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NASA i
TP
2228
NASA c.1 I

Technical
Paper
2228
December 1983
Thrust-Induced Effects
on Subsonic Longitudinal
Aerodynamic Characteristic>
of a Vectored-Engine-
Over-Wing Configuration

P. Frank Quinto and

John W. Padson, Jr.

NASA 25th Anniversary

1958-1983
 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

NASA
TechnicaI
Paper
2228
1983
f
Thrust-Induced Effects
on Subsonic Longitudinal
Aerodynamic Characteristics
of a Vectored-Engine-
Over-Wing Configuration

P. Frank Quinto and

John W. Paulson, Jr.
Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia

National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
Scientific and Technical
Information Branch

1983

IIIIII IIIIII I I I 1 II I I Ill I I

 SUMMARY

The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s on t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a
vectored-engine-over-wing model w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s conducted
i n t h e Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel a t Mach numbers of 0.14 t o 0.17 o v e r an angle-of-
a t t a c k range from -2O t o 26O. The o v e r a l l t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t w a s v a r i e d from 0 ( j e t
o f f ) t o 2.0. The major model v a r i a b l e s w e r e t h e spanwise-blowing n o z z l e sweep a n g l e
and t h e main n o z z l e vector a n g l e a l o n g w i t h t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s .

The r e s u l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s from
t h e main n o z z l e a l o n e w e r e n o t as l a r g e as t h o s e w i t h t h e spanwise n o z z l e s and w e r e
mainly due t o boundary-layer c o n t r o l a f f e c t i n g a s m a l l area a f t of t h e n o z z l e . When
the spanwise n o z z l e s w e r e i n c l u d e d , t h e induced e f f e c t s w e r e l a r g e r (more so f o r t h e
spanwise blowing sweep a n g l e of 40° t h a n f o r 60') and w e r e due t o b o t h boundary-layer
c o n t r o l and induced c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t . The leading-edge v o r t e x e f f e c t w a s g e n e r a l l y
n o t e v i d e n t f o r e i t h e r spanwise blowing sweep a n g l e .

INTRODUCTION

I n t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n of f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t , one of t h e major
areas of emphasis i s t h e s h o r t t a k e - o f f and l a n d i n g (STOL) performance. The STOL
performance i s needed so t h a t f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t can o p e r a t e from bomb-damaged runways
( u s a b l e runway l e n g t h of a b o u t 1500 f t ) . To m e e t t h i s STOL r e q u i r e m e n t , t h e use of
improved h i g h - l i f t systems and t h r u s t e f f e c t s w i l l be needed. These t h r u s t e f f e c t s
are d i v i d e d i n t o t w o c a t e g o r i e s : d i r e c t e f f e c t s and induced e f f e c t s . The d i r e c t
e f f e c t s c o n s i s t of d e f l e c t i n g ( o r v e c t o r i n g ) t h e t h r u s t i n t h e l i f t d i r e c t i o n . The
induced e f f e c t s are b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e j e t e x h a u s t i n d u c i n g flows
t h a t would n o t be p r e s e n t w i t h o u t t h e j e t and i n c l u d e boundary-layer c o n t r o l ( B L C ) ,
induced c i r c u l a t i o n , and leading-edge v o r t i c e s .

The vectored-engine-over-wing (VEO-wing) c o n f i g u r a t i o n u s e s b o t h d i r e c t and

induced t h r u s t e f f e c t s t o a c h i e v e i t s STOL performance. (See r e f . 1 . ) The VEO-wing
c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( a s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f s . 2 t o 7 ) u s e s e n g i n e s mounted o v e r t h e wing t o
b l o w e x h a u s t g a s e s o v e r t h e t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p ( s i m i l a r t o upper-surface-blowing
t r a n s p o r t s ) and p a r t of t h e e x h a u s t i s d i v e r t e d f o r spanwise blowing o v e r t h e wing
upper s u r f a c e . These p r o p u l s i o n methods are i n t e n d e d t o produce i n c r e a s e s i n l i f t
t h r o u g h a d d i t i o n a l induced c i r c u l a t i o n by a j e t - f l a p e f f e c t and through l e a d i n g - e d g e
v o r t e x f l o w s produced by spanwise blowing f o r b e t t e r low-speed (STOL) o p e r a t i o n s .
( S e e r e f s . 8 t o 12.)

S e v e r a l low-speed t e s t s have been conducted on t h e VEO-wing f i g h t e r -

c o n f i g u r a t i o n model. (See r e f s . 2 t o 7 . ) However, i n t h e s e tests, t h e t h r u s t -
induced e f f e c t s w e r e n o t f u l l y a d d r e s s e d . T h i s l a s t t e s t w a s conducted i n t h e
Langley 4- by 7 - ~ e t e r Tunnel t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s i n d e t a i l .
The c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s tested a t Mach numbers r a n g i n g from 0.14 t o 0.17 and o v e r an
a n g l e - o f - a t t a c k range from -2O t o 26O. The wing t r a i l i n g edge w a s d e f l e c t e d from 0'
to 30°. The o v e r a l l t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s , spanwise-blowing n o z z l e and main n o z z l e
combined, w e r e v a r i e d from 0 ( j e t o f f ) t o 2.0.
 MOD EL DESCRIPTION

The model used i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s a 0.108-scale p o w e r e d - l i f t model of a

f i g h t e r - t y p e canard-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h podded n a c e l l e s over t h e wing, as shown
i n f i g u r e s 1 and 2 . The model g e o m e t r i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are g i v e n i n table I. The
leading-edge sweep of the wing w a s 40° and of t h e c a n a r d w a s 55O. The wing had an
i n b o a r d and an outboard t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p . The i n b o a r d t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p w a s
l o c a t e d behind t h e e n g i n e n o z z l e . The i n l e t of the n a c e l l e w a s f a i r e d over; i n l e t
f l o w c o u l d n o t be s i m u l a t e d s i n c e t h e i n t e r i o r volume of t h e n a c e l l e w a s needed t o
house t h e p r o p u l s i o n s i m u l a t i o n system. G

The model w a s s u p p o r t e d by an a i r s t i n g through which h i g h - p r e s s u r e a i r w a s

s u p p l i e d from an e x t e r n a l s o u r c e . The a i r l i n e through t h e s t i n g w a s d e s i g n e d t o
minimize any t r a n s f e r of mechanical f o r c e s from t h e a i r s u p p l y t o t h e model b a l a n c e .
The h i g h - p r e s s u r e a i r p a s s e d from t h e a i r l i n e t o t h e model plenum and through e a c h
n a c e l l e , where s e p a r a t e c o n t r o l v a l v e s w e r e used t o b a l a n c e the f l o w between t h e l e f t
and r i g h t n o z z l e s . Each n a c e l l e had a p a i r of n o z z l e s , a chordwise main n o z z l e and a
spanwise-blowing n o z z l e as shown i n f i g u r e 3 . The main n o z z l e s w e r e two-dimensional
c o n v e r g e n t - d i v e r g e n t h a l f wedge n o z z l e s . The half-wedge, o r lower ramp, s u r f a c e w a s
used t o h e l p t u r n t h e e x h a u s t f l o w o v e r t h e t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p system. (See f i g s . 3
and 4 . ) The ramp w a s i n t e r c h a n g e a b l e t o a l l o w i n c r e a s e d n o z z l e t u r n i n g a n g l e s when
h i g h f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s w e r e used and t o m a i n t a i n c o n s t a n t t o t a l n o z z l e area (main and
spanwise) when t h e spanwise n o z z l e s were used. The spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w e r e
l o u v e r e d f l u s h n o z z l e s which allowed f o r two spanwise-blowing n o z z l e sweep a n g l e s of
40° and 60°, as shown i n f i g u r e 5. The f o l l o w i n g s i x c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w e r e t e s t e d i n
t h i s investigation. ( A l i s t of symbols and a b b r e v i a t i o n s used i n t h i s paper appears
a f t e r the references :

