Perception

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying

the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original
research should be removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)
The perception and definition of the term 'engineer' varies across countries and
continents.

19th-century engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel by the launching chains of the SS

Great Eastern
UK
British school children in the 1950s were brought up with stirring tales of "the
Victorian Engineers", chief among whom were Brunel, Stephenson, Telford, and their
contemporaries. In the UK, "engineering" has more recently been erroneously styled
as an industrial sector consisting of employers and employees loosely termed
"engineers" who include tradespeople. However, knowledgeable practitioners reserve
the term "engineer" to describe a university-educated professional of ingenuity
represented by the Chartered (or Incorporated) Engineer qualifications.[23] A large
proportion of the UK public incorrectly thinks of "engineers" as skilled
tradespeople or even semi-skilled tradespeople with a high school education. Also,
many UK skilled and semi-skilled tradespeople falsely style themselves as
"engineers". This has created confusion in the eyes of some members of the public
in understanding what professional engineers actually do, from fixing car engines,
television sets and refrigerators (technicians, handymen) to designing and managing
the development of aircraft, spacecraft, power stations, infrastructure and other
complex technological systems (engineers).[citation needed]

France
In France, the term 'ingénieur" (engineer) is not a protected title and can be used
by anyone, even by those who do not possess an academic degree.[24]

However, the title "Ingénieur Diplomé" (Graduate Engineer) is an official academic

title that is protected by the government and is associated with the "Diplôme
d'Ingénieur", which is one of the most prestigious academic degrees in France.
Anyone misusing this title in France can be fined a large sum and jailed, as it is
reserved for graduates of French engineering grandes écoles that provide highly
intensive training in science and engineering. Among such institutions, the most
renown (and hardest to gain admission) are Ecole Centrale Paris (Centrale), Ecole
des Mines de Paris (Mines Paristech), Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers,
Ecole Polytechnique, and Ecole des Ponts ParisTech. Engineering schools which were
created during the French revolution have a special reputation among the French
people, as they helped to make the transition from a mostly agricultural country of
late 18th century to the industrially developed France of the 19th century. A great
part of 19th-century France's economic wealth and industrial prowess was created by
engineers that have graduated from Ecole Centrale Paris, Ecole des Mines de Paris,
or Ecole Polytechnique. This was also the case after the WWII when France had to be
rebuilt.

Before the "réforme René Haby" in the 1970s, it was very difficult to be admitted
to such schools, and the French ingénieurs were commonly perceived as the nation's
elite (hence the term "faire les Grandes écoles" in language of older people).
However, after the Haby reform and a string of further reforms (Modernization plans
of French universities), several engineering schools were created which can be
accessed with relatively lower competition, and this reputation as being part of
the French elite now applies to those from 'top' engineering schools for engineers,
École Nationale d'Administration (ENA) for managers or politicians and École
Normale Supérieure (ENS) for researchers in science and humanities. Engineers are
less highlighted in current French economy as industry provides less than a quarter
of the GDP.

North America
In the United States and Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose
practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. Licensed professional
engineers are referred to as P.Eng in Canada and PE in the United States. A 2002
study by the Ontario Society of Professional Engineers revealed that engineers are
the third most respected professionals behind doctors and pharmacists.[25]

In Ontario, and all other Canadian provinces, the "title" Engineer is protected by
law and any non-licensed individual or company using the title is committing a
legal offense, and can get fined.[26] Companies usually prefer not to use the title
except for license holders because of liability reasons, for instance, if the
company filed a lawsuit and the judge, investigators, or lawyers found that the
company is using the word engineer for non-licensed employees this could be used by
opponents to hinder the company's efforts.

Asia and Africa

In the Indian subcontinent, Russia, Middle East, Africa, and China, engineering is
one of the most sought after undergraduate courses, inviting thousands of
applicants to show their ability in highly competitive entrance examinations.

In Egypt, the educational system makes engineering the second-most-respected

profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at Egyptian
universities require extremely high marks on the General Certificate of Secondary
Education (Arabic: ‫ الثانوية العامة‬al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah)—on the order of 97 or 98%—
and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and
pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" (‫ كليات القمة‬kullīyāt al-qimmah).

In the Philippines and Filipino communities overseas, engineers who are either
Filipino or not, especially those who also profess other jobs at the same time, are
addressed and introduced as Engineer, rather than Sir/Madam in speech or
Mr./Mrs./Ms. (G./Gng./Bb. in Filipino) before surnames. That word is used either in
itself or before the given name or surname.

Corporate culture
In companies and other organizations, there is sometimes a tendency to undervalue
people with advanced technological and scientific skills compared to celebrities,
fashion practitioners, entertainers, and managers. In his book, The Mythical Man-
Month,[27] Fred Brooks Jr says that managers think of senior people as "too
valuable" for technical tasks and that management jobs carry higher prestige. He
tells how some laboratories, such as Bell Labs, abolish all job titles to overcome
this problem: a professional employee is a "member of the technical staff." IBM
maintains a dual ladder of advancement; the corresponding managerial and
engineering or scientific rungs are equivalent. Brooks recommends that structures
need to be changed; the boss must give a great deal of attention to keeping his
managers and his technical people as interchangeable as their talents allow.

