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Diagnostic in Pulmonary Emergency and Respiratory Problem 2020 PDF
Diagnostic in Pulmonary Emergency and Respiratory Problem 2020 PDF
Ika Trisnawati
PULMONOLOGI DIVISION
Internal Medicine Departement, Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada
University/Dr. Sardjito Hospital
Kegawatan Respirasi
VascularVascular Airway Airway
Emboli paru Aspirasi benda asing
Vasculitis Hemoptysis masif
Asthma attack
Tumor
Pleura Pleura
Efusi pleura masif
Tension Parenkim
Parenkim
pneumothorax
Acute respiratory
Hemothorax
distress syndrome
Empyema thorax
Severe pneumonia
Tumor
Efusi Pleura
• Akumulasi cairan dalam rongga
pleura karena imbalans:
pembentukan dan absorpsi
cairan pleura diakibatkan
oleh berbagai macam
penyebab.
• 0.1-0.2 ml/kg
• Clear appearance
• pH: 7.60-7.64
• Protein < 1.5 g/dl
• Cell (WBC) < 1000/ ml3
• Glucose = plasma
glucose
• LDH < 50% plasma LDH
• Na+, K+ and Ca2+ =
plasma
(Light RW:Ann. Intern. Med 1972;27:507-13)
Marker Tuberculosis
• Pus
• Yellow, cloudy, and foul odor
• Most likely due to:
pneumonia, lung abscess,
infected chest wounds
• Has a pH > 7.2
• Milky fluid
• Consists of lymph and fat
• Chyle leaks from the thoracic
duct due to lymphatic
obstruction (tumor) or trauma
• fluid analysis: high triglyceride
Kontraindikasi
Kontraindikasi relatif :
– Diatesis perdarahan abnormal
– Selulitis dinding dada atau infeksi kulit di
lokasi tusukan
Preprocedure
• INR < 3
• Trombosit > 25.000 / μL
• Penggunaan ventilasi mekanis tidak meningkatkan risiko
komplikasi pascaprosedural
Postprocedure
• Radiografi toraks evaluasi tidak rutin diperlukan
• Ultrasonografi dapat mengidentifikasi pneumotoraks secara
langsung
Komplikasi
Mayor : Minor :
• Pneumothorax (11%) • Nyeri (22%)
• Hemothorax (0.8%) • Dry tap (13%)
• Laserasi liver atau lien • Batuk (11%)
(0.8%) • Subcutaneous
• Cedera diaphragma hematoma (2%)
• Empyema • Subcutaneous seroma
• Tumor seeding (0.8%)
• Vasovagal syncope
Posisi pasien
Anechoic; efusi
Isoechoic
Why ultrasound?
Not all opacification is fluid
Volume efusi dengan USG
• Supine patients ;
– Visceral-parietal (ml) x 20 = volume (ml)
– Distance between posterior chest wall and lung of
>50mm predicts >500ml thoracocentesis
Use of Doppler pleural thickening
Aspirasi Efusi Pleura
Pneumothorax
Insidensi pneumothorax non traumatik 7.4 - 18 per 100.000/tahun
Lebih tinggi pada perokok (12% vs 0.1%)
Gejala :
• Nyeri dada tajam, pleuritic pain, menjalar ke lengan ipsilateral
• Dispnea (64 to 85%)
• Gejala mendadak
• Batuk
• Anxietas
Size pneumothorax :
• Small pneumothorax: < 2 cm jarak paru ke
dinding dada
• Large pneumothorax: > 2 cm jarak paru ke
dinding dada
Pneumothorax
P-THORAX
• Pleuritic pain
• Trachea deviation
• Hyper resonance
• Onset sudden
• Reduced breath sound
• Absent fremitus
• X-ray show collapse
Klasifikasi Pneumothorax
Spontaneous Traumatic
Primary (a rupture of a subpleural bleb) Iatrogenic
Secondary Central venous catheter insertion
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pacemaker implantation
(COPD) Transthoracic needle biopsy
Cystic fibrosis Transbronchial needle aspiration
Bronchial asthma Thoracocentesis
Connective tissue diseases (Marfan Laparoscopic surgery
Syndrome) Barotrauma
Interstitial lung diseases (Eosinophilic Blunt trauma
granuloma) Road traffic accident trauma, falls, sports
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (in AIDS injuries
patients) Penetrating trauma
Pneumonia with lung abscess Shot wounds, stab wounds
Pulmonary hydatid disease
Lung cancer (metastatic sarcoma) Catamenial
Esophageal perforation
Catamenial pneumothorax
Neonatal pneumothorax
Pneumothorax can also be classified based on their
physiology into the following types
Wanita 45 tahun
Batuk, sesak nafas
Nyeri dada kanan, seperti ditusuk
Menjalar ke lengan kanan
Tidak ada riwayat trauma
T 90/60 N 110
R 28 t 36,8
Thorax : ketinggalan gerak paru
kanan, hipersonor SIC 1-5,
redup SIC 6-12, egofoni +
Aspirasi Pneumothorax