Nozzles
~

Main
Main
Main
Main and spanwise ( A = 40')
Main and spanwise ( A s = 40°)
S
Main and spanwise ( h = 60°)
S

MODEL INSTRUMENTATION

S i n c e t h e i n t e n t of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s t o examine t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s
r a t h e r t h a n n o z z l e performance, o n l y minimal n o z z l e p r e s s u r e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n w a s
used. These p r e s s u r e s w e r e used t o d e t e r m i n e n o z z l e t o t a l p r e s s u r e f o r c a l c u l a t i n g
nozzle t h r u s t levels. To d e t e r m i n e t h e mass-flow r a t e of t h e h i g h - p r e s s u r e a i r t o
t h e model, a v e n t u r i flowmeter w a s mounted a t t h e a i r s u p p l y s t a t i o n , o u t s i d e t h e
test section. The f o r c e s and moments w e r e measured w i t h a six-component s t r a i n - g a g e
b a l a n c e mounted i n t e r n a l t o t h e model. The a n g l e of a t t a c k of the model w a s measured
w i t h an a c c e l e r o m e t e r a l s o mounted i n t e r n a l t o t h e model.

2
 -OW VISUALIZATION

To o b s e r v e t h e t h r u s t e f f e c t s c r e a t e d by t h e main and spanwise n o z z l e s , f l u o r e s -

c e n t m i n i t u f t s w e r e i n s t a l l e d on t h e l e f t h a l f of t h e VEO-wing model, as shown i n
f i g u r e 6 . The m i n i t u f t s w e r e v e r y t h i n monofilament nylon w i t h d i a m e t e r s of
0.0019 i n . and 0.0038 i n . The l a r g e r f i l a m e n t w a s used n e a r the e x i t s of t h e main
and spanwise n o z z l e s , where h i g h - p r e s s u r e , h i g h - v e l o c i t y a i r tended t o d e s t r o y t h e
smaller f i l a m e n t s . The l e f t s i d e of t h e model w a s p a i n t e d b l a c k t o r e d u c e t h e
r e f l e c t i o n and g l a r e c r e a t e d by t h e h i g h - i n t e n s i t y s t r o b e lamps. An u l t r a v i o l e t -
t r a n s m i s s i o n g l a s s f i l t e r w a s i n s t a l l e d o v e r each of t h e f o u r h i g h - i n t e n s i t y s t r o b e
lamps i n o r d e r t o f l u o r e s c e t h e m i n i t u f t s . The m i n i t u f t s w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e model
s u r f a c e w i t h c y a n o a c r y l a t e a d h e s i v e , as d e t a i l e d i n r e f e r e n c e 1 3 . Photographs of t h e
m i n i t u f t s w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h a 70-mm camera w i t h high-speed f i l m (ASA 4 0 0 ) .

STATIC CALIBRATION AND DATA REDUCTION

S i n c e t h e s e n o z z l e s had been c a l i b r a t e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n p r i o r t e s t s ( s e e r e f s . 2
t o 7 ) , a v e r y l i m i t e d s t a t i c c a l i b r a t i o n w a s performed on e a c h n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n
before t h i s investigation. T h i s c a l i b r a t i o n w a s made t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e n o z z l e per-
formance w a s t h e same as t h a t o b t a i n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s c a l i b r a t i o n s .

The s t a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n o z z l e t h r u s t f o r c e T, g r o s s t h r u s t c o e f f i -
c i e n t CT, and j e t d e f l e c t i o n a n g l e 8 w e r e d e t e r m i n e d f o r each c o n f i g u r a t i o n as
follows:
j

2
(1)
A

-1
e 7. = -tan (F / F ~ )
N
(3)

Also, the t o t a l nozzle pressure r a t i o NPR w a s d e t e r m i n e d by u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g

equation :

The main n o z z l e t o t a l p r e s s u r e p t , t w a s measured w i t h t o t a l - p r e s s u r e p r o b e s j u s t

upstream of t h e n o z z l e t h r o a t , and t h e spanwise n o z z l e t o t a l p r e s s u r e p t , s was
o b t a i n e d by u s i n g t h e s t a t i c t e s t r e s u l t s of r e f e r e n c e 7 and t h e main n o z z l e t o t a l
p r e s s u r e of t h i s t e s t . Sample p l o t s of t h e s e r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 7 ( a )
f o r t h e main n o z z l e a l o n e ( n o spanwise blowing) w i t h a F l a p d e f l e c t i o n of I S o and i n
f i g u r e 7 ( b ) f o r t h e main and spanwise n o z z l e s w i t h a f l a p d e f l e c t i o n of 30°.

For t h e wind-on t e s t , t h e d a t a w e r e c o r r e c t e d f o r b a s e p r e s s u r e , a i r l i n e and

b a l a n c e i n t e r a c t i o n , and p r e s s u r i z e d a i r s t i n g . To examine t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d
e f f e c t s on t h e VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e g r o s s t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t from t h e s t a t i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s r e l a t e d t o wind-on c o n d i t i o n s by e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) because no s e p a r a t e
measurement of t h e t h r u s t c o u l d be o b t a i n e d d u r i n g wind t u n n e l r u n s . The b a l a n c e i n

3
 t h e model measured t o t a l f o r c e s and moments (aerodynamic and p r o p u l s i o n ) . The d i r e c t
t h r u s t components w e r e removed from t h e aerodynamic d a t a as f o l l o w s :

L
' ,TR = CL - c sin(a + e.) (5)
T 3

= c + c cos(a + 8.) (6)

'D,TR D T 3

TEST CONDITIONS

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s performed i n t h e Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel o v e r a n

a n g l e - o f - a t t a c k range from -2O t o 26O w i t h o u t s i d e s l i p or r o l l angles. D a t a were
o b t a i n e d a t dynamic pressures q of 30 l b f / f t 2 and 40 l b f / f t 2 , and t h e t h r u s t w a s
v a r i e d t o g i v e a CT r a n g e from 0 ( j e t o f f ) t o 2.0 as follows:

T, lbf
~

0
14.0
28 .O
42 .O
56 .O
70 .O
105 .O
126.0
21 0 .o
21 0 .o

A t q = 40 l b f / f t 2 , t h e Reynolds number per f o o t , based on

-c , w a s 1.1 7 x l o 6 , and
t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g Mach number w a s 0.17; a t q = 30 l b f / f t 2 , t h e Reynolds number w a s
1 .04 x l o 6 , and t h e Mach number w a s 0.14.

PRESENTATION O F RESULTS

The r e s u l t s of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n are p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s :

Figure
Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a t various t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s :
Main n o z z l e alone w i t h 6f = ' 0 .............................................
............................................ 8
Main n o z z l e alone w i t h 6 = 1 5 O
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6f = 30° ............................................
................... 10
9

Main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = O o

Main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles w i t h 6 = 30'
Main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 ; = 30°
f
..................
..................
11
12
13

4
 Figure
Thrust-removed l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a t various t h r u s t coefficients:
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = O o
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 15O
.............................................
............................................ 14
15
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 30° ............................................ 16
f
Main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = Oo
Main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 30°
f
...................
.................. 17
18
Main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 30°
f
f
.................. 19

Components of powered l i f t a t a c o n s t a n t a n g l e of a t t a c k ....................... 20

Components of t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t f o r a > Oo .................................. 21

Thrust-induced l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
a t v a r i o u s a n g l e s of a t t a c k :
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = Oo
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 15O
.............................................
............................................ 22
23
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 30° ............................................ 24
f
Main and 40O-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = Oo
Main and 40O-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 30'
f
...................
.................. 25
26
Main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 3 0 °
f
f
.................. 27

M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n :
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 0' and a = 16O ............................... 25
f
Main n o z z l e a l o n e w i t h 6 = 30° and a = 16'
f
Main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s
.............................. 29

w i t h 6 = O o and a = 16O ...............................................

Main and g O o - s w e e p spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s
30

with 6 = 30° and a = 16O

Main and EOO-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s
.............................................. 31

with 6 = 30°
f
and a = 16O .............................................. 32

E f f e c t s of n o z z l e e x h a u s t on VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n ............................ 33

DISCUSSION

T o t a l L o n g i t u d i n a l Aerodynamic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

The t o t a l l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e s i x VEO-wing c o n f i g -

u r a t i o n s are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 8 t o 13. I n c l u d e d i n the t o t a l l o n g i t u d i n a l d a t a
a r e t h e d i r e c t j e t e f f e c t s and t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s . F i g u r e s 8 t o 10 p r e s e n t
t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e main n o z z l e a l o n e e x h a u s t i n g o v e r d i f f e r e n t t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p
deflections. The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h e e x p e c t e d i n c r e a s e s i n l i f t and nose-down
p i t c h i n g moment as e i t h e r t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t o r f l a p d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s e s . I n addi-
t i o n , as i n c r e a s e s , t h e d r a g polar s h i f t s towards t h e n e g a t i v e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t ,
CT
or t h r u s t d i r e c t i o n , i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t .

The r e s u l t s f o r t h e main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s are presented i n

f i g u r e 1 1 f o r a n u n d e f l e c t e d t r a i l i n g edge and i n f i g u r e 1 2 f o r a 30° t r a i l i n g - e d g e
flap deflection. F i g u r e 13 p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s of t h e main and 6 O 0 - s w e e p spanwise-
blowing n o z z l e s with a 30° t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p d e f l e c t i o n . The r e s u l t s f o r the three
spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n d i c a t e i n c r e a s e s i n l i f t and nose-down
p i t c h i n g moment and s h i f t s toward n e g a t i v e d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t s i n the d r a g polar as

5
 CT i n c r e a s e s . The three spanwise c o n f i g u r a t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n l i t t l e change i n nose-
down p i t c h i n g moment, b u t r e s u l t e d i n g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e s i n l i f t and greater improve-
ment of t h e d r a g p o l a r s t h a n t h e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The i n c r e a s e s and
improvements are due t o t h e spanwise-blowing n o z z l e a f f e c t i n g more of t h e wing t h a n
t h e main n o z z l e a l o n e , and this i s f u r t h e r d i s c u s s e d s u b s e q u e n t l y .

Thrust-Removed L o n g i t u d i n a l Aerodynamic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

F i g u r e s 1 4 t o 19 are t h e d a t a from f i g u r e s 8 t o 13 w i t h the d i r e c t t h r u s t com-

ponent removed. The r e s u l t s of t h e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are p r e s e n t e d i n
f i g u r e s 14 t o 16. For a l l t h r e e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s (6 = O o , 15O, and 3 0 ° ) , t h e l i f t
f
i n c r e a s e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e a n g l e - o f - a t t a c k range and l i f t - d r a g polars improve above
o! l o o as t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e a s e s . The i n c r e a s e i n t h e l i f t is due t o t h e
t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s , which are d i s c u s s e d s u b s e q u e n t l y . The pitching-moment c u r v e
does n o t change s i g n i f i c a n t l y as t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e a s e s .

The thrust-removed r e s u l t s f o r main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h

6 = Oo and 30° are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 17 and 18, and r e s u l t s f o r main and 60°-
f
s w e e p spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 30° are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 19. The
f
r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e l a r g e r l i f t i n c r e a s e s and l i f t - d r a g polar improvements t h a n f o r t h e
main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n as C increases. T h i s may be b e c a u s e of t h e span-
w i s e j e t a f f e c t i n g the wing i n s e v e r a ? ways: ( 1 ) a cambering of the wing upper s u r -
f a c e , i n which t h e f r e e stream flows o v e r t h e spanwise j e t r a t h e r t h a n t h e a c t u a l
wing s u r f a c e ; ( 2 ) a j e t - f l a p e f f e c t , which o c c u r s when t h e f r e e stream t u r n s t h e
spanwise j e t which t h e n f l o w s o v e r t h e t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p s , c r e a t i n g a d d i t i o n a l
c i r c u l a t i o n ; ( 3 ) the spanwise j e t r e a t t a c h i n g some of the s e p a r a t e d f l o w on t h e wing
and f l a p ; and ( 4 ) t h e leading-edge v o r t e x caused by t h e spanwise j e t . When a
c o n c e n t r a t e d spanwise j e t , n e a r and p a r a l l e l t o the wing l e a d i n g edge, is i n t r o d u c e d
on a m o d e r a t e l y s w e p t wing a t i n c i d e n c e , a leading-edge v o r t e x is g e n e r a t e d and
s t a b i l i z e d as i n d i c a t e d i n r e f e r e n c e s 8 and 9. A s s o c i a t e d w i t h the leading-edge
v o r t e x i s a n o n l i n e a r i n c r e a s e i n l i f t above a t t a c h e d or p o t e n t i a l f l o w c o n d i t i o n s
( r e f . 1 0 ) . T h i s n o n l i n e a r l i f t i n c r e a s e i s a p p a r e n t o n l y f o r the 4O0-sweep spanwise-
blowing n o z z l e ( f i g s . 17 and 18) a t CT = 2.0. A t a l l other conditions t h i s vortex
l i f t is n o t c l e a r l y e v i d e n t , i n d i c a t i n g l i t t l e o r no leading-edge v o r t e x e f f e c t s . A
p r o b a b l e r e a s o n f o r t h e absence of t h e s e e f f e c t s is t h a t a d i s c r e t e , c o n c e n t r a t e d j e t
f l o w (as i n v e s t i g a t e d i n r e f s . 8 and 9 ) i s n o t produced by t h e spanwise n o z z l e s of
this investigation. Although t h e n o n l i n e a r i n c r e a s e i s n o t p r e s e n t a t e a c h CT, t h e
spanwise j e t does i n c r e a s e l i f t and improve the d r a g p o l a r as CT i n c r e a s e s .

The flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n photographs of m i n i t u f t s ( s e e f i g s . 30 and 31 f o r main

and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s and f i g . 32 f o r main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-
blowing n o z z l e s ) i n d i c a t e l i t t l e change i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e wing l e a d i n g edge t o
CT i n c r e a s e s from j e t o f f (CT = 0 ) t o j e t on (c, > 0 ) .
i n d i c a t e a v o r t e x f l o w as
I f a leading-edge v o r t e x i s p r e s e n t because of t h e spanwise j e t , t h e t u f t s around t h e
wing l e a d i n g edge a r e a l i g n e d i n a spanwise d i r e c t i o n b u t n o t p a r a l l e l t o one
another. F u r t h e r a f t of t h i s area ( b e h i n d t h e v o r t e x ) , t h e t u f t s a r e a l i g n e d i n a
chordwise d i r e c t i o n and a p p r o x i m a t e l y p a r a l l e l t o one a n o t h e r , i n d i c a t i n g an a t t a c h e d
flow c o n d i t i o n a f t of t h e leading-edge v o r t e x . I n b o t h spanwise-blowing n o z z l e con-
f i g u r a t i o n s ( A s = 40° and 60'1, the photographs do n o t show such flows o c c u r r i n g on
t h e wing as CT i n c r e a s e s .

6
 Thrust-Induced L o n g i t u d i n a l Aerodynamic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

E v a l u a t i o n of t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w a s per-
formed i n a manner s i m i l a r t o t h a t i n r e f e r e n c e s 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 4 , and 15, i n which t h e
d i f f e r e n t components of powered l i f t w e r e i s o l a t e d from t h e t o t a l c o e f f i c i e n t ( t h r u s t
i n c l u d e d ) and p r e s e n t e d as a f u n c t i o n of CT. A t y p i c a l component breakdown i s shown
i n f i g u r e 20. A s can be s e e n , t h e t o t a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t can be broken down i n t o

1. B a s i c configuration l i f t - t h e l i f t of t h e model w i t h u n d e f l e c t e d f l a p s and

j e t off

2 . F l a p lift - t h e l i f t due t o a f l a p d e f l e c t i o n w i t h j e t o f f

3 . J e t r e a c t i o n l i f t - t h e t h r u s t component i n t h e l i f t d i r e c t i o n when t h e j e t
is d e f l e c t e d o r vectored

4. Thrust-induced l i f t - t h e l i f t due t o a d d i t i o n a l c i r c u l a t i o n from a j e t - f l a p

e f f e c t , r e a t t a c h m e n t of s e p a r a t e d flow ( B L C ) , and leading-edge v o r t e x from
spanwise blowing

The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t ACLlr can be f u r t h e r broken down i n t o

b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c o n t r o l (BLC) and induced c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t , as shown i n f i g u r e 21 and
as found i n r e f e r e n c e s 1 1 , 1 2 , and 14 t o 1 7 . As n o t e d , t h e d e m a r c a t i o n between BLC
and c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t c a n be d e f i n e d as t h e p o i n t on t h e induced l i f t c u r v e a t which
t h e slope changes from s t e e p t o moderate ( t h e “ k n e e ” of t h e c u r v e ) . A s i m i l a r
breakdown i s p o s s i b l e f o r t h e components of d r a g and p i t c h i n g moment.

The e q u a t i o n s d e f i n i n g t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e m e n t s are p r e s e n t e d
below, i n which t h e j e t - o f f c o n f i g u r a t i o n aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e d i r e c t
t h r u s t component are removed from t h e j e t - o n aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

AC =
D,r ‘D ,TR ‘D C =O
- I T

AC = (IO)
‘m,TR m
‘ C =O
m,r - I T

Main n o z z l e alone.- The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic i n c r e m e n t s of

t h e t h r e e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 22 t o 24. In
t h e s e t h r e e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s ( 6 = Oo, l S O , and 30°), t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t c o e f f i -
f
c i e n t i n c r e m e n t ACL,r l e v e l s are n o t l a r g e compared w i t h t h o s e f o r the combined
main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . ( S e e f i g s . 25 t o 27.) A t CT 1 .O,
ACL,r < 0.3 f o r a = 16O. The g e n e r a l s h a p e of t h e A5,r c u r v e s is s i m i l a r t o the
example of f i g u r e 21, and t h e c u r v e s show p r i m a r i l y BLC r a t h e r t h a n induced c i r c u l a -
tion l i f t . I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t a t t h e smallest t r a i l i n g - e d g e d e f l e c t i o n
(6f = O O ) , the c u r v e s i n d i c a t e more c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t t h a n when t h e f l a p i s
deflected. T h i s is a t t r i b u t e d t o a v i s c o u s e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t , which is a p p a r e n t l y
reduced as t r a i l i n g - e d g e d e f l e c t i o n i n c r e a s e s . The i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t s (when
6 = O o ) become l a r g e r as a n g l e of a t t a c k i s i n c r e a s e d , which may be b e c a u s e of
f
i n c r e a s e d f l o w s e p a r a t i o n on t h e wing which c a n be r e a t t a c h e d by t h e main n o z z l e

7
 e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t . S i n c e t h i s e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t i s reduced as t r a i l i n g - e d g e deflec-
t i o n i n c r e a s e s , t h e e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g a n g l e of a t t a c k i s reduced.

I n f i g u r e s 22 t o 23, t h e pitching-moment and d r a g c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e m e n t s f o r t h e

t h r e e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s show similar t r e n d s as t h o s e r e p o r t e d i n r e f e r e n c e s 15 and 16.
The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d pitching-moment c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e a nose-down i n c r e -
ment b e c a u s e of r e l a t i v e l y a f t l o a d i n g on t h e wing. The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d d r a g c o e f f i -
c i e n t i n c r e m e n t s are a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e i n c r e m e n t i n t h r u s t - i n d u c e d d r a g
e x p e c t e d f o r an i n c r e a s e i n CL. A t low t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s , t h e v a l u e s of AC
D,r
are n e g a t i v e b e c a u s e t h e f l o w on the wing behind t h e main n o z z l e is s e p a r a t e d and t h e
base area behind t h e n o z z l e h a s a low p r e s s u r e a t CT = 0. A t CT > 0 ( j e t o n ) , t h e
f l o w on t h e wing is r e a t t a c h e d and the base area is o c c u p i e d by t h e main n o z z l e
exhaust, causing a d e c r e a s e i n ACD,.. The f l o w s e p a r a t i o n and r e a t t a c h m e n t is shown
i n f i g u r e 2 8 by t h e change i n t u f t p o s i t i o n a f t of t h e main n o z z l e as t h r u s t is
i n c r e a s e d from j e t o f f t o j e t on.

AS a measure of the magnitude of t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s on t h e VEO-wing

c o n f i g u r a t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g method i s used. F i r s t , t y p i c a l v a l u e s of approach g l i d e
s l o p e a n g l e and a n g l e of a t t a c k f o r STOL o p e r a t i o n s are chosen. Next, t h e t o t a l
aerodynamic l i f t - d r a g p o l a r and t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t c u r v e s are used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
l a n d i n g t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t and ACL,r. T y p i c a l v a l u e s of g l i d e s l o p e a n g l e and a n g l e
of a t t a c k f o r STOL o p e r a t i o n s are -6O and 16O f o r t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The g l i d e
slope a n g l e i s d e f i n e d as

y = - tan
-1
(cD/CL) (11 1

With t h e v a l u e s of a n g l e of a t t a c k , g l i d e s l o p e a n g l e , and C,,/CL, the t h r u s t coeffi-

c i e n t can be d e t e r m i n e d from t h e t o t a l l i f t - d r a g p o l a r s . Once t h e CT i s known, t h e
t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t can be d e t e r m i n e d from t h e p l o t s i n f i g u r e s 22 t o 27.
From t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n
w i t h 6 f = 30° i s a b o u t 0.4 and t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g A C L , r i s 0.25 ( f i g . 241, which
i s a b o u t 11 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t of 2.25.

