UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE USING

CLSM TECHNIQUES

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

by
VAIJAYANTI JENA (Roll No. 1517028)
MELISSA DUTTA (Roll No. 1517029)
SAKSHI PATEL (Roll No. 1517030)
KAUSHIKI RAJ (Roll No. 1517031)

Supervisor
PROF. BENU GOPAL MOHAPATRA

School of Civil Engineering

Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar, 751024

April 2019

i
 DECLARATION OF SCHOLAR

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitle
"UTILIZTION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE USING CLSM TECHNIQUE" in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in School of Civil Engineering under Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar is an authentic record of our
own work carried out during the period from 2018 to 2019 under the supervision of
Dr. Benu Gopal Mohapatra. The matter embodied in this thesis has not been
submitted by us for the award of any other degree of this or any other
University/Institute.

Signature

Vaijayanti Jena
Melissa Dutta
Sakshi Patel
Kaushiki Raj

This is to certify that above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge.

Dr.Benu Gopal Mohapatra

(Supervisor)
School of Civil Engineering
ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with immense pleasure that we express my sincere sense of gratitude and

humble appreciation to Dr.(Prof.) Benu Gopal Mohapatra for his invaluable
guidance, whole-hearted co-operation, constructive criticism and continuous
encouragement in the preparation of this thesis. Without his support and guidance, the
present work would have remained a dream.

We would also like to thank Prof. Ipsita Mohanty, Project Coordinator, Prof.
P. C. Saha, Overall UG Project Coordinator, Prof. S. Moulick, B.Tech Program Head
and Prof. B.G. Mohapatra, Dean, School of Civil Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be
University, for their creative suggestions and providing necessary facilities.

We take this opportunity to thank all my scholar friends & family for their
valuable support and encouragement throughout the preparation of this work. I also
thank all those who have directly or indirectly helped in completion of this work.

April 2019
KIIT DU, Bhubaneswar VAIJAYANTI JENA (Roll No. 1517028)
MELISSA DUTTA (Roll No. 1517029)
SAKSHI PATEL (Roll No. 1517030)
KAUSHIKI RAJ (Roll No. 1517031)

iii
 ABSTRACT

The present study investigation is concerned about the industrial waste and its
impact on the environment. It mainly deals with the utilization of industrial waste
using controlled low strength materials. Industrial waste is the waste produced by
industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered or useless during the
manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries, mills and mining
operations. Some examples of industrial waste or chemical solvents, pigments
sludge metals as paint,sand paper product etc.

These industrial waste when disposed off to the environment can cause harmful
effects. Water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, global warming are some of the
effects. Keeping this in mind it’s time we come up with new ideas and techniques to
use the wastes in various sectors of day to day life. CLSM is one such technique
with which we will be dealing with in our present study.

In this study we will be using fly ash among all the other different industrial waste.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION OF SCHOLAR...................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................vii

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................1
1.2 Objective........................................................................................................2
1.3 Organization of the Report.............................................................................2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................3
2.1 About CLSM..................................................................................................3
2.2 Literature Review...........................................................................................5
3.PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY ...........................................11
3.1Fly Ash............................................................................................................11
3.2 Cement...........................................................................................................13
3.3Fine Aggregates..............................................................................................15
3.4 Water..............................................................................................................15
3.5 Preparation of Specimens..............................................................................15
3.6 Mixing Proportion..........................................................................................15
3.7 Experimental Program...................................................................................16
3.7.1 Specific Gravity Test............................................................................16
3.7.2 Le-Chatelier's Soundness Test..............................................................17
3.7.3 Consistency Test...................................................................................18
3.7.4 Initial & Final Setting Time Test..........................................................19
3.7.5 Compressive Strength of Mortar Test...................................................21
3.7.6 Flexural Strength of Mini Prism Test...................................................23
3.7.7 Flowability Test....................................................................................25
4. RESULT & DISSCUSSION.......................................................................................26

5. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................36

REFERENCES................................................................................................................37

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 3

Table 3.1.1 Physical Properties of Fly Ash......................................................................12

Table 3.1.2 Chemical Properties of Fly Ash....................................................................13
Table 3.2.1 Physical Properties of 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement........................14
Table 3.2.1 Chemical Properties of 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement......................14
Table 3.6 Optimum Dosage of Components....................................................................15

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Observation of Specific Gravity Test of Fly Ash............................................26

Table 4.2 Observation of Le-Chatelier's Soundness Test of Fly Ash..............................27
Table 4.3 Observation of Consistency Test of Fly Ash...................................................27
Table 4.4 Observation of Initial & Final Setting Time Test of Fly Ash..........................28
Table 4.5 Observation of Compressive Strength of Mortar Test ....................................29
Table 4.6 Observation of Flexural Strength of Mini Prism Test.....................................30
Table 4.7 Observation of Flowability Test......................................................................32

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 2

Fig 2.1 Areas of Applications of CLSM..........................................................................4

Fig 2.2 CLSM Bridge Abutment.....................................................................................6
Fig 2.3 CLSM Back-filling Construction........................................................................8
Fig 2.4 CLSM Back-filling with Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash..................................8

Chapter 3

Fig 3.7.1 Specific Gravity Test.......................................................................................16

Fig 3.7.2 Le-Chatelier's Soundness Test.........................................................................17
Fig 3.7.3 Consistency Test..............................................................................................19
Fig 3.7.4 Initial & Final Setting Time Test.....................................................................20
Fig 3.7.5 Compressive Strength of Mortar Test.............................................................22
Fig 3.7.6 Flexural Strength of Mini Prism Test..............................................................24
Fig 3.7.7 Flowability Test...............................................................................................25

Chapter 4

Fig 4.1 Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Mix Group....................................................29

Fig 4.2 Flexural Strength of Fly Ash Mix Group...........................................................31
Fig 4.2 Flowability of Fly Ash Mix Group.....................................................................33

vii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Waste material are a major environmental problem, which is a threat to the

environment. It is important to reuse these materials and dispose them off. Waste
can be used in the construction industries in two ways: by reusing(re-use
components) and recycling (processing waste into raw materials used in the
production of building materials).

Soil back-filling is the most usual practice followed after all types of excavation.
Generally, material is dumped into the ditch without proper compaction. Ground
improvement refers to a technique that improves the engineering properties of the
soil mass treated. Usually, the properties that are modified are shear strength,
stiffness and permeability. Ground Improvement has developed into a sophisticated
tool to support foundation for a wide variety of structures.

CLSM is self compacted, cementitious material utilized mainly as a backfill in place

of compacted fill. Several terms are presently used to label this material like
flowable fill, unshrinkable fill, controlled density fill, flowable motor, flowable fly
ash, fly ash slurry, plastic soil-cement, soil-cement slurry.

In this study, fly ash cement paste composite formed of various combinations of fly
ash & cement has been examined in terms of its physical properties such as specific
gravity, soundness, consistency and initial & final setting time and mechanical
properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and flowability. The
results indicate that the cement paste, providing certain advantages over
conventional fill materials with its higher strength can be designed for any required
engineering performance for use in the construction of compacted to self-
1 ash utilization with low
compacting structural fills and promