Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable rm f > Quadratic Functions and Equations You will ulau Warisan is located in Kuala Terengganu. The island becomes a new tourist attraction because it is a mane island connected with a bridge. This bridge is simil in Putrajaya ade lar to the one Do you know that the mathematics characteristics? fi ¢ of this bridge has special Quadratic functions and equations: ws fit used in science, business, sports and others. In sports quadratic functions are important in Structures in the shape of the mastery of quadratic concepts,in = Site GWA Walking Through Time Al-Khawarizmi (780 AD ~ 850 AD) Al-Khawarizmi is well-known as the Father of Algebra, He was the founder of a few mathematics concepts. His work in algebra was outstanding, He was responsible for initiating the systematic and logical approach in solving linear and quadratic WORD BANK equations, + quadratic function + axis of symmetry + variable * root + maximum point + minimum pointChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Q What is a quadratic expression in one variable? Have you ever sketched the movement of a ball kicked by a football player, as shown in the picture? The shape of this movement is a Oy a ion . bol eV | ieee Ss Do you know that this parabola has its own equation, a straight line which has its own equation? f st like Mind Stimulation 1 * Aim: To identify and describe the characteristics of quadratic expressions in one variable Steps: 1, Based on the table in Step 3, insert all the expressions one by one in the dynamic geometry software as shown below. Scan the QR Code to ccarry out this activity hups:/woww.geogebra. ore/eraphing 2. Observe the graph obtained. 3. Complete the table below. et dx+] @) |x?-1 (©) -2P-2e+5 (d) Sr¥4 (©) |3x7-2 22+ 4x {@) |e+1 Discussion: The graph of a quadratic expression is either \/ or (\ and has the highest point or the lowest! point. Which expression is a quadratic expression? Justify your answer, iChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable From the activity in Mind Stimulation 1, it is found that: In general, oe vh ¢ INTERACTIVE ZONES @& -a, band c are constants and a #0, vis a variable. For example: Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic The values of constants, expression in one variable. If not, justify your answer. | band c can be zero. (a) 2° +5 (b) 8-6 (©) 32+2y41 @ dm 203 z (©) 27 (f 4x Solution: (a) 2x2 + 5 is a quadratic expression in one variable. (b) x8 — 6 is not a quadratic expression because the highest power of the variable x is 3. (©) 3x2 + 2y +1 is not a quadratic expression in one variable because there are two variables, randy. () jm is a quadratic expression in one variable, (e) 2x? —3 is not a quadratic expression because there is a variable with a power which is not a whole number. \ () 4x2 — 2x2 is not a quadratic expression because there is a variable with a power which is not a whole number.Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable 2 To state the values ofa, b and ¢ in a quadratic expression, LL rve (11) in the table below, 2. Determine the values of a, b and c for the subsequent quadratic expressions, we Discussion: How do you determine the values of a, b and c? From the activity in Mind Stimulation 2, itis found that: In a quadratic expression, INTERACTIVE ZONE, eyChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Poids 1. Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic expression in one variable. Ifnot, justify your answer. @ °-5 (b) 2x? +x? (©) 37-3x+1 (@) —4n (©) e-x () 8 +2x-1 1 1 (2) at 4-1 (h) p>-5p +3 (i) nn—2) 2. Determine the values of a, b and c for each of the following quadratic expressions. (@ 2? -5x+1 (b) 2-2 (©) 2+1 (@ te +4p @ I-x-28 9 40 @ #+3h-4 my 48-2 () 2r(r-3) @ What is the relationship between a quadratic function and many-to-one relation? Querrey ‘Types of relation + One-to-one relation + One-to-many relation + Many-to-one relation + Many-to-many relation INTERACTIVE KPMChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Mind Stimulation 3 g* ...- Aim: To recognise quadratic functions as many-to-one relation. gh nro ZONE ‘Fora! Materials: Ruler, pencil tats Steps: 1. Based on the graphs of functions /(x) below, draw a line which is parallel to the x-axis on graphs (b) and (c), as in graph (a) Mark the points of intersection between the graph of function f(x) and the straight line State the number of points of intersection and the coordinates of the points of intersection, 4. Repeat Steps I to 3 by placing the ruler at different values of f(x). Ensure the straight lines drawn are parallel to the x-axis (a) f@) 3x (b) f(x) = + ae +1 Number of points Number of points Number of points of intersection of intersection of intersection ae & ae Points of intersection Points of intersection Points of intersection (4,4), (1,4) a DG) “ei Discussio1 1. What is the relationship between the x-coordinates and y-coordinates of both points of intersection for each function? 