Main and spanwise-blowing nozzles.- The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l o n g i t u d i n a l i n c r e m e n t s

f o r t h e t h r e e spanwise-blowing c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 25 t o 27. The
g e n e r a l shape of t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t i n d i c a t e s c o n t r i b u t i o n from b o t h
BLC and c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t . The v a l u e s of ACL,. f o r main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are h i g h e r t h a n f o r t h e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n s b e c a u s e t h e
spanwise j e t a f f e c t s a l a r g e r p o r t i o n of t h e wing. A s i n t h e main-nozzle-alone con-
f i g u r a t i o n , t h e e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g a n g l e of a t t a c k i s d e c r e a s e d when 6f > Oo
b e c a u s e of t h e reduced e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t s . The two d i f f e r e n t spanwise-blowing noz-
z l e sweep a n g l e s had d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s on t h e wing. The 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e a f f e c t e d a l a r g e r p o r t i o n of t h e wing, whereas t h e 6O0-sweep n o z z l e o n l y
a f f e c t e d p o r t i o n s of t h e i n b o a r d wing and t h e t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p s . The e f f e c t of t h e
spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s is shown i n the f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n p h o t o g r a p h s i n f i g u r e s 30
t o 32. F i g u r e s 30 and 31 show t h e area a f f e c t e d by t h e 4O0-sweep spanwise j e t . The
a f f e c t e d area i s shown by t h e m i n i t u f t remnants, s i n c e t h e m i n i t u f t s f a t i g u e d b e c a u s e
of t h e high-speed spanwise j e t flow. I n f i g u r e 32, t h e area a f f e c t e d by t h e 60°-
sweep spanwise j e t can be shown by t h e m i n i t u f t s on t h e o u t b o a r d t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p
( n e a r t h e main n o z z l e ) . A t CT = 0, t h e m i n i t u f t s i n d i c a t e a spanwise flow; when
C > 0, t h e m i n i t u f t s i n d i c a t e a r e l a t i v e l y chordwise flow. The a f f e c t e d area i s
T
much less t h a n f o r t h e 4O0-sweep spanwise j e t . Also i n f i g u r e s 30 t o 32, t h e area
b e h i n d t h e n o z z l e shows s e p a r a t e d f l o w a t CT = 0; t h e f l o w r e a t t a c h e s a t CT > 0 , as

8
 p r e v i o u s l y mentioned f o r t h e main-nozzle-alone c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . I n t h e flow v i s u a l i -
z a t i o n p h o t o g r a p h s of t h e main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , two sepa-
r a t e blowing e f f e c t s are p r e s e n t , one mainly due t o t h e main n o z z l e and t h e o t h e r
t o t a l l y due t o t h e spanwise-blowing n o z z l e . The e f f e c t s are summarized i n f i g u r e 33.
They are a l s o p r e s e n t i n the t h r u s t - i n d u c e d - i n c r e m e n t d a t a . I n f i g u r e s 25 and 26,
t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d e x h i b i t s " d o u b l e knees"; one knee i s due t o t h e main n o z z l e j e t
a t t a c h i n g t h e i n b o a r d t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p and t h e spanwise j e t n o t p e n e t r a t i n g t h e
f l o w enough t o a f f e c t t h e wing a t low t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s , and t h e second knee i s
t o t a l l y due t o the s p a n w i s e n o z z l e a f f e c t i n g the o u t b o a r d wing a t h i g h e r t h r u s t coef-
Y ficients. T h i s d o u b l e knee i s m o r e a p p a r e n t w i t h 6 = 30° t h a n w i t h 6 = Oo,
f f
b e c a u s e of t h e e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t a t 6 f = o o .

TO d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t of t h e main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s on t h e l a n d i n g

c o n f i g u r a t i o n l i f t , t h e same method p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d f o r t h e main-nozzle-alone
c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s used. For the main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h
6 f = 30°, t h e CT is a b o u t 0.5, which c o r r e s p o n d s t o a t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t
of 0.47; t h i s is 18.5 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t of 2.54. The t h r u s t -
induced i n c r e m e n t f o r t h e main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6f = 30°
h a s a smaller v a l u e of 0.33 a t CT 0.5, which is 13.6 p e r c e n t of CL = 2.45. The
CT
f o r the l a n d i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r a l l t h r e e VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a t 6f = 30°
i s a b o u t 0.5.

CONCLUSIONS

An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s on t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e vectored-engine-over-wing (VEO-wing) c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s con-
d u c t e d i n t h e Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel. The VEO-wing w a s t e s t e d a t Mach numbers
r a n g i n g from 0.14 t o 0.17 o v e r an a n g l e - o f - a t t a c k r a n g e from - 2 O t o 26O. The wing
t r a i l i n g edge w a s d e f l e c t e d from O o t o 30°. The o v e r a l l t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s , main
and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s combined, w e r e v a r i e d from 0 t o 2.0. The r e s u l t s of
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n d i c a t e t h e following:

1 . With the main n o z z l e a l o n e , t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d e f f e c t s w e r e

t h e r e s u l t of b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c o n t r o l more t h a n induced c i r c u l a t i o n l i f t ; t h e o n l y
area a f f e c t e d w a s n e a r t h e rear of t h e n o z z l e , e x c e p t f o r t h e u n d e f l e c t e d t r a i l i n g -
edge f l a p c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

2. I n b o t h 40°- and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , t h e

l e a d i n g - e d g e v o r t e x e f f e c t s w e r e g e n e r a l l y n o t e v i d e n t , b u t t h e spanwise j e t d i d
i n c r e a s e t h e l i f t and improve t h e d r a g polar as t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e a s e d .

3. The e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g a n g l e of a t t a c k on i n d u c e d l i f t d e c r e a s e d when t h e
t r a i l i n g edge w a s d e f l e c t e d b e c a u s e of t h e reduced e n t r a i n m e n t e f f e c t s i n b o t h the
main-nozzle-alone and t h e main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

4. I n t h e main and spanwise-blowing n o z z l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , t h e t h r u s t - i n d u c e d

l i f t i n c r e m e n t s w e r e o b t a i n e d from two e f f e c t s . The f i r s t w a s from t h e main n o z z l e
j e t a t t a c h i n g t h e f l o w o v e r t h e i n b o a r d f l a p , and t h e second w a s from t h e spanwise
n o z z l e j e t a f f e c t i n g t h e o u t b o a r d p o r t i o n of t h e wing.

5. The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d i n c r e m e n t s w e r e l a r g e r for t h e spanwise-blowing a n g l e of

40° t h a n f o r t h e 60° a n g l e , s i n c e t h e 4O0-sweep spanwise n o z z l e j e t a f f e c t e d more of
the wing. Both spanwise c o n f i g u r a t i o n s e x h i b i t e d b o u n d a r y - l a y e r c o n t r o l and induced
circulation l i f t .

9
 6. The VEO-wing l a n d i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e of t h r u s t - i n d u c e d
l i f t i n c r e m e n t w a s t h e main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 30° t r a i l i n g -
edge f l a p d e f l e c t i o n . The t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t i n c r e m e n t v a l u e of t h i s c o n f i g u r a t i o n
w a s 18.5 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t of 2.54.

Langley Research C e n t e r
N a t i o n a l A e r o n a u t i c s and Space A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
Hampton, VA 23665
November 8, 1983

10
 REFERENCES

1. Whitten, P. D.; and Howell, G. A.: Investigations of the VW-Wing Concept in an

Air-to-Ground Role. AFFDL-TR-79-3031, U.S. Air Force, Mar. 1979.

2. Whitten, P. D.: An Experimental Investigation of a Vectored-Engine-Over-Wing

Powered-Lift Concept, Volume I1 -
High Angle of Attack and STOL Tests,
AFFDL-TR-76-92, Volume 11, U.S. Air Force, Mar. 1978.

