Site Remediation Proposal Plan for Kasur tannery

Introduction
Tanning process is ranked as a potential environmental concern and tannery effluents are
generally classified as the highest pollutants among all the industrial wastes. This is because
of the production of large amounts of the hazardous tannery wastewater. Tanneries are also
distinguished as intensive pollution complexes due to the production of varying concentrated
wastewater.

Leather products are categorized as consumer goods and they have high demand not only in
Pakistan but all around the world as these are used in daily life. Due to this, the leather
production process deals with legal environmental restrains. Besides playing an important
role in raising the economic sector of Pakistan, tanning industry is also negatively effecting
the environment and human health. In Pakistan, the major issue of concern is the extensive
and unrestricted wastewater discharge containing toxic tannery effluents and “heavy metals”
especially “chromium” into the environment. It is not only harmful for the environment but it
also negatively affects the agricultural practices in the land area nearby. Due to generation of
many noxious chemicals especially chromium, associated with the tanning industry, many
developed countries have banned its practices on their land. But the production of chrome
tanned leather cannot be completely stopped in the world due to its use and demand. This
gives the benefit to the developing countries like Pakistan, which generate their revenue by
fulfilling the demand and exporting leather products to the developed countries.

Tannery industries in Pakistan are mostly situated in small industrial states and cluster form
in various cities of the country such as Sialkot, Karachi, Kasur, Multan, Gujranwala, Lahore,
Faisalabad and Peshawar. In various tannery industry areas, the environmental problems have
reached at such level that the health of inhabitants is at stake. To lessen the environmental
and public health risk in the areas, it is crucial to take immediate corrective measures.

Considering the importance of health and environmental issues in Kasur, United Nations
development programme initiated the kasur tannery pollution control project (KTPCP). The
project is capable of treating 13000cubic meters of the effluent per day. A solid waste
disposal site along with recovery plant was also established. But, due to the poor maintenance
of the plant, the treatment is not meeting its efficiency and not all the waste being produced is
sent to the treatment plant for cleaning and one of the wastewater drains is dumped into the
pandoki drain without treatment which deteriorates the quality of river Sutlej. It is also of
great concern that the pre- treated water is declared unfit for the agriculture purpose and the
land that is reclaimed after the set-up of treatment plant is used mostly for agricultural
practices. This poses a great threat as the agricultural practices can cause the build-up of
harmful and toxic substances in the crops and plants that further affect the health of the
people. The effluents from various tanning industry is sent to a common drain which further
reaches at the “Depalpur road, kasur”. Due to the inefficiency of the treatment plant, the
heavy metals related to the tanning process get accumulated in the nearby agricultural soils.

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Due to the dumping of heavy metal contaminated effluents from these industries, the soil, air
and water have become polluted. The area around of the “wastewater treatment plant” and
solid waste dumping site has been selected for the remediation and development of the
proposal plan.

Discussion

1: Objectives and scope

Scope
The main scope is to reestablish the site to its original condition to the level possible. At a
minimum level, the plan should reduce the potential threats caused by the contaminants to the
human and environment

 Formulation of “remediation goals” and criteria

 Evaluate various remedial technology and select the appropriate one

 It facilitates the guidance on the licenses, approvals or any other management plan that is
required for the implementation of remediation work

Objectives
The primary objective of the remediation proposal plan is to help implement the site
remediation work efficiently through following

 Informing about the current “contamination status” of the selected site

 Description of the strategy selected for remediation that can effectively remove the
environmental concerns and help protect the environmental and human health
 Help formulate a “preliminary sampling” and “analytical quality” plan

2: Background information
Kasur is an industrial city in southeast of Lahore near the Indian border. Since the ancient
times, the land is used for the agricultural practices. But with the passage of time, its
industrial activity has also increased. Main agricultural crops include  rice, corn, sugar
cane , potatoes, turmeric and wheat while major industries include “leather-goods
production”, “tanning”, “cotton ginning”, “oil pressing and weaving”. Despite all the
developmental problems, Kasur is famous for the pollution problems due to the discharge of
untreated effluents from these industries. Heavy metal contamination from the tannery waste
in the soil has become an issue of concern in the area as the land is used for the agricultural
practices. This causes the heavy metals to enter in the food chain via the animals to humans.
Moreover, the groundwater has also been contaminated due to the continuous leaching of
these heavy metals. This poses serious risk to the environment and the humans. [1]

2.1:Site identification and zoning

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The major hub of leather industry in Pakistan is Kasur. In this industry, the “chrome tanning”
methods are extensively used for the processing of leather.

