Answer Key 3G + F ext Periodic Trends Can the properties of an clement be predicted using a periodic table? Why? ‘The periodic table is often considered to be the “best friend” of chemists and chemistry students alike. It includes information about atomic masses and element symbols, but ic can also be used to make predic- tions about atomic sie, electronegativiry, ionization energies, bonding, solubility, and reactivity. In chis activity you will look at a few periodic trends that can help you make those predictions. Like most trends, they are not perfect, but useful just the same. 31+ Consider the data in Model 1 on the following page a, Each element has three numbers listed under it. Which value represents the atomic radius? The fest munber below dle di egram 6, What are the units for the atomic radius? pm picometers 1 Write a complete sentence to convey your understanding of atomic radius. Note: You many ‘not use the word “radius” in your definition. Distance Foon center of atom (muclers) $ outer elect rons 2 2. In general, what isthe trend in atomic radius as you go down a group in Model 1? Support your answer, using examples from three groups. H R>CON>OWF>Ne Deweroses Na>Ma> AIDS: P>5 201 > Ac 'S 5. Using your knowledge of Coulombic attraction and the structure of the arom, explain the trend % in atomic radius that you identified in Question 4 Highest emyy leur fs Constant, bub Me number of profers dn & Pre neclens erteses, Paeceetinng The charge of the ancens ard Fan attractive Femk on the cleetrons, pulling Phe baqeest Periodic Trends entry y level closer ty fhe nuclens 1Model 1 - Main Group Elements 227 197 122 125 17, 4 | 2 404 550 558 834 869 1008 1170 08 _10 17 i 19 21 | 25 [NA Note: The transition ele- ments and block elements Element Symbol have been removed from the periodic table here to ease the analysis of the erends. Atomic Number Electron Shell Diagram Atomic Radius (pm) Ist Tonization Energy (kJ/mol) Eleccronegativity 2 POGIL™ Activities for High School ChemistryPeriodic’Trends 6. Locate the numbers in Model 1 that represent the ionization energy. The ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom. 2. a Using your knowledge of Coulombic attraction, explain why ionization—removing an electron from an acom—takes energy. Negatively Uraryed redken are Hf racked ty positively charged potins inthe auclens, Enaryy iS required be break Fhis Force of attraction 4. Which takes more energy, removing an electron from an atom where the nucleus has a tight hold on its electrons, ot a weak hold on its electrons? Explain. Trght hold, eleuk mons are mort st moagty attmuted bo the nruckry ly De header hh bebe thin away require more energy tw 7. In genetal, what is the trend in ionization energy as you go down a group? Support your answer using examples fiom three groups. W>Li> Nari 0. ©>$>%Se leereese) Red My > Ca 8. Using your knowledge of Coulombic attraction and the structure of the atom, explain the trend in ionization energy that you identified in Question 7. Ay He hone rudivy treceases fhe Ree of attnmetin betocen theebrens andthe nucleons deercases | connsl era Mm less eegy beme ctanred to remove cletrons 9, In general, what is the trend in ionization energy as you go across a period? Support your answer using examples from two periods. 3 ssc 10. Using your knowledge of Coulombic attraction and the structure of the atom, explain the trend. in ionization energy that you identified in Question 9. Ay the abate mdiey deceeases, the ferred att mubion behreen electrons aad The nucleus bcreaes, reed bag Mmort eneyy berg panied te remove cleckons, af 11, Atoms with loosely held clectrons are usually classified as metals. They will exhibit high con- ductivity, ductility, and malleability because of their atomic structure. Would you expect metals (o have high ionization energies or low ionization energies? Explain your answer in one to two complete sentences. BD bw Beriretin Emery res j Loosely Ad edeckrons ryater less meer He EON 3 # Also: celabvely syn! lar muds bab trereege Mm the rember ok prebrs leads bo Shen, abermitin, eiguivhy mare ex Usa wy oeRead This! Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atoms nucleus to attract electrons from a different atom within a covalent bond. A higher electronegativity value correlates to a stronger pull on the electrons in a bond. This value is only theoretical. It cannot be directly measured in the lab. 7 12. Using the definition stated in the Read This! box above, select the best visual representation for seman Explain your reasoning. SOECHENO Bx the nmclewn t, wHeaucll ay cteubreat Cea nated ubics while peed, Greatest aS Supe elechrony 13. Locate the electronegativicy values in Model 1 {4 Whatis the trend in electronegativity going down a group in Model 1? Deceroses 2 5. Explain the existence of the trend described in part a in terms of atomic structure and Coulombic attraction. Bes the tome mdi vs increuges, The Free of aHraction bebereen, | Chbrony aad the nucle decmaey | & What is the trend in electronegativity going across a period in Model 1? Trcreases L di. Explain the existence of the trend described in part cin terms of atomic structure and. Coulombic attraction. As the abomre radies deceeoses, tre Rene et atbmebier bebocen ecient aod The murlnes neremett ae 3 S14, The two diagrams below can summarize each of the three trends discussed in this activity. Write “atomic redius,” “ionization energy.” and “clectronegativiy” under the appropriate diagram. —— os 4 High Low | | HE Fe fi + Hf Tonrtation energy Atomic ro dies © Elevtronegat vity 4 POGIL™ Activities for High School Chemistry RAL: relatively similar mWers) balk merase oy Hye number of pretesy leuds bo ¢tro et} rachis aExtension Questions 15, During this activity you may have noticed that not all of the data provided in the models fol- lowed the trends. 2, a Identify ewo places in Model 1 where the property listed does not fir the trend identified in this activity. Atomre Rudess OB ON ‘Lb, Why is it still beneficial for chemists to understand as many periodic trends as they can? Thy more etfrernt te predint properties busedon bends vs, looong see prepertes of euch element sista Predreted values besedon rently are cloie to actual ulus 2. Propose an explanation for one of the exceptions you identified in part a. Use your knowledge of atomic structure and Coulombic attraction in your hypothesis. Atom Redes: OSF Flos mere chectrons Mm prorbibuly, casing mere repiliten saa the mde a Tonrrahes Energy; Be>B Te tase lect cergy te remve om electron Bem B became Sd empbrey the p-sublerel 2 16. Rank the following, Sones Reed ‘smallest to largest electronegativity based on the trends you have discovered thus far in the periodic table: barium (atomic number 56), bromine (atomic number 35), and iron (atomic number 26). Explain your reasoning, Daereet Ba < Fe < br Ba te the Le ant below Fe: Bus Fe Fe t th Uhh ob br, Fe < Br Periodic Trends 5