V 3. Huffman, Jarrett K.; and Fox, Charles H., Jr.: Subsonic Longitudinal Aerodynamic
Characteristics of a Vectored-Engine-Over-Wing Configuration Having Spanwise
Leading Edge Vortex Enhancement. NASA TM X-73955, 1977.
R

4. Leavitt, Laurence D.; and Yip, Long P.: Effects of Spanwise Nozzle Geometry and
Location on the Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Vectored-Engine-
Over-Wing Configuration at Subsonic Speeds. NASA TP-1215, 1978.

5 . Leavitt, Laurence D.: Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Vectored-

Engine-Over-Wing Configuration at Subsonic Speeds. NASA TI?-1533, 1979.

6. Howell, George A.: Low-Speed wind Tunnel Investigation of the Vectored-Engine-

over-Wing Concept with Podded Nacelles. AFWAL-TR-82-3009, U.S. Air Force,
Mar. 1982.

7. Paulson, John W.; Whitten, Perry D.; and Stumpfl, Stephen C,: Wind-Tunnel Inves-
tigation of the Powered Low-Speed Longitudinal Aerodynamics of the Vectored-
Engine-Over (VEO) Wing Fighter Configuration. NASA TM-83263, 1982.

8. Campbell, James F.: Effects of Spanwise Blowing on the Pressure Field and
Vortex-Lift Characteristics of a 44O Swept Trapezoidal Wing. NASA TN D-7907,
1975.

9. Erickson, Gary E.; and Campbell, James F.: Improvement of Maneuver Aerodynamics
by Spanwise Blowing. NASA TP-1065, 1977.

10. Polhamus, Edward C.: Predictions of Vortex-Lift Characteristics by a Leading-

Edge Suction Analogy. J. Aircr., vol. 8, no. 4, Apr. 1971, pp. 193-199.

11. Campbell, John P.: Overview of Powered-Lift Technology. Powered-Lift Aerody-

namics and Acoustics, NASA SP-406, 1976, pp. 1-27.

12. Mavriplis, Fotis; and Gilmore, David: Investigation of Externally Blown Flap
Airfoils With Leading Edge Devices and slotted Flaps. V/STOL Aerodynamics,
AGARD-CP-143, OCt. 1974, pp. 7-1 -
7-12.

13. Crowder, J. P.: Fluorescent Mini-Tufts for Non-Intrusive Flow Visualization.

MDC 57374, McDonne11 Douglas COrp., Feb. 1 , 1977.

14. Paulson, J. W., Jr.: An Analysis of Thrust-Induced Effects on the Longitudinal

Aerodynamics of STOL Fighter Configurations. AI--80-1879, Aug. 1980.

.
1 5 . Paulson, John W., Jr : Thrust-Induced Aerodynamics of STOL Fighter Configura-
tions, Tactical Aircraft Research and Technology, Volume I, NASA cp-2162,
Part 2, 1981, pp. 695-712.

11

f
16. P a u l s o n , John W., Jr .;
and Thomas, James L. : Summary of Low-Speed L o n g i t u d i n a l
Aerodynamics o f Two Powered Close-Coupled Wing-Canard F i g h t e r C o n f i g u r a t i o n s .
NASA TI?-1535, 1979.

1 7 . Banks, D a n i e l w.; Quinto, P. Frank; and P a u l s o n , John W., Jr.: Thrust-Induced

E f f e c t s on Low-Speed Aerodynamics of F i g h t e r A i r c r a f t . NASA TM-83277, 1982.

12
 SYMBOLS

A l l d a t a are reduced t o c o e f f i c i e n t form and are p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s t a b i l i t y a x i s

system. The u n i t s i n this r e p o r t are the U.S. Customary U n i t s . Also, t h e measure-
ments and c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e made i n U.S. Customary U n i t s . The model moment c e n t e r
w a s l o c a t e d a t 25 p e r c e n t of t h e wing mean aerodynamic chord.

Ae main n o z z l e e x i t area, i n 2

7 AS spanwise n o z z l e t h r o a t area, i n2

At
main n o z z l e t h r o a t area, i n 2
b

drag coefficient, Drag/qS

thrust-removed drag c o e f f i c i e n t , C + C cos(a + 8.)

D T I
thrust-induced drag c o e f f i c i e n t increment, CD,m - CD~cT=o

l i f t coefficient, Lift/qS

L
‘ ,TR thrust-removed l i f t coefficient, - c sin(a + 8.)
L
‘ T 3
thrust-induced l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t increment, CL,TR - CL/cT=o

m
‘ pitching-moment c o e f f i c i e n t , P i t c h i n g moment/qSc

m
‘ ,TR thrust-removed pitching-moment c o e f f i c i e n t ,
cm + (x/C)cT s i n 8 + (z/C)cT cos 8
j j
thrust-induced pitching-moment c o e f f i c i e n t i n c r e m e n t ,
CmIm - Cm~cT=o

gross t h r u s t coefficient, T pw/qS

P
mean aerodynamic c h o r d , 12.303 in.

FA a x i a l force, lbf

FN normal f o r c e , lbf

he main n o z z l e e x i t h e i g h t , in. ( f i g . 4)

ht main n o z z l e t h r o a t h e i g h t , in. (fig. 4)

NPR area-weighted o v e r a l l n o z z l e p r e s s u r e r a t i o ,
/ p ~ +
NPR = ( ~ ~ , ~[At/(As ) At)] + ( p
t, s
/pw) [ A s / ( A s + At)]

Pt,t main n o z z l e t o t a l p r e s s u r e , lbf/ft2

Pt,s spanwise n o z z l e t o t a l p r e s s u r e , af/ft2

PW tunnel s t a t i c pressure, lbf/ft2

q dynamic p r e s s u r e , Ibf / f t2

13
 _.
.... .. .

S wing r e f e r e n c e area, 3.5 ft2

T static t h r u s t force, \IFN’ + FA2 , Ibf

T s t a t i c t h r u s t d i v i d e d by s t a t i c p r e s s u r e , T/p=
P
X l o n g i t u d i n a l d i s t a n c e from t h r u s t v e c t o r t o moment r e f e r e n c e , in.

Z v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e from t h r u s t v e c t o r t o moment r e f e r e n c e , in.

U a n g l e of a t t a c k , deg

Y g l i d e s l o p e angle, -tan” (C,/C,) , deg I‘

wing t r a i l i n g - e d g e d e f l e c t i o n ( b o t h i n b o a r d and o u t b o a r d f l a p and p o s i t i v e

&f
t r a i l i n g - e d g e down), deg
-1
8 j e t deflection angle, -tan (FN/FA), deg
j
n o z z l e ramp a n g l e , d e g

A spanwise-blowing a n g l e , deg
S

Abbreviations:

BL butt line, in.

BLC boundary-layer control

FS fuselage s t a t i o n , in.

WCP wing chord p l a n e , WL = -1 .388 i n .

WL water l i n e , i n .

14
 TABLE I .. GENERAL MODEL GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS

wing:
wing area. f t 2 .......................................................
........................................................ 3.5
A s p e c t ratio
wing span. i n .....................................................
...........................................
3.75
43.474

Taper r a t i o ..........................................................
Leading-edge sweepback. deg

....................................................
40
0.4
Root chord. i n
T i p chord. i n .......................................................
Mean aerodynamic chord. i n ........................................
16.565
6.625
12.303

Lateral l o c a t i o n . i n
.......
L o n g i t u d i n a l leading-edge l o c a t i o n ( f u s e l a g e s t a t i o n ) . i n
............................................. 44.547
9.315

Canard :
P a n e l area. ft2
Aspect r a t i o
......................................................
......................................................... 704

Semispan. i n ........................................................
...............................................
2.1
7.30
Leading-edge sweep. deg
...........................................
........................................................
T r a i l i n g - e d g e s w e e p . deg 18.28
55

Taper r a t i o
Root chord. i n
T i p chord. i n
....................................................
......................................................
0.268
10.952

Mean aerodynamic chord. i n ......................................... 2.939

7.716

L o c a t i o n of q u a r t e r - c h o r d :
BL. i n
FS. i n
..............................................................
............................................................. 9.95

A i r f o i l section. percent ...................................... 4

37.79
(biconvex)

Body :
Length. i n .........................................................
Maximum c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area (6.25-in. ..................
i n2
70.00

Fineness r a t i o .....................................................
diam). 30.68
11.20

Nacelle :
Length. i n ..........................................................
............................................................ 25.4
Width. i n
Height. i n ........................................................... 3.9
3.2

15
 . ..
L- 79- 183 0

Figure 1.- Rear view of vectored-engine-over-wing model i n s t a l l e d i n t h e Langley

4- by 7-Meter Tunnel.
 Balance c e n t e r

I
FS 47.623
I FS 57.000
FS 31.800 FS 46.595 FS 54(5161
I
BL 0

BL 3.125

BL 5.644

BL 9.537 -

k 1 0 . 4 2 5 - 4
FS 31.652 2.939

b- 6.625
\\4- BL 21.737

c e n t e r WL -1.125
i- WCP(UL -1.388)

FS 0

FS 21.224 FS 53.416 FS 70.000

Figure 2.- Sketch of vectored-engine-over-wing model. Dimensions a r e i n i n c h e s

u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e noted.
 L-79-1 8 3 3
Figure 3.- Three-quarter rear view o f the chordwise main nozzle and spanwise-blowing
nozzle o f the VEO-wing model.
 .1.388)

'R

FS si.000
FS 53.416

- - - 1

Ramp At Ae' ht, he, eR, ' Remarks

2 in. in. deg
' in2/side i n /side
1 3.585 4.828 0.94 1.27 20 Main n o z z l e a l o n e
2 3.585 4.257 .94 1.12 25 Main n o z z l e a l o n e
3 2.603 3.772 .68 .99 25 Main and spanwise-
b l o w i n g n o z z l es

F i g u r e 4 . - Nozzle geometries of t h e VEO-wing model. Dimensions a r e i n i n c h e s u n l e s s

o t h e r w i s e noted.

FS 48.15

F i g u r e 5.- Spanwise n o z z l e geometries of t h e VEO-wing. Dimensions a r e i n i n c h e s

unless o t h e r w i s e noted.

19
 L-83-116
F i g u r e 6.- M i n i t u f t l o c a t i o n on VEO-wing model,
I

10

e
j’ - 10
del

-20

- 30

16

12

T
1
P’ 8
lbf/psia

0 1 I I I
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

NPR

(a) Main nozzle alone; 6f = 150.

Figure 7.- Thrust characteristics as a function of nozzle pressure ratio.

21
 10

t'

b,

-20

-30

16

12

T , 8
P
1b f / p s i a

NPR

(b) Main and spanwise n o z z l e s ( A = 40O); 6f = 30°.

S

Figure 7 .- Concluded.

22

~. . . ... . . ..
 1

cm
Y .-
L 4 0
cT
0
.1
- .’4 0 .5
A 2.0
-.E

-1.2

‘4.5-- -- 4.5-

4.0 ‘4.0

3.5 ---- -- 3.5-

7
/I- 3.0

2
CL CL
2.0-- 2

1.5 1

1 .o 1

.5

0 2 ‘4 6 8 10 12 111 16 18 20 22 2’4 26 28
a deg CD

N
Figure 8 .- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r .main nozzle
W alone with 6 = O o a t v a r i o u s t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s .
f
 cT
0 0
0 .1
0 -5
A 2.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3 .O

2 -5
CL
2.0

1.5

1 .o

.5

-.~r-2-----
-----_i
- ---

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 5
a de6

F i g u r e 9.- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main n o z z l e

alone with 6 = 1 5 O a t various t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s .
f

* t
 . ' .

cT
0 0
0 .1
0 -5
A 2.0

-1

4.5-- -- - - e 4.5

q.0 -

3.0--

CL

0-

adeg CD

F i g u r e 10.- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main n o z z l e

N
a l o n e with 6 = 300 a t v a r i o u s t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s .
ul f
 1.6

1.2

.8

.‘4
cm
0
CT
0 0
- .4 0 .1
0 .5
A 2.0
---. L--
A;-
-- I -
-2 O 2 4 6 8 10 12 1’4 16 18 20 22 2’4 26 28
a idee
5.0
1

----------------I
-.?y 4 0 2 q 6 8 10 12 1’4 16 18 20 22 2‘4 26 28 -.%
- J----4--J-2.0
--- -1.6 -1.2 -.8 --‘4 0 -‘4 -8 1-2
a deg CD

F i g u r e 11.- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main

and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 00 a t v a r i o u s t h r u s t
f
coefficients.

R ::-.
""I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

cT
0 0
0 .1
0 e5
A 2.0

a deg

a deg CD

Figure 12.- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main

and 400-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s with 6 € = 30" a t various t h r u s t
coefficients.
 CT
0 0
0 .2
0 .5
A 1.5

F i g u r e 13.- Powered ( t o t a l ) l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s for main

and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s with 6 = 30° a t various t h r u s t
coefficients. f
 cT
-.11
0 0
0 -1
-.E
0 .5
A 2.0

w.w
I I I 5 .o 77-r- --
u c 11.5-
4.0------ --
3.5-

3 . 0 ~ -

C ~ , ~ ~

1 .o

.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 111 16 18 20 22 2'4 26 28 -'_5.2 0 .2 .11 .6 .E 1.0 1.2 1.11 1.6

Figure 14.- Thrust-removed longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main nozzle

N
u) alone with 6 = 00 at various thrust coefficients.
f
W
0

‘T
0 0
.1
0 .5
A 2.0

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5
‘L,TR
2 .O

1.5

1 .o

.5

-‘5.2 0 -2 .4 -6 -8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

a deg ‘D,TR

Figure 15.- Thrust-removed longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main nozzle

alone with 6 = 150 at various thrust coefficients.
f
 cT
-.I! 0 0
0 .1
-.8 0 .5
A 2.0

a de6 'D,TR

F i g u r e 16.- Thrust-removed l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main n o z z l e

a l o n e w i t h 6 = 30° a t v a r i o u s t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t s .
f
W
h)

cT
0 0
CI .1
0 -5
A 2.0

5.0

q.5

4 .O
3.5
, I '
I '
I

\
-
I

I
'

a des C ~ , ~ ~

Figure 17.- Thrust-removed longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main

and 400-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles with 6 = Oo at various thrust
coefficients. f
"e-

cT
0 0
.1
0 .5
A 2.0
-1 *2' I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I

adeg 'D,TR

F i g u r e 18.- Thrust-removed l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic characteristics f o r main

W and 40O-sweep spanwise-blowing n o z z l e s w i t h 6 = 30° a t v a r i o u s t h r u s t
W coefficients. f
W
P

cT
0 0
.2
0 .5
A 1.5

a dee c ~TR,

Figure 19.- Thrust-removed longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main

and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles with hf = 30° at various t h r u s t
coefficients.
 Thrust-induced l i f t ,
BLC i- AC
L,r

J e t reaction l i f t ,
CT s i n ( a i- e . )
J

Flap l i f t ,
Af > oo
cT = o
lift,

F i g u r e 20.- Components of powered lift a t a c o n s t a n t a n g l e of attack.