See also
Building engineer
Engineer's degree
Engineers Without Borders
Greatest Engineering Achievements
History of engineering
List of engineering branches
List of engineers
List of fictional scientists and engineers
Washington Accord
References
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Manual Labor (2006). "Engineers".
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006–07 Edition. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions
About Engineering". Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 21
September 2006. "Science is knowledge based on our observed facts and tested truths
arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other
people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to
plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our
daily lives."
Pevsner, N. (1942). "The Term 'Architect' in the Middle Ages". Speculum. 17 (4):
549–562. doi:10.2307/2856447. JSTOR 2856447.
Oxford Concise Dictionary, 1995
"engineer". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010.
Oxford University Press. 22 October 2011
Steen Hyldgaard Christensen, Christelle Didier, Andrew Jamison, Martin Meganck,
Carl Mitcham, and Byron Newberry Springer. Engineering Identities, Epistemologies
and Values: Engineering Education and Practice in Context, Volume 2, p. 170, at
Google Books
A. Eide, R. Jenison, L. Mashaw, L. Northup. Engineering: Fundamentals and Problem
Solving. New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2002
Robinson, M. A. (2010). "An empirical analysis of engineers' information
behaviors". Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
61 (4): 640–658. doi:10.1002/asi.21290.
Baecher, G.B.; Pate, E.M.; de Neufville, R. (1979). "Risk of dam failure in
benefit/cost analysis". Water Resources Research. 16 (3): 449–456.
Bibcode:1980WRR....16..449B. doi:10.1029/wr016i003p00449.
Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004) Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety.
Thomas Telford
International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) (2003) Risk Assessment in Dam
Safety Management. ICOLD, Paris
British Standards Institution (BSIA) (1991) BC 5760 Part 5: Reliability of systems
equipment and components – Guide to failure modes effects and criticality analysis
(FMEA and FMECA).
Robinson, M. A. (2012). "How design engineers spend their time: Job content and
task satisfaction". Design Studies. 33 (4): 391–425.
doi:10.1016/j.destud.2012.03.002.
Robinson, M. A.; Sparrow, P. R.; Clegg, C.; Birdi, K. (2005). "Design engineering
competencies: Future requirements and predicted changes in the forthcoming decade".
Design Studies. 26 (2): 123–153. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2004.09.004.
American Society of Civil Engineers (2006) [1914]. Code of Ethics. Reston,
Virginia, USA: ASCE Press. Archived from the original on 14 February 2011.
Retrieved 11 June 2011.
Institution of Civil Engineers (2009). Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and
Rules. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
National Society of Professional Engineers (2007) [1964]. Code of Ethics (PDF).
Alexandria, Virginia, USA: NSPE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December
2008. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
"Make 'Engineer' a protected title – Petitions". Petitions – UK Government and
Parliament.
[1] NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional
licensure for engineers and surveyors.
https://engineers.texas.gov/downloads/lawrules.pdf
"NCEES International Registry for Professional Engineers". NCEES.
"APEGBC – Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British
Columbia".
 Burns, Corrinne (19 September 2013). "Are you an engineer? Then don't be shy about
it | Are you an engineer? Then don't be shy about it | Corrinne Burns". The
Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
"Perception of French students in engineering about the ethics of their profession
and implications for engineering education". ResearchGate. Retrieved 19 February
2019.
Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, 2002, Engineering: One of Ontario's
most respected professions
Professional Engineers Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. P.28
The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, p119 (see also p242),
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2nd ed.
1995, pub. Addison-Wesley
External links
Nuvola apps kcmsystem.svgEngineering portal
Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Engineers at Wikimedia Commons

vte
Engineering
Civil
ArchitecturalConstructionEnvironmentalEarthquakeGeotechnicalHydraulicMiningStructur
alTransportation
Nuvola apps kfig.svg
Mechanical
AcousticalAerospaceAutomotiveMarineRailwayThermal
Electrical
ComputerControlElectromechanicsElectronicsMicrowavesPowerRadio
FrequencyTelecommunications
Chemical
BiochemicalBiologicalMolecularPetroleumProcessReaction
Interdisciplinary
AgriculturalAudioBiomedicalEngineering mathematicsEngineering mechanicsEngineering
physicsEngineering scienceFireIndustrialInformationMaterials science
CeramicsMetallurgyPolymerMechatronicsMilitaryNanotechnologyNuclearOpticalPhotonicsP
rivacyRoboticsSanitarySecuritySoftwareSystems
Glossaries
EngineeringAerospace engineeringCivil engineeringElectrical and electronics
engineeringMechanical engineeringStructural engineering
List of engineering branchesCategory Category:EngineeringPortal Nuvola apps
kcmsystem.svg Engineering portal
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
BNF: cb11932114x (data)GND: 4026955-3LCCN: sh85043249NDL: 00562515
Categories: Engineering occupationsEngineersScience occupations
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView
historySearch
Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Print/export
Download as PDF
Printable version

Languages
‫العربية‬
Español
हहनदद
Bahasa Indonesia
Jawa
മലയയളള
Bahasa Melayu
ததததத
中文
72 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 March 2020, at 00:46 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersStatisticsCookie
statementMobile viewWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki