PREFACE

Let us say our praise to Allah SWT for giving us the blessings of faith and
health, because that we can finished this paper assignment at the appointed time.
Then, shalawat and salam we don’t forget to send it to our prophet Muhammad
SAW (PBUH) who has brought the guidance of the path which is always blessed
by Allah SWT.

The purpose of this paper under the title “Literary Genre; Prose,
intrinsic and extrinsic element” is to fulfill the assignment from subject
Introduction to Literature, 4th semester of majoring English Education Department
faculty of Education and Teacher Training year 2020. While hoping to gain
knowledge in learning and to understand the basic values and subject that are
reflected in thinking and acting.

Next, we would like to express our deep gratitude to all parties who have
helped us giving their ideas and thoughts for the realization of this paper.
Hopefully by studying this paper we will be able to deal with problems and solve
that arise in the learners. Lastly, with the limitations that we have, we realize that
this paper is far from perfect. Therefore, we sincerely welcome greetings from
readers with open arms for the improvement and improvement of this paper.

Serang, March 1st 2020

Authors

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE …………................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................. ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the paper ……………………………………………….1

1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................................................ 2

1.3 Purpose of the Paper …………………………………………………... 2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ……………………………………………… 3

2.1 What is Prose ………………………………………………………….. 3

2.1.1 How to identify prose in writing ……………………………. 3

2.2 Types of Prose ...................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 The difference between prose and poetry …………………… 5

2.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic elements of prose ……………………………… 6

CHAPTER III CLOSING …………………………………………………. 12

3.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….. 12

3.2 Criticism and Suggestion ……………………………………………… 12

Reference ………………………………………………………………….. 13

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Paper

Literature is the class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or
expression, as poetry, essays, or history, in distinction from scientific
treatises and works which contains positive knowledge; belles-lettres.
(Webster, 1913). Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken
material of literary works. Literature is one of works of art; therefore, the
nature of literature is as same as like other works, such as painting,
sculpture, music, etc. The difference of literary work with other works is
the use of language as its medium.
Literary works has two main elements, which can be analyzed. They
are intrinsic elements or objective approach and extrinsic elements.
Intrinsic elements (objective elements) are elements of literary work that
build up the structure of literary work itself. Plot, character, setting, theme,
point of view, style and atmosphere are the examples of the intrinsic
elements. Sukada (1987:47) stated that intrinsic elements are the whole
elements which build up a literary work. Literature is human personal
expression especially thought, feeling, enthusiasm, and concept in a
certain description. Which can as a communication media (Sumarjo and
Saini, 1991:3).
Literature is a medium through which a person can convey his or her
ideas or protest against different norms of society. Those works that deal
with a normal issue are particularly purpose in mind. An author can
communicate with the readers of a literary work if they can understand
what the author wants to send.
In this paper the writer would like to explain about Literary Genre;
Prose, intrinsic and extrinsic element. We hope this paper could be a
learning and useful for us and also readers.

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1.2 Problem Formulation
a. What is prose ?
b. What are the types of prose ?
c. What are intrinsic and extrinsic elements of prose ?

1.3 Purpose of the Paper

a. To know what is prose
b. To know what are the types of prose
c. To know what are the intrinsic and extrinsic elements of prose

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Prose

Prose is created to write down written language in ordinary,

without metrical structure such as novel, poems, verse, etc. Prose comes
from the Latin “prosa oratio” meaning “straightforward”. Prose is form of
language that has no formal metrical structure. It applies a natural flow of
speech, and ordinary grammatical structure, rather than rhythmic structure.
Another explanation about prose is ordinary language that follows regular
grammatical conventions and does not contain a formal metrical structure.
This definition of prose is an example of prose writing, as is most human
conversation, textbooks, lectures, novels, short stories, fairy tales,
newspaper article, and essays.

Normal everyday speech is spoken in prose, and most people think

write in prose form. Prose comprises of full grammatical sentences, which
consist of paragraphs, and forgoes aesthetic appeal in favor of clear,
straightforward language. It can be said to be the most reflective of
conversational speech. Some works of prose do have versification, and a
blend of the two formats that is called “prose poetry”

Prose can be either fiction or non-fiction. It can be “poetic”,

meaning that it has rhythmic structure and contains figurative language.
Sermons, political speeches, and modernist writing are good examples of
poetic fiction.

2.1.1 How to identify prose in writing

Distinguishing prose from poetry is usually just a matter of

recognizing the basic conventions of prose writing: paragraphs and
sentences that have proper grammar and mechanics. Poetry, on the
other hand, contains lines and stanzas. And while there may be a

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 cadence or rhythm to prose, it contains neither a regular meter nor
a deliberate rhyme scheme.

Only one form of writing falls in a gray area, and that is the
so-called “prose poem”. As the name suggests, prose poems
contain a formal metrical structure but are written out like prose, in
sentence and paragraph form.

2.2 Types of prose

While prose can be broadly defined as straightforward writing that

resembles everyday spoken word, prose can vary depending according to
style and purpose. There are four distinct types of prose that writers use:

1. Nonfictional prose
Prose that is a true story or factual account of events or
information is nonfiction. Prose writing are pieces that are written
that contain mostly facts. Textbook, newspaper articles, and
instruction manuals all fall into this category. Anne Frank’s Diary
of a Young Girl, composed entirely of journal excerpts, recounts
the young teen’s experience of hiding with her family in Nazi-
occupied Netherlands during World War II. Nonfictional prose
may contain pieces of fictional information for literary purposes.
Many memoirs can be described as nonfictional prose because the
writers often include fictional information to make their life stories
more interesting for the readers.

2. Fictional prose
A literary work of fiction. This is the most popular type of
literary prose, used in novels and short stories, and generally has
characters, plot, setting, and dialogue. These are pieces such as J.K
Rowling’s Harry Potter series or Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn.

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3. Heroic Prose
A literary work that is either written down or preserved
through oral tradition, but is meant to be recited. Heroic prose is
usually a legend or fable. The twelfth-century Irish tales revolving
around the mythical warrior Finn McCool are an example of heroic
prose. Another example is Homer’s The Illiad and The Odyssey.
Both of these pieces include such structures as an invocation to the
muses or epithets that are used in oral storytelling.

4. Prose Poetry
Poetry written in prose form. This literary hybrid can
sometimes have rhythmic and rhyming patterns. Prose in poetry
refers to works that include large amounts of poetic devices such as
imagery, alliteration. And rhythm but are still written in a
straightforward manner rather than in verse form. Charles
Baudelaire wrote prose poems, including “Be Drunk” which starts
off: “And if sometimes, on the steps of a palace or the green grass
of a ditch, in the mournful solitude on your room”

Another example of prose;

1. “The Hunger Games” by Suzanne Collins, is a prose novel
2. “Cinderella” is a prose fairy tale
3. “The Yellow Wallpaper” is a prose story by Charlotte
Gilman Perkins
4. “The State of the Union Address” is a prose speech
delivered early in the year by the sitting president of the
United States
5. “The Declaration of Independence” is a prose document
signed by prominent American colonist who wished no
longer to be under British rule.

2.2.1 The Difference between Prose and Poetry

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 Prose and poetry both have unique qualities that
distinguish one from the other.

Prose
 Follows natural patterns of speech and
communication
 Has a grammatical structure with sentences
paragraphs
 Uses everyday language
 Sentences and thoughts continue across line

Poetry

 Traditional poetry has deliberate patterns, such as

rhythm and rhyme
 Many poems have a formal metrical structure-
repeating pattern of beats
 Incorporates more figurative language
 Poems visually stand out a page with narrow
columns, varying line lengths, and more white space
on a page than prose
 Deliberate line breaks

2.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic elements of prose

Works of fiction share a number of common elements such as, plot,

character, setting, theme, style, and point of view. According to Roberts
and Jacobs (1995: 51), the more significant ones are character, plot,
structure and theme.

1. Plot
Plot is a series of events in a story (Stanton, 2007: 26).
Stories are made up mostly of action or incidents that follow

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 each other sequentially. Finding a sequential or narrative order,
however, is only the first step toward the more important
consideration – the plot, or the controls governing the
development of the actions (Roberts and Jacobs, 1995: 88).
Plot is usually limited to events which are causally connected
only. Causal event is an event that causes or could result from a
variety of other events and can not be ignored because it will
affect the whole work.

In connection between plot with character, Nurgiyantoro

(via Sofia and Sugihastuti, 2003: 14) says that the events of the
story (plot) is manifested through the actions, behaviors, and
attitudes of the main characters story. Plot is a reflection or
even a trip to the behavior of the characters act, think, feel and
behave in dealing with the problems of life.

2. Character

Character may be defined as a verbal representation of a

human being (Roberts and Jacobs, 1995: 131). Through action,
speech, description, and commentary, authors portray
characters who are worth caring about, rooting for, and even
loving, although there are also characters may you laugh at,
dislike, or even hate. While Abrams (1999: 32-33) stated that
Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or
narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being
endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional
qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their
distinctive ways of saying it the dialogue and from what they
do the action.

A character occupies a strategic position as a carrier and

transmitter of the message, moral, mandate, or something

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 intentionally wants to share to the readers. According
Nurgiyantoro (via Sofia and Sugihastuti, 2003: 16) as if the
characters as mouthpieces just a messenger, even a reflection of
mind, attitude, stance, and the author desires.

3. Setting
Setting is the environment that surrounds an event in the
story, the universe that interacts with the events taking place
(Stanton, 2007: 35). Setting can be either decoration of place,
also certain times such as day, month, and year, weather or a
period of history. Setting is usually described with descriptive
sentences. Setting can sometimes affect the characters and
become an example representation of the theme. Sofia and
Sugihastuti (2003: 20) in differentiating elements in setting into
three main elements, namely place, time and social. The third
element although each offers different issues and can talk about
itself, in fact interrelated and mutually influence one another.
Setting of place suggests locations where the events recounted
in a work
4. Theme
Theme is a central idea or statement that unifies and
controls the entire work (Bonn, 2010: 171-172). The theme can
take the form of a brief and meaningful insight or a
comprehensive vision of life; it may be a single idea. A theme
is the author’s way of communicating and sharing ideas,
perception, and feelings with readers and it may be directly
stated in the book, or it may only be implied. While Stanton
(via Sofia and Sugihastuti, 2003:13) have the conclusion that
the theme is the meaning of the story that is specifically based
on the majority of the elements in the simplest way. Themes
can’t be concluded only by certain parts of the story. Although
difficult to determine it, the theme is not a hidden meaning.

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 The most effective way to identify the theme of a work is to
observe carefully any conflicts that exist in it.
5. Style
Style is in the way the author uses language (Stanton, 2007:
61). Although the two authors use same plot, character, and
setting, the writings of both can be very different. The
difference generally lies in the language and spread in various
aspects such as complexity, rhythm, short term sentences,
detail, humor, and metaphors. Mixture of various aspects of the
above will result in style.
6. Point of View
Point of View signifies the way a story gets told—the mode
(or modes) established by an author by means of which the
reader is presented with the characters, dialogue, actions,
setting, and events which constitute the narative in a work of
fiction (Abrams. 1999: 231). While Roberts and Jacobs
(1995:180) stated that point of view refers to the position and
stance of the voice, or speaker that authors adopt for their
works. It supposes a living narrator or persona who tells stories,
presents arguments, or expresses attitudes such as love, anger
or excitement. Conditions that affect point of view depend on
two majors, first is the situation of the narrator as an observer.
And second is the narrator’s closeness, distance and
involvement in the actions.
Roberts and Jacobs (1995:183) divided point of view into
three kinds:
1. First-person point of view
2. Second-person point of view
3. Third-person point of view

Extrinsic elements;

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 Literature and Society
Discussion of the relationship between literature and
society typically departed from De Bonald phrase that
"literature is an expression of public feeling". Welleck and
Warren classify 3 ingredients in a descriptive study of the
relationship between literature and society, (1) the
sociology of author related to social background, status of
the author, and the author ideology demonstrated by
various authors in activities outside the literary work. (2)
The content of the literature work itself related to social
issues. (3) problems of the reader and the literary works of
social impact.

Each author is a citizens, he can be studied as a

social being. Biography of the author is the primary source.
We may also collect information about social background,
family background and economic position of the author. In
his writing, the author is influenced by sociological
background in the form of social structure and social
processes. Social structure is the entire fabric of the main
elements, namely social norms, social institutions, social
groups and social institutions. While the social process is
reciprocal influence between the economic, political, legal,
religious, and so on (Soekanto via Siswanto. 2008: 3).

 Literature and Biography

Biography may give any contribution to making of

literary works. From a biography, we will not only know
the genius, moral, intellectual and emotional development
of a man but we may learn the psychology condition and
author creative process. The biographical approach forgets
that a work of art is not only simply the embodiment of

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 experience but always the latest work in a series of such
works; it is in drama, a novel, a poem determined, so far as
it is determined at all, by literary tradition and convention.
The biographical approach actually obscures a proper
comprehension of the literary process, since it breaks up the
order of literary tradition to substitute the life-circle of an
individual (Wellek and Warren, 1997:78)

 Literature and Psychology

Psychology can explain about the creative process.

A study of revisions, corrections, and the like has more
which is literarily profitable, since, well used, it may help
us perceive critically relevant fissures, inconsistencies,
turnings, distortions, in a work of art (Wellek and Warren,
1997: 91)

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 CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Prose Fiction or narrative fiction, includes myths, parables, romances,

novels, and short stories. Originally, fiction meant anything made up, crafted, or
shaped. The essence of fiction is narration, the relating or recounting of a
sequence of events or actions. Works of fiction usually focus on one or a few
major characters who undergo a change of attitude or characters as they interact
with other characters and deal with problems. (Roberts and Jacobs, 1995: 2). The
novel is derived from the Italian novella (literally, "a little new thing"), which is a
short tale in prose.

There are 4 common types of prose that writers use :

1. Nonfictional prose
2. Fictional prose
3. Heroic prose
4. Prose poetry

Intrinsic elements of prose are ; plot, character, setting, theme, style, and
point of view. Meanwhile the extrinsic elements are; Literature and society,
literature and biography and literature of psychology

3.2 Criticism and Suggestion

With the limitations that we have, we realize that this paper is far from
perfect. Therefore, we sincerely welcome greetings from readers with open arms
for the improvement and improvement of this paper.

REFERENCES

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https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/prose (Accessed on March, 1st
2020 3:30 PM)

https://www.k12reader.com/term/prose/ (Accessed on March 1st, 2020 3:00 PM)

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-prose-learn-about-the-differences-
between-prose-and-poetry-with-examples#4-common-types-of-prose (Accessed
on March 1st, 2020 3:15 PM)

http://literature-worldacces.blogspot.com/2010/05/about-literature.html?m=1
(Accessed on March 1st, 2020 3:30 PM)

Wellek Rene & Austin Warren, 1956. Theory of Literature, (3rd Ed.) New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World

Wellek Rene & Austin Warren. 1977. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich

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