W
Ul
W
In

Figure 21.- Components of t h r u s t - i n d u c e d l i f t f o r 01 > 00.

 .05 .

A Cm ,r 0

-.05

-.lo

.3

a
n--
-
v

-.1 L

-.2 L
L 1 . 1_ 1 I d
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
L
T
F i g u r e 22.- T h r u s t - i n d u c e d l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main n o z z l e
a l o n e w i t h 6 = 00 a t v a r i o u s a n g l e s of a t t a c k .
f

37

i
I I I I I I I I1l1l1lI1.1l1l1l1l11

a, deg
.10 0 8
16
.05
0 24

0
“mYr
-.05

-.10

.3

AcD,r .2
I
.1

-.l i-

l .8
mO c
.4

.2

1
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cT

Figure 23.- Thrust-induced longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for the main

nozzle alone with = 1 5 O at various angles of attack.

38
 .10

.05

-.05

-.10 1
.5

.4

.3

AC
D,T .2

.1

04

-.l

1.0

.8

.2

0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

cT

Figure 24.- T h r u s t - i n d u c e d l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r main n o z z l e

a l o n e w i t h 6 = 300 a t v a r i o u s a n g l e s o f a t t a c k .
f

39
 .10 a, deg
0 8
.05 R 16
0 24
“m,r 0

-.05

-.10

.4 L

AC
Dyr
.3

.2

.1

0
.I
L
-.l

1.0

.8

.6

r
.4

.2

0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

cT

Figure 25 .-
Thrust-induced longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main
and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles with 1 5 =~ O o at various angles
of attack.

40
AC
m,r
.05
.lo 1
-.05

-.10

.5

.4

.3

AcD,r .2

.1

04

-.l

1 I I I
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
cT

Figure 26.- Thrust-induced longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main

and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles with 6 = 30° at various angles
f
of attack.

41
 .I0
.05 rr
I
0

0
c1,

24
8
deg

16

ACm,r -
0

-.05

-.lo

-.l

1.0 r

-
. 24 t .5 1.0
I
2.5

Figure 27.- Thrust-induced longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics for main

and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing nozzles with 6f = 30° at various angles
of attack.

42
 (b) CT = 0.2.
L-83-117
F i g u r e 28.- M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main n o z z l e a l o n e f o r VEO-wing
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = Oo a n d a = 160.
f

43
 lllll I Il1 l l l IIll~1ll 111l11llI

(c) CT = 0.9.

( d ) CT = 1.5. L-83-118

F i g u r e 28.- Concluded.

44
 (a) CT = 0.

(b) CT = 0.2.
L-83-119
F i g u r e 29.- M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main n o z z l e a l o n e f o r VEO-wing
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = 30° and a = 160.
f
45
 (c) % = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1.5. -83-120

Figure 29. - Concluded.
46
I

(b) cT = 0.2.
683-121
F i g u r e 30.- M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main a n d 400-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e s f o r VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = Oo a n d a = 16O.
f
47
 I I I1 I1 I1 llIlll~11111111l111llIIIII Il I I

(c) CT = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1.5. p83-122

F i g u r e 30. - Concluded.
48
 (b) CT = 0 . 2 .
683-123
Figure 31. - M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main and 400-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e s for VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = 30° and a = 16O.
f
49
 (c) % = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1-50
683-124
F i g u r e 31. - Concluded.

50
 (a) cT = 0.

(b) % = 0.2.
L- 83- 1 25
F i g u r e 32.- M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n o f main a n d 600-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e s f o r VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = 30° a n d a = 160.
f

51
 (c) CT = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1 - 5 0
6 8 3 - 12 6
Figure 32. - Concluded.

52
 (a) 5 = 0.

(b) CT = 0.2.
683-123
Figure 31. - M i n i t u f t f l a w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main and 4O0-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e s f o r VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n with 6 = 30° and a = 16O.
f
49
 (c) CT = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1.5.
>83-124
F i g u r e 3 1. - Concluded.

50
I

(a) cT = 0.

(b) '+ = 0.2.

L- 83- 125
F i g u r e 32.- M i n i t u f t f l o w v i s u a l i z a t i o n of main and 6O0-sweep spanwise-blowing
n o z z l e s f o r VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h 6 = 300 a n d a = 160.
f

51
 (c) CT = 0.9.

(d) CT = 1 - 5 0
L-83-1 26
F i g u r e 32. - Concluded.

52
 Main and 40°-sweep spanwi se-bl owi ng n o z z l es

-1

,::::?;g>.$<. Approximate areas in f l uenced

;:;::,.s
fjX.;:
.....
:..,.;:.....,..
;;:: .::.. ..,.......:.
...,:...
:..:...:, by n o z z l e exhaust f l o w

- Exhaust f l o w

Main and 60°-sweep spanwi s e - b l owi ng n o z z l e s

Figure 3 3 . - E f f e c t s of n o z z l e e x h a u s t on t h e VEO-wing c o n f i g u r a t i o n .
 __ ~ ~ - - -_
1. Report No. 2-Goieinment Accession NO.~:-[-3Xecipient*s. catalog NO.

NASA "-2228
4. Title and Subtitle
. [ -
5. Report Date
THRUST-INDUCED EFFECTS ON SUBSONIC LONGITUDINAL
AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A VECTORED-ENGINE-
OVER- WING CONFIGURATION 505-43-23-04
~. . . . .- -.-. ~.

7. Author(s)
P. Frank Quinto and John W. Paulson, Jr. L-I 5629
- . . . ~ ~~ .__ ~

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23665
. . ... .- .. ~ - - -.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Technical Paper
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546
~~ -... ... . . - ~ .. . .
15. Supplementary Notes

- .. ___ ... _ . __ _ _
16. Abstract

An i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s conducted i n the Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel of t h e t h r u s t -

induced e f f e c t s on t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l aerodynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a vectored-engine-
over-wing f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s conducted a t Mach numbers from
0.14 t o 0.17 over an angle-of-attack range from - 2 O t o 26O. The major model v a r i -
a b l e s w e r e t h e spanwise-blowing nozzle sweep a n g l e and t h e main nozzle v e c t o r a n g l e
along with t r a i l i n g - e d g e f l a p d e f l e c t i o n s . The o v e r a l l t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t (main and
spanwise n o z z l e s ) w a s v a r i e d from 0 ( j e t o f f ) t o 2.0. The r e s u l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a -
t i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e thrust-induced e f f e c t s from t h e main nozzle a l o n e w e r e s m a l l
and mainly due t o boundary-layer c o n t r o l a f f e c t i n g a s m a l l a r e a behind t h e nozzle.
When t h e spanwise-blowing nozzles w e r e i n c l u d e d , t h e induced-effects w e r e l a r g e r than
t h e main nozzle a l o n e and w e r e due t o both boundary-layer c o n t r o l and induced c i r c u -
l a t i o n l i f t . No leading-edge v o r t e x e f f e c t s w e r e e v i d e n t .

.~ - - . ..
. .~ - -. ___-
__ -- . . .-
17. Key Words (Suggested by Authoris) ) 18. Distribution Statement
Thrust-induced e f f e c t s Unclassified - Unlimited
Vectored engine over wing
STOL f i g h t e r

S u b j e c t Category 0 2
- 20. Security Classif. (of this page)
19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified
. -

.._..
Unclassified
=-

For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield. Virginia 22161
21. No. of Pages

I 22. Price

.. .
A04
.
-~

-
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~~
. ~

-
~~

.
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NASA-Langley, 1983
 (*)
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