Site Identifier Site Details

Site Location Kasur, Pakistan
Site Coordinates Latitude 31.118793
Longitude 74.463272
Site Area 3,995 km2 (1,542 sq mi)
Zoning Industrial
Surrounding Land North Tannery cluster
Uses
South Solid waste dumping site
East Depalpur road
West Outfall/green channel

2.2:Summary of the site history

Kasur have always been known from the old times, as a hub of trade, commerce and culture.
Industrial activity is well seen in the area with 160 tanneries currently operating. Tanneries
have been regarded as a noxious industry around the globe but in Kasur, no measures were
taken to plan for treatment of the solid and liquid waste during the development of the
industry [2]. These tanneries are located in three clusters namely as

Table no 1: kasur tannery cluster

Dingarh 48 tanneries 3560cu.m per day

Qadir 95 tanneries 4690cu.m per day
nagar 16 tanneries 550cu.m per day
Total 159 tanneries 8800cu.m per days
All the effluents are released into nearby drain “Rohi nala” and open land along with the
domestic waste. The dumping of the solid as well as liquid effluent into lands causes the
productive land into open lagoons of stagnant wastewater. These not only pollute the soil and

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water resources of the area but also become a source of vector borne diseases. As a reponse to
these adverse conditions, kasur tanneries pollution control project was initiated. The main
objective of the plant was to evacuate the stagnant ponds, provide the drainage and collection
network for the discharged effluent. It also aimed for the construction of common effluent
treatment plant and a sanitary landfill for solid waste disposal.

figure no 1: layout of CETP

The common effluent treatment plant (CETP) was built in 1994 while it became operational
on October 2001. The land of Pakistan Railway was used for this purpose which leads to the
Ferozpur district. As the land was not used since 1971, so the government decided to build
the CETP on that area. The site selected for the present study is around the CETP and the
solid waste dumping site. [2]

Figure no 2: kasur map showing tannery clusters

3: Site conditions
Topography :

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Kasur district lies between the River Satluj and River Ravi. “Satluj river” flows along the
boundaries with India while Ravi flows along the boundry of Nankana Sahib district. District
is divided into two parts. One is riverine area along the bordering rivers while one is upland
area away from the rivers. The upland area is flat sloping plain while the riverine area floods
during monsoon. The soil of the area is sandy. [2]

2.4: Local geology and surface waters

Kasur is bounded by “river Ravi” in the north-west while “Sutlej in the south-east”. The
groundwater is sweet and recharged by the rainwater and river. But due to the presence of
tanneries and R.nalah (passing from the city center) have caused the water to become
polluted with the heavy metals. The upper layers have fine sand and clay whereas lower layer
is fine to medium. The lower strata have the combination of both fine and coarse sand.

Figure no.3: surrounding soil of CETP

4: SITE CONTAMINATION
4.1: Summary of the Site Investigation
4.1.1: Site Contamination Assessment

There are almost 2500 tanneries in Pakistan. Tannery clusters that are located in Kasur
district prepare final product from the raw hides. Chrome tanning is mostly done in Pakistan
along with vegetable tanning. The process involves the use of large amount of water, salt and
chemicals and it is generally a long multi-stage process. [3] The chemicals used are classified
into four types

Tanning Final Wet

Pre-tanning
chemicals finishing finishing
chemicals
chemicals chemicals

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The use of groundwater common for every processe. Several parameters are used to
determine the environmental harm caused by the tanning industry. These include total
suspended solids, Sulphides, BOD, nitrogen, Cr and COD. The tannery wastewater was
generally released untreated causing water and soil contamination but due to pressure from
the international market, the industries began treating waste effluent before disposal. Tannery
cluster in kasur produces all type of waste including air pollution, solid waste and
wastewater. The area around the CETP and solid waste dumping site has become a hub of
these pollutants affecting the environment and human health. [3]

FIGURE NO. 4: waste from kasur taneeries

4.1.2:Environmental Site Assessment

Wastes discharged from leather industries pollute air, water and soil. The effluents released
are of major concerns as these enter the soil and pollute it. The land around the treatment
plant is used for the agricultural practices and the heavy metal pollutants consequently enter
the food chain affecting humans. Almost about 60 liters of the water obtained from the
groundwater is used for the processing of 1 kg of hides. Most of the industries release the
waste water untreated. Chemical composition of the effluents from the tannery is given in
table 1

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4.2:Solid waste
Two types of solid waste generated from tanneries

 Tanned waste
 Un-tanned waste

5500 kg of solid waste is estimated to be produced by a tannery. It normally contains

trimmings of hides (wet, dry, raw), salts, packaging waste, shavings and the buffing material.
The solid waste is sometimes used in other processes such as glue production or poultry feed
but the presence of chromium become a serious pollutant of concern.