2. What is the type of relation of a quadratic function? MY MEMORY For a point on a Cartesian plane, the x-coordinate is the object and the coordinate is the image. x) From the activity in Mind Stimulation 3, it is found that: In general, A 2MChapter 4 Quadratlo Functions and Equations In One Variable What is the shape of the graph of a quadratic function? Mind Stimulation 4 y® ‘Aim: To identity and describe the relationship between the value of a and the shape of the graph of a quadratic function Steps: 1. Drag the slider slowly from left to right. Observe the shape of the graph, | Be] Sean the QR Code to carry out this activity hups://www geogebra ongharaphing/tSaz2zwm From the activity in Mind Stimulation 4, it is found that: shape of the graph i Function is called What is the maximum or minimum point of a quadratic function? Each sketch of the graph of a quadratic function has the highest or lowest value of y-coordinate based on the shape of the sketch. fQ) veh For the sketch of the graph of a quadratic function with a <0, »; is the highest value of y-coordinate and x; is the corresponding value for y,. The point (x), »4) is known as the maximum point For the sketch of the graph of a quadratic function with a > 0, y2 is the lowest value of y-coordinate and x2 is the corresponding value for 3. ‘The point (x, v3) is known as the minimum point. iyChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Aim: To explore the maximum or minimum point of a quadratic function, Steps: 1, Based on the table in Step 2, insert the quadratic functions in the dynamic geometry software. aa Scan the QR Code to carry out this etviy, ‘htps://ww geogebra org/graphing ' [ Maximum | point Coordinates = (4, 10) | @ | f@y= |) f@)=x7-4x43 Coordinates Discussion: What is the relationship between the value of a and the maximum or minimum Point? From the activity in Mind Stimulation 5, it is found that: What is the axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function? The axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function is a straight line that is parallel to the y-axis and divides the graph into two parts of the same size and shape. An axis of symmetry is a straight line that divides a geometrical shape or an object inio two parts of the same size and shape. The axis of symmetry will pass through the maximum or minimum point of the graph of the function as shown in the diagram below. }=-Axis of symmetry—>} ee a NZ ieChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable ‘Aim: To draw and recognise the axis of symmetry of the graph Sau ofa quadratic function. The equation of a Steps: straight line which is the 1. Using a ruler, draw the axis of symmetry for each graph of |__| pare? evens quadratic function below. Write the equation of the axis of symmetry as in (a) (a) fx) = 2 — 2x (b) f(x) = 2x? + 4x — 3 (c) f(x) =-2? + ax +2 t Fe fe) 4 sty 2 “ Equation of axis of symmetry Equation of axis of symmetry Equation of axis of symmetry aa) ee 1. Whats the relationship between the axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function and the y-axis? What is the relationship between the axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function and the maximum or minimum point? From the activity in Mind Stimulation 6, it is found that: The axis of symmetry of the graph of a quadratic function is parallel to the y-axis and passes through the maximum or minimum point. In general,Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable 1. Determine whether the shapes of the following graphs of quadratic functions is \/ or \, (a) fx)e tax + (b) ga? + 2x4 2, For each graph of quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx +e below, state the range of value of g state whether the graph has a maximum or minimum point. ‘ad (a) Sa) (b) fe Ye 3, Determine the maximum or minimum point and state the equation of the axis of symmetry for each graph of quadratic function below. (a)Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable @ What are the effects of changing the values of a, b and c Geum Sta on graphs of quadratic functions, f(x) = ax? + bx +c? indard Investigate and make Mind Stimulation 7g _ generalisation about the effects of changing Aim: To identify the effects of changing the values of a on graphs __| the values of a, b and of quadratic functions f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ caenne Hanae Steps: fhe) = ae + br +e 1. Drag the slider from left to right. ‘Sean the QR Code to carry out this activity Autps.//www geogebra, orehraphing/niafiay? 2. Observe the shape of the graph as the value of a changes. Discussion: What are the effects of changing the values of a to the graphs of quadratic functions? From the activity in Mind Stimulation 7, it is found that: In general,Aim: To identify the effects of changing the values of b on graphs of quadratic fj f(x) = ar + bx+c Steps: 1. Drag the slider from left to right. 2. Observe the position of the axis of symmetry as the value of b changes. Discussion: What are the effects of changing the values of & to the graphs of quadratic functions? From the activity in Mind Stimulation 8, it is found that: The value of b determines the position ofthe axis of symmety | In general,Chapter 1. Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Aim: To identify the effects of changing the values of c on graphs of quadratic functions Sa) = a2 + bx +e. steps: me 1. Drag the slider from left to right. ‘Scan the QR Code to carry out this activity hups://wwn geogebra. The y-intercept is a point of a graph that intersects the y-axis. 2. Observe the position of the y-intercept as the value of ¢ changes. Discussion: What are the effects of changing the values of c to the graphs of quadratic functions I(x) = a? + bx + From the activity in Mind Stimulation 9, it is found that: In general, The quadratic function f (x) = x? — 3x + ¢ passes through a point A as given below. Calculate the value of ¢ for each of the following cases. (@) AQ, 4) (6) ACI, 3) Solution: (a) The point 4(0, 4) lies on the y-axis, thus c= 4. (b) x)=? -3x + ‘Substitute the values of x =—I and f(x) =3 into the quadratic function, 3=(Cl?-3¢l) +eChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable aa The diag fam shows two graphs of quadratic functions, y= f(x) and y= g(x), drawn on the same axes, State the range of the values of p. Explain your answer. Solution: O

0. Thus, 0

0, shape \/ Jp Value of ¢ = 3, y-intereept = 3 A / When f(x) = 0,22 4x +3=0 («-3)w-)=0 x=1orx=3 0) f@) =P 6x49 ne Value of a= 1 > 0, shape \/ . | Value of c = 9, y-intercept = 9 \ if When f(x) = 0, x2 — 6x +9 =0 x i (x—3)(r-3)=0 (| Seem x53 | 2 7 (©) f(x) =? + 2e +15 Se Value of a =—1 <0, shape /\ Value of c = 15, y-intercept = 15 When f(x) = 0,-x? + 2x +15=0 —2r-15=0 (x—5)(x+3)=0 x=orx=5 (d) f(&) =-2x? + 18 Value of a =-2<0, shape /\ Value of b = 0, axis of symmetry is the y-axis Value of c= 18, y-intercept = 18 When f(x) = 0, 2x? + 18=0 x#-9=0 (x +3)(x-3)=0 A= ory =3 KPM |Chapter 1. Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable The graph of a quadratic function does not intersect the x-axis. Sketch each of the following graphs of quadratic functions =r+1 pa MY MEMORY Oe | If b= 0 for a quadratic | function, then the y-axis Solution: is the axis of symmetry of the graph of the quadratic function. (a) fy=e+1 Value of a = 1 > 0, shape \/ Value of b = 0, axis of symmetry is the y-axis Value of e = 1, y-intercept is 1 thus the minimum point is (0, 1) When x= 2, f(2) (b) f@)=—P -3 Value of a=—1 <0, shape /\, Value of b = 0, axis of symmetry is the y-axis Value of c =~3, y-intercept is 3 thus the maximum point is (0, -3) When x = 1, f(1) =-(1)?-3 Porm 1. Sketch each of the following graphs of quadratic functions. (a) f(x) = 22 +2x-24 (b) fx) =? 8x + 16 (© f@) @) f@)=-2e +8 2. Sketch each of the following graphs of quadratic functions, (b) f@)=22 +1 (©) f= +2 (lesChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable @ How do you solve proble equations? s involving quadratic Joseph wants to make the framework of a box in the shape of a cuboid using wooden The price of the wooden rod is RMS per metre. The base of the cuboid is a square. The lea of the cuboid is 30 cm more than the length of its base. The total surface area of the byt 4.800 cm?, Joseph’s budget to build the frame of a box is RM15. Determine whether Joseph ig enough budget. Solution: Understanding the problem Length of the base =x em Height of the cuboid = (x +30) em Total surface area=4800cm? Budget = RMIS for a box ) Total surface area = 2(¢\(x) + 4(x)(x + 30) = 2x24 4x? + 1208 = 6x2 + 120K 6x? + 120x = 4 800 6x2 + 120x — 4 801 x? + 20x — 800 x =~40 is not acceptable, thus x = 20 cm The measurements of the box are 20 em x 20 em x 50 em. Total length of the edges of the box = 8 x 20 cm + 4x 50m = 160 cm + 200 em = 360m een urs =3.6mChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable A rectangular field needs to be fenced up using mesh wire. The length of the field is (Sx + 20) m and its width is xm he (a) Express the area of the field, 4 m2, in terms of x. (b) Given the area of the field is 5 100 m?, calculate the cost of fencing the field if the cost of the mesh wire used is RM20 per metre : = (5x20) m ———> 2. Encik Kamarul drove his car at an average speed of (20¢— 20) km h-! for (f — 3) hours along a highway. The distance travelled by Encik Kamarul was 225 km. The highway speed limit is 110 km h-'. Did Encik Kamarul follow the highway speed limit? a 1. Determine whether each of the following expressions is a quadratic expression in one variable. (a) p-4p+1 (© 4-26 +e (@) -m+1 (e) & 2. State the equation of the axis of symmetry for each graph of quadratic function below. (a) fx) ) fx) 3. Solve each of the following quadratic equations. (a) 42-1=0 (b) P-81=0 (©) 2 -4y=0 (@) 2 +3x+2=0 (ec) 2? -x-10=0 () @-2P= (g) m?+3m-4=0 (h) 2p?— 13p + 20=0 (i) (k-4)(k~ 1) = 18 Oh 1 aa OF as Faal (k) 2-2) = 5-7 4. Given one of the roots of the quadratic equation x? + px ~ 18 = 0 is 2, calculate the value of p. 5. Show that the quadratic equation (m ~ 6)? = 12 ~ 2m can be written as m? — 10m + 24 = 0. Hence, solve the equation (m ~ 6)? = 12— 2m. ea KPMChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable 6. Determine the coordinates of the minimum point from the graph of the quadratic fing, f(x) = 32 6x +5 Given x= 4 is the axis of symmetry of the graph of the quadratic function f(x) =7 + a _ determine the coordinates of the maximum point. 8. The diagram shows part of the graph of the quadratic function /(x) = x? + 6x —5. The straight line 4B is parallel to the x-axis, Determine (a) the coordinates of point 4, (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry, (©) the coordinates of point B, (d) the coordinates of the maximum point P. ). The diagram shows the graph of the quadratic function Se) = ax + 8x + c. Calculate the value of each of the following (@) ¢ (b) m (a @n ¢ 10. The diagram shows part of the graph of the quadratic function f(x) = a(x — h)(x — k) where h < k, Point P is the minimum point of the graph of the quadratic function. (a) Calculate the value of (A, (ik, (iii) a. (b) Determine the equation of the axis of symmetry. % (c) State the coordinates of point P. 11. The length of a rectangle is (x + 1) em and its width is 5 em less than its length. (a) Express the area of the rectangle, A cm?, in terms of x. (b) The area of the rectangle is 24 cm?, Calculate the length and width of the rectangle, 12. Diagram | shows an isosceles triangle with a base of 4y cm and a height of (y + 5)em Diagram 2 shows a square with sides of y om. The area of the triangle is more than the area of the square by 39 em?. Calculate the different in perimeter between both shapes. a +5) om yom d 4yem Diagram 1 Diagram 2 =Chapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable The diagram shows a rec E and F are two points on CD and AD respectively such that CE = DF = xm. The lengths of AF = 12 m and DE= 15m. (a) Form an expression for the area of the rectangle, Am’, in terms of x, (b) The area of the rectangle is 460 m?, Calculate the value of x. wwlar garden ABCD. , 4 12m _ gem, (c) Aiman wants to build a small footpath from point £ to point F with tiles which costs RMSO per metre, Aiman has a budget of RMI 000, determine whether Aiman has enough budget to build the footpath B xm 14. The History Club of SMK Seri Jaya has drawn two rectangular murals in conjunction with “ Malaysia’s Independence Day. (a) Express the difference in area between the two murals, A m?, in terms of x. (b) The difference in area between the two murals is 10 m?, Calculate the value of x (c) Calculate the perimeter of the smaller mural Gx+1)m (2x-1)m "1 Can (x-1)m casita ‘aynngi MALAYSIAKU BpoonEEa Use your creativity to build different shapes based on the examples below. Display your work at the Mathematics Comer. Materials: @ Graph paper/blank paper. @® Protractor, a pair of compasses. © @ Coloured pens. KPMChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable ; - . $s CONCEPT MAP (0) Highest power is 2 (b) Involves one variable f(x) = ae + bx +e General form ax? + by 5 abande — * are constants, a +0, Shape of graph, a> 0 Axis of symmetry b<0 so Axis of symmetry | [ Axis of symmetry b> b=0 0 fe) 4 Axis of symmetry 4 " | ‘The roots of a quadratic General form equation are the values of ae+bx+c=0 the variable that satisfy the equationChapter 1 Quadratic Functions and Equations in One Variable Self Reflection “f es 4 a 6 , Across Down 2. The shape of the graph ofa quadratic 1, The vertical axis that passes through function. the maximum or minimum point of 3. The highest point of the graph of the graph of a quadratic function. a quadratic function. 2. A method used to determine the roots 4. The lowest point of the graph of of a quadratic equation. a quadratic function. 6. The values of variable that satisfy 5, A function which its highest power a quadratic equation. is two. See The shape of the graph of a quadratic function is one of the most common shapes found in our daily life. Observe the following photos Use your creativity to draw a quadratic structure. om