Experiment No:04

Demonstrate and completely perform to describe the diametrical

vertical deflection of circular ring and compare the theoretical and experimental
results.
Objective:
The objective of this lab is to:
 Determine vertical deflection of circular ring(curved beam)
 Compare theoretical and experimental results and also calculate %age error

Apparatus used:
Deflection:
Deflection is a term that is used to describe the degree to which a structural
element is displaced under a load at the centre of curvature and consequently is the angle
through which the tangent at one end of the element rotates relative to the tangent at the other
end.
Diametrical Vertical Deflection:
A Circular ring has its specific diameter. When the load is applied on the
circular ring in vertical direction(y-axis) and it causes deflection in the applied load
direction(vertical).This is called Diametrical vertical deflection.
Curved Bar Apparatus:
A bench mounted base supports a curved bar formed into a ring, semi-circle or
quadrant/davit. Loads are applied by specially designed weight hangers so that the specimen
bends. Horizontal and vertical deflections are measured by dial gauges rigidly attached to the
base. The bars can be readily changed and the position of the dial gauges relocated to
measure the deflections of the new configuration. Bars, weight hangers and a set of weights
are supplied.
This apparatus consists of :
 2 Dial gauges with range from 0-10 mm, and with 0.01 mm accuracy, to measure
the deformation of the test bar subjected to a force.
 4 Test curved bars made of steel with different lengths and curvatures.
 Set of weights, composed of:
5 weights of 200 gr. each one.
1 weight of 100 gr.
 Steel hook to hand the weights and it is hanging in the application point of the force.
This equipment is part of a range designed to both demonstrate and experimentally confirm
basic engineering principles. Great care has been given to each item so as to provide wide
experimental scope without unduly complicating or compromising the design. Each piece of
apparatus is self-contained and compact. Setting up time is minimal, and all measurements
are made with the simplest possible instrumentation, so that the student involvement is
purely with the engineering principles being taught.
We have three bars on which we will note
deflection:
 Circular ring
 Semicircle beam
 Quarter beam
Theoretically in all these three bars deflection
will be minimum in circular beam.

Dial gauge:
Dial gauges are used for checking flatness of surfaces; parallelism of bar and rods;
and detecting small differences if any in linear measurement of identical objects.its least
count is 0.01mm.We get deflection by multiplying the reading shown by dial gauge with its
least count.
Deflection = Dial gauge reading × least count
Moment of Inertia:
A quantity expressing a body's tendency to resist angular acceleration, which is
the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square of its
distance from the axis of rotation.
As cross section of circular beam is rectangular . So, for rectangular cross section:

BH 3
I=
12
B=Breath of circular beam
H=Height of Circular beam
Unit: mm4, m4, cm4 etc.
 Deflection will be less if the moment of inertia of a body is high.
Curved Beam:
“ A beam in which the neutral axis in the unloaded condition is curved instead of
straight. Or if the beam is originally curved before applying the bending moment, are termed
as “Curved Beams ”
Shells of revolution are frequently connected with circular rings, to which they
transmit forces and moments. The theory of stresses and, deformations of such rings is part
of the theory of structures. Assumption is that the ring is thin, i.e. that the dimensions of its
cross section are small compared with the radius. The axis of the ring is supposed to pass
through the centroids of all cross sections. One principal axis of these sections lies in the
plane of the ring.
A ring is universally defined as a curved bar or beam whose cross-sectional area dimensions
are small in comparison with its radius of curvature.
A circular ring (annulus) is plane figure bounded by the circumference of two
concentric circles of two different radii. The area of a circular ring is found by subtracting the
area of the small circle from that of the large circle.
Curved beams are more efficient in transfer of loads than straight beams because the
transfer is affected by bending, shear, and membrane action. Some of the structures such as
arches and arch bridge s are modeled using curved beam elements. Curved beams find
applications in many machine members such as c – clampers, Crane hooks, frames of
presses, chains, links, and rings.
Applications:
 Antenna
 Ultra-wideband applications
 MIMO applications
 Structural site
 Design of piston ring

Figure : Analysis of circular ring for

design of piston ring

Formulas for theoretical deflection:

Load is applied on this circular ring and deflection is calculated theoretically by following
formula

δth = WR3 / 2EI [π/2 — 4/ π]

where:
R= Radius of ring
W= Applied load
E= Modulus of elasticity
I= Moment of inertia

Apparatus required for experiment:

 Curved bar apparatus
 Dial gauge (01)
 Dial gauge clamp
 Hanger, N (04)
 Weights 10N (02)
 Weights 5N (05)
 Steel rule (01)
 Vernier caliper
 Spanner

Procedure:
1. First, Level the apparatus
2. Place the dial gauge inside the ring in the dial gauge fixing attachment.
3. Attach the hanger to the loading point on circular ring.
4. Apply load in suitable increment and read the dial gauge for each load. We get
deflection by multiplying the reading shown by dial gauge with its least count.

a. Deflection = Dial gauge reading × least count

Least count of dial gauge is 0.01mm

5. This was a forward vertical deflection (δ1)

6. Then remove the load gradually and read the dial gauge for each load. This was a
backward vertical deflection (δ2).
δ 1 +δ 2
7. The take the average of δexp = .This was an experimental deflection.
2
8. Then we noted the theoretical deflection by formula:
w R3
δ th = ¿)
2 EI
9. After we calculated the %age error between calculated and theoretical deflection.

Observations and calculations:

W= Applied load
B= 25 mm
H= 3 mm
Dia of ring = 300 mm
R= Radius of ring = 150 mm
E= Modulus of elasticity = 2.1 × 105 mm
 BH 3
I= Moment of inertia = = 56.25 mm4
12

Applied Mean Deflection %age error

Deflection
δexp δth
Load
Sr.
No. Forward Backward δ +δ w R3
(δ1) (δ2) δexp = 1 2 2 EI
¿) δ exp−δ th
2 ×100
δ exp
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1- 2 0.09 0.1 0.095 0.0848327 10.7

2- 4 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.1700 10.5

3- 6 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.2544 9.14

4- 8 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.3500 5.41

5- 10 0.46 0.46 0.455 0.4241 6.79

Precautions:
1. The maximum load on the ring must not exceed 53 N.
2. Apply and remove load slowly.
3. Take reading on dial gauge when the needle is at rest for every load.
Conclusion:
From above data we can conclude that there was a small error in both types of
deflection This error was due to human error, environmental effects etc. We also noted that
there was a little difference between forward and backward deflection due to storage of some
resistance into particles of material.

Result and data analysis:

Experimental diametral vertical deflection = 0.278 mm
Theoretical diametral vertical deflection = 0.2567 mm
% error = 7.66 %

Concept questions:
Q.No.01:
In which group deflection will be maximum??
1- Semicircle ring 2- Quarter ring 3- Circular ring
Q.No.02:
 What will happen with the deflection when the radius and moment of inertia of a
ring is changed??
Q.No.03:
How will modulus of elasticity effects the deflection??
Graph:
 δexp Vs δ th

Experimental Vs Theoretical deflection

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
δth

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

δexp

Answer to question:
A#1: Quarter beam Ring
A#2: The deflection will decrease by increasing the radius of circular beam ring while the
deflection will decrease by increasing the moment of inertia of the circular beam.

A#3: The deflection will decrease by increasing the modulus of elasticity of the circular
beam.