4.3:Air emissions
Air become polluted by the boilers and generators used in the tanneries. The emissions are
generally complying with NEQs. Emissions generated during the process are

 Hydrogen sulphide emissions generated during mixing of alkaline effluents and acidic
effluents during the drainage
 Ammonia produced during the handling and washing of drums

4.4:Nature and Extent of Contamination

contamination of soil and groundwater by heavy metals due to tannery waste is a major
concern in Kasur district. Chemicals that are mostly used in leather processing include NaCl,
Ca(OH)2, H2SO4 and Cr2(SO4)3 . Due to these chemicals, the wastewater generated contains a
huge amount of chromium and sodium.The large release of these contaminated wastewater
causes chromium contaminated soil and groundwater in the production as well as dumping
site.

The main contaminants of concern include metals such as “Cr, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn”.
These heavy metals cannot be decomposed naturally in the environment like organic
pollutants thus cause a serious threat. The main issue of concern is that the residents of the
area are heavily dependent on the leather processing plant but Kasur is now listed among the
most polluted city of Pakistan. And the people are suffering from many diseases due to
unavailability of clean drinking water.[3]

The agricultural area is being irrigated by the pandoki drain where the wastewater is dumped
hence the crops grown on the contaminated soils also contain heavy metals in them. This is
the demand of time to incorporate latest remediation technique to recover the contaminated
land.

4.4.1: Soil toxicity

Soil is the most important resource but it is always misuse. Soil pollution have become a
major concern in all industrialized areas of country. All type of pollutants whether in water or
solid form, eventually sink to soil. The soil is home to many microorganisms that play

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important role to maintain the fertility of soil and make it capable for agricultural practices.
But due to the dumping of untreated hazardous wastewaters, the soil and crops grown on it
have become heavily contaminated. Before the development of KTPCP, the effluents were
released into nearby Rohi Nala and open land. Due to the open dumping, the productive land
was converted to open lagoons of stagnant water. After the pollution control project, the land
was reclaimed but the land was still contaminated with the heavy metals and was used for
agricultural practices. Locals suffer from many diseases including “Typhoid, Diarrhea, ,
Respiratory problems and Dysentery”[4]

Figure 5: wastewater used to grow crops

Figure 6: diversion of wastewater from an effluent channel to agricultural field

Figure 7: solid waste along the drainage channel in the surrounding of a residential area

4.5: Potential contaminants of concern

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In Kasur, most tanneries use “chrome tanning” process for the production of best export
quality chrome-tanned leather that is hydrothermally stable, have good dyeing characteristic
and is soft in touch. The chrome tanning have become controversial since it converts from to
Cr(III) to carcinogenic Cr(VI)[4].Out of total chrome added for the tanning, only 60-70% is
absorbed by the leather while the rest is released resulting in great chrome loaded effluent.
Chromium (III) hydroxide sulphate,Cr(OH)SO4 is used as the basic component for tanning
process.

Table 2: comparison between vegetable and chrome tanning

In Kasur, soils are heavily contaminated with the chromium. There is high level of chromium
analysed in vegetables and soil of the area around the CETP and waste dumping site. Due to
large amount of solid waste dumping and effluents discharge at KTWMA, the soil around the
area have become loaded with Cr and other heavy metals such as Cd, Na, Cu and Zn. When
the contaminated lands and untreated wastewater are used for agricultural practices, the
contaminants build up in food chains.

Effects of Chromium

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Chromium is the most used heavy metal in the tanning process along with other contaminants
produced in smaller amounts. The amount of chromium is high due to the use of large
amount of chrome salts. The phytotoxic impacts of the chromium are the inhibited root
growth and restrained seed germination. The metal affects the metabolic activities among the
crops. These cause the impairment and many diseases in the plants. The Kasur tannery is
generating 13000 m3 extensive wastes. It endangers the life of 0.5 million people living there.
[5]

s 5: Remediation strategy
5.1: Remediation goals:
 Prevent direct contact with contaminated soil.

 Prevent exposure to contaminants volatilizing from contaminated soil.

 Prevent migration of contaminants that would result in groundwater or

surface water contamination.

5.2:General
Tannery wastes generates great amount of chromium that is extremely toxic and released to
the environment. The released Cr creates an unfavourable outcome when it alters the physical
and chemical properties of soil and water. Due to this, the chromium is generally regarded as
the main threat of the tannery industry. Cr is extremely venomous and carcinogenic to
humans, animals, vegetation and as well as overall environment. Thus, the efficient
management of this hazardous waste is very crucial need of time. due to increasing concerns
of the Cr on environment, many clean-up technologies are now being developed. But none
are being implemented at the Kasur site. [5]

Figure 8: technologies available for metal treatment

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5.3: PREFERRED REMEDIATION STRATEGY FOR CHROMIUM (Cr)
POLLUTED SOILS
For the soils that are contaminated with the elevated levels of chromium, several techniques
have been devised. These technologies are dependent upon specific conditions such as

Most of the times, chromium gets converted to Cr (VI) which is hazardous form and is
usually termed as respiratory carcinogen in humans. Hence the clean-up goal focus on the

Following are the technologies generally used for the remediation of chromium contaminated
soils

 “excavation and offsite disposal”

 soil flushing
 soil washing
 electrokinetics
 solidification/stabilization
 vitrification
 phytoremediation

5.4: Assessment of Technology

1. “Excavation and offsite disposal”
it is an old technique that refers to the removal of contaminated soil and replacing it with
“non-contaminated soil”. This method helps in the removal of all contaminants and restoring
the soil fertility and function.

In case of Cr (vi) contaminated soil of Kasur, it can be used as a clen-up technology. It will
involve the removal of contaminated media and replacing it with clean fill. But the
technology is generally unacceptable since it does not alter the chemical characteristics of
soil by simply replacing it. The excavated load will still be requiring the treatment and
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appropriate disposal. But the excavation of the hazardous soil contaminated can be preferable
over other technologies because it can be quickly applied with the readily available materials.
As the contaminated material is excavated hence the site will require very little operation and
maintenance cost. The drawback of this technique is that it causes the Cr(VI) to become
airborne during the excavation work. [5]

Applicability at Kasur site

This method cannot be considered preferable since the area around the CETP and solid waste
dumping site is industrial area. Removal and destruction of existing infrastructure could be
impossible and very costly task. The financial constraint is the major limiting factor in
Pakistan since the government does not have enough money and resources for the application
of such extensive and latest technologies. [5]

Another limiting factor for the failure of applicability is the fact that excavated soil need
proper treatment before dumping at a safe site. This is also not possible since technical and
financial constraint become the limiting factor. It is also not possible in kasur where the
hazardous waste is dumped openly. The excavated contaminated soil will also be dumped in
the open which will further enhance the contamination at the dumping site or landfill area.
There is also not much land available for the dumping of waste.

Due to all these limitations and concerns, the off-site disposal of contaminated soil at the
Kasur site can be very costly and in efficient option.

In-situ soil washing is also called as the “soil flushing”. It is also considered as an effective
remediation option but pose some serious limitation. This technique makes use of some
chemicals for the removal of the contaminants in the soil. The washing solutions are sent to
the soil with the help of injection valves. These solutions then percolate down to the
contaminated media. The washing chemicals can also be recovered by the recovery valves.
This technique removes the need of excavating the soil but is limited by the fact that the
washing solutions can cause contamination of the underlying groundwater. It became very
difficult to restore the quality of the groundwater [5].There is also raising concern about the
flushing residual additives left in the soil. But this technique can be applied under the
permanent structures. [5]

Applicability
Soil flushing cannot be considered as an effective option at the Kasur site since it has the
potential to contaminate the soil with the residual additives. The soil around the CETP and
the soild waste disposal site is contaminated by many heavy metals as well as organic
pollutants. Hence, the flushing solutions can cause many different type of reactions with
different contaminants and hence can further enhance the problem.

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Another limitation of applying the technique at the Kasur site is the fact that it demands a
huge financial set up since the technology require latest machinery and technique.

2. Soil washing
it is an ex-situ treatment where the excavated soil is mixed with washing solutions in a
reactor. The washing solutions can be water or additives such as acidic or basic additives. As
hexavalent chromium is not water soluble so acidic solutions can’t be used as additive for
this. Cr (VI) is mostly dissolvable in any alkaline media (Ph. > 11). its solubility in aqueous
solution decline with the decrease of ph. Thus soil washing for Cr(VI) removal using an
alkaline solution is likely to be more effective than water alone. Mostly the soil washing
systems act as screening processes that help in the separation of fine contaminated particles
from that of bulk of larger soil. These particles are then cleaned and placed back. There are
many operating units that are used for the purpose of soil washing e.g. mills, mesh sieves,
sedimentation units etc. Sometimes the Cr (VI) is present on the soil surface. This happens
when the soil is contaminated by spills. In such case, the washing of surface with water is
often considered successful. This process does not help in the total destruction of the
contaminants but only help to transfer them from one phase to another. The washing solution
need to be treated further to remove the chance of contamination and disposal option. [5]

Applicability
Soil washing is not an effective option since it will require the excavation of soil. It will be a
very costly method due to the exaction, transportation cost and the cost of chemicals used for
washing.

3. Electrokinetics
Electrokinetics is an in-situ technology that helps to remove the heavy metals and
radionuclides from contaminated soil. It begins with applying current and a voltage gradient
present in porous media. This application cause two phenomenon to occur simultaneously,
i.e. “electromigration” which is the migration of ionic species to the electrode and
“electroosmosis” which is the flow of soil water to the cathode. These phenemonon will help
to move the contaminant ions in the direction of one of electrodes. The direction and rate of
movement of an ionic metal species will depend on its charge, both in magnitude and
polarity, as well as the magnitude of the electroosmosis-induced flow velocity. Non-ionic
species will be transported along with the electroosmosis-induced water flow.

Applicability
The process can produce limiting factor in the fact that the soil need to be desorbed as the
water content in the soil will an efficiently produce the current. And in the case of Kasur, it
will be a limiting factor.

4. solidification/stabilization
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This process helps in the treatment of contaminated soils by immobilizing
contaminants. This help in the prevention of cross media contamination.
Solidification helps in the binding of contaminants into a solid form which
reduce its potential to leach down. Stabilization is the reduction of chemical
reactivity. S/S process deals with a conventional approach of reducing the Cr(VI)
to Cr(III) and then encapsulate it. These materials effectively contain or seal the
metal contaminants in the soil matrix to minimize potential leaching due to
contact with environmental moisture. In certain applications, the polymeric or
asphaltic material is applied at elevated temperatures to enhance its distribution
and binding tenacity. Although encapsulation has been used routinely for
radioactive waste treatment, it is typically not competitive with other S/S
processes that use less-expensive stabilizing and solidifying agents for metallic-
contaminated soils. [5]

Applicability

S/S technique can be used at the Kasur site. Since it will help to stop the
mobility of soil amd it is a relatively quicker process and clean-up goals can be
achieved in less time. But the limiting factor is that the land loses its
productivity. But this can be solved by using the land for other purpose of
treatment plant. since the treatment plant is not working properly.

5. Phytoremediation

Cr(III) does not dissolve easily in water and attaches strongly to the soil. The
movement is controlled by the environmental factors and the type of soil. There
are many techniques suggested for the removal of chromium in the soil i.e.
(“soil flushing, solidification, and stabilization”), in situ thermal processes
“(vitrification)”, ex situ physical and chemical processes “(soil washing,
chemical reduction, and oxidation)”, and other processes such as excavation and
off-site disposal. But the most cost effective option can be phytoremediation. It
can be used as an cleaning up operation. It make use of plant species such as
Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) could efficiently accumulate palladium (Pd),
zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and Cr(VI) from soils or
water in both roots and stems.

Phytoremediation is to grow plants in contaminated soils, relying on green

plants to remove heavy metals (phytoextraction and phytovolatilization) or
stabilize them into harmless status (phytoimmobilization and
phytostabilization).
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It is beneficial as it is operationally simple, preferable and viable. It is also
accepted due to its low cost and ease of operation. Unlike physical and chemical
treatments that irreversibly alter soil properties, phytoremediation generally
improves the physical, chemical, and biological quality of contaminated soils.
Since the 1970s, plants have been tested and used in treating heavy metal
contamination in soils and wetlands. Governmental and commercial adoption of
the technology for contaminated site cleaning up started in 1980s. Over the
years the technology has been intensively explored and rapidly developed.
There are comprehensive reviews on the principles and application feasibility of
phytoremediation of metalcontaminated soil. General, phytoremediation is
classified into two broad techniques: Phytoextraction, through which heavy
metals are absorbed by plants from soil and accumulated in shoots and leaves
and phytostabilization, through which heavy metals are immobilized in soil by
plant roots. In phytoextraction, heavy metals are removed from soil by
hyperaccumulators, macrophytes capable of concentrating in the aerial organs
from soils without suffering phytotoxic damage. The metal (loid)s As, Hg, and
Se may be discharged by accumulator plants (e.g., Astragalus racemosus) in
gaseous species into the atmosphere. The process is termed phytovolatilization.
So far 721 species of plants have been identified as metal hyperacculators.
These plants tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals, grow well in
metalliferous soils, and possess distinct capabilities to efficiently absorb
particular metal ions from soil, translocate the metals from roots to shoots, and
detoxify and sequester the metals in leaf tissues. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum
L.) is a Cd hyperaccumulator. Arabidopsis halleri, Thlaspi goesingense, and
Sedum alfredii are Zn hyperaccumulators. A. halleri, S. alfredii, Thlaspi
caerulescens, and Thymus praecox are both Cd and Zn hyperaccumulators

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Figure 9: cost-benefit analysis of phytoremediation

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5.6: Preferred method for Kasur contaminated soil
The most cost effective method can be Phytoremediation and soil flushing. Since the
government cannot afford costly and expensive method, it can provide a better solution to the
ever unsolved problem. This technique makes use of plants to remove heavy metals. The soil
flushing will help to remove the other chemicals and salts present in the soil. Although this is
a slow process, yet it provides a permanent solution to the problem. By planting trees, not

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only will help to solve the issue of heavy metal contamination but it will also provide a
carbon sink for the adverse air quality of the city.

CONCLUSION:
Due to the excessive discharge of chromium contaminated wastewater from the tanneries in
Kasur, the soil of the city is adversely affected. The area around the CETP and solid waste
disposal site was built to solve the issue and provide a cleaner and safer but the plant under
unmaintained environment, is not working anymore and the soil around the area have become
a hub of contaminated wastewater from the major tannery cluster. The soil pollution is
becoming a constant concern since the land is used for the agricultural activities. Thus the
heavy metals especially chromium, arsenic are becoming part of the food web putting
humans at risk. Thus, it is very important to solve the issue as the Kasur is an economic hub
of the country and earning foreign exchange. Many soil remediation techniques have been
suggested for the removal of heavy metals, but owing to the poor financial condition of the
country, Phytoremediation can be considered as a suitable option. It will not only help to
improve the heavy metals accumulation but also provide a carbon sink.

References:
1. Afzal M, Shabir G, Iqbal S, Mustafa T, Khan QM, Khalid ZM. Assessment of heavy
metal contamination in soil and groundwater at leather industrial area of Kasur, Pakistan.
CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2014 Aug;42(8):1133-9.
2. Bareen FE, Tahira SA. Metal accumulation potential of wild plants in tannery effluent
contaminated soil of Kasur, Pakistan: field trials for toxic metal cleanup using Suaeda
fruticosa. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011 Feb 15;186(1):443-50.
3. Shazia I, Uzma SG, Talat A. Bioremediation of heavy metals using isolates of
filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus collected from polluted soil of Kasur, Pakistan.
International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2013;2(12):66-73.
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chromium from tannery effluent in Kasur District of Pakistan. Journal of Environmental
Science and Engineering. A. 2012 Aug 1;1(8A):1007.
5. Yao Z, Li J, Xie H, Yu C. Review on remediation technologies of soil contaminated by heavy
metals. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012 Jan 1;16:722-9.
6. Khan AG. Relationships between chromium biomagnification ratio, accumulation factor,
and mycorrhizae in plants growing on tannery effluent-polluted soil. Environment
International. 2001 May 1;26(5-6):417-23.
7. Khan AG. Relationships between chromium biomagnification ratio, accumulation factor,
and mycorrhizae in plants growing on tannery effluent-polluted soil. Environment
International. 2001 May 1;26(5-6):41

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