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Acidsand Bases
Acidsand Bases
Acidsand Bases
Robert Boyle
According to Boyle
• In 1661 Robert Boyle summarized the properties Born: 25 Jan 1627
of acids as follows:
in Lismore,
• 1. Acids have a sour taste. County Waterford,
• 2. Acids are corrosive. Ireland
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Properties of Acids and Bases Properties of Acids and Bases
According to Boyle According to Boyle
• In essence, Boyle defined alkalies
as substances that
consume, or neutralize, acids: • Eventually alkalies became
• Acids lose their characteristic sour known as bases because they
taste and ability to dissolve metals
when they are mixed with alkalies. serve as the "base" for making
• Alkalies even reverse the change in certain salts.
color that occurs when litmus comes
in contact with an acid.
2
Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927) Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Arrhenius
H2O
HCl(g) Î H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Arrhenius According to Arrhenius
• Arrhenius argued that bases are neutral
compounds that either dissociate or ionize in • An Arrhenius acid is therefore any
water to give OH- ions and a positive ion. substance that ionizes when it
• NaOH is an Arrhenius base because it dissolves in water to give H+, or
dissociates in water to give the hydroxide hydrogen ions.
(OH-) and sodium (Na+) ions.
H2O H2O
H2O H2O
XOH(s) Î X+(aq) + OH-(aq) HY(s) Î H+(aq) + Y-(aq)
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Arrhenius According to Arrhenius
• This theory explains why all acids have similar
• Arrhenius bases include ionic properties: The characteristic properties of acids
result from the presence of the H+ ion generated
compounds that contain the OH- ion, when an acid dissolves in water. It also explains
why acids neutralize bases and vice versa:
such as NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2.
• Acids provide the H+ ion.
• Bases provide the OH- ion;
H2O • and these ions combine to form water.
Î H2O(l)
The Arrhenius theory has several • The Arrhenius theory doesn't explain
disadvantages: why some compounds, - in which
• It can be applied only to hydrogen has an oxidation number
reactions that occur in water of +1 (such as HCl), - dissolve in
because it defines acids and bases water to give acidic solutions,
in terms of what happens when
compounds dissolve in water. whereas others (such as CH4) do not.
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Arrhenius According to Arrhenius
• The Arrhenius theory doesn't explain why • The Arrhenius theory doesn't explain why
only the compounds that contain the OH- only the compounds that contain the OH-
ion can be classified as Arrhenius bases. ion can be classified as Arrhenius bases.
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Some Remarks on the Concept of Some Remarks on the Concept of
Acids and Bases Acids and Bases
J. N. Brønsted J. N. Brønsted
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas (1923), Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas (1923),
Volume 42, Pages 718-728 Volume 42, Pages 718-728
We have held steadily to the idea that compound A is an acid if it is The formal advantages of the definition of a base as
partly or completely broken down in solution according to the scheme a substance that can bind a hydrogen ion are imme-
A ---> B + H+ (1)
diately apparent. In the scheme: A ---> B + H+ ,
However, there have been attempts from various sides to modify our
concept of bases. P. Pfeiffer, has presented the view that bases form in which the concept of an acid (A) is established,
salts by addition of acids, which in terms of the theory of electrolytic the concept of a base (B) is equally defined and
dissociation must lead to the idea of thus the reciprocal connection of acidic and basic
• a definition of bases as substances that can add hydrogen ions. properties is shown in the clearest and simplest way.
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Chem-History/Bronsted-Article.html (May 14, 2003) http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Chem-History/Bronsted-Article.html (May 14, 2003)
The advantages of scheme A -----> B + H+ (1) It follows from the form of the expression that correspon-
ding acids and bases do not have to have the same state
as a basis for an equal definition of bases and acids are not
of electrical charge. If A is electrically neutral, as an
merely of a formal nature. ordinary acid molecule is, B has a negative charge,
For example, if we express the basic properties of ammonia e.g.
in one case by the equation NH4+ <===> NH3 + H+ (2) CH3COOH <===> CH3COO¯+ H+
and in another by NH3 + H2O <===> NH4+ + OH¯ (3) (acid) (base)
we can derive identical equilibrium conditions. where the acetate ion thus functions as a base.
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Some Remarks on the Concept of Some Remarks on the Concept of
Acids and Bases Acids and Bases
J. N. Brønsted J. N. Brønsted
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas (1923), Volume 42,
Pages 718-728
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Some Remarks on the Concept of Definition of Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases According to Brønsted
J. N. Brønsted
Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas (1923), Volume 42,
Pages 718-728 The dissociation of water, for
Summary:
example, involves the transfer
The chemical character of acids and
bases is most simply and generally of an H+ ion from one water
defined by the scheme
molecule to another to form
acid <===> base + H+
H3O+ and OH- ions.
http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/Chem-History/Bronsted-Article.html (May 14, 2003)
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Brønsted According to Brønsted
• According to the Brønsted model • According to the Brønsted model
and definition of acids and bases, and definition of acids and bases,
HCl doesn't dissociate in water HCl doesn't dissociate in water
to form H+ and Cl- ions. to form H+ and Cl- ions.
• Instead, an H+ ion is transferred
from HCl to a water molecule to
form H3O+ and Cl- ions,
as shown in the following figure.
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
According to Brønsted According to Brønsted
The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
The oxygen atom carries a As a result, the water
partial negative charge (-), and molecule is polar :
the hydrogen atoms carry a
partial positive charge (+).
The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
When water dissociates to form ions,
The opposite can also occur:
the result is a
• positively charged H+ ion and a H+ ions can combine with OH- ions
• negatively charged OH- ion. to form neutral water molecules.
H+ + OH- Î H2O
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
The fact that water molecules dissociate To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions? To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
The concentration of the H+ and OH- ions formed
by the dissociation of neutral H2O molecules at this
temperature is only 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L.
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The Role of H+ and OH- Ions The Role of H+ and OH- Ions
in Aqueous Solutions in Aqueous Solutions
To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions? To what extent does H2O dissociate to form ions?
The concentration of the H+ and OH- ions formed The concentration of the H+ and OH- ions formed
by the dissociation of neutral H2O molecules at this by the dissociation of neutral H2O molecules at this
temperature is only 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L. temperature is only 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L.
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Definition of Acids and Bases Definition of Acids and Bases
The Operational Definition The Operational Definition
In an operational sense: These definitions tie the theory of acids
and bases to a simple laboratory test
• an acid is any substance that for acids and bases:
increases the concentration of the
+
H ion when it dissolves in water. • To decide whether a compound is an
• a base is any substance that acid or a base, we dissolve it in water
increases the concentration of the and test the solution to see whether
OH- ion when it dissolves in water. the H+ or OH- ion concentration
has increased.
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pH Meter Measures Acidity pH Meter Measures Acidity
• In other words, the voltage of the second • Before taking a pH measurement, the
electrode responds to the amount of free
hydrogen ions (the pH) in the sample. meter must be "calibrated." The probe
is immersed in a solution that has a
• A voltmeter in the probe measures the
difference between the voltages of the two known pH, such as pure water with a
electrodes. neutral pH of 7.0. The knobs on the
• The meter then translates the voltage
box are used to adjust the displayed
difference into pH and displays it on the pH value to the known pH of the
little screen on the main box. solution, thus calibrating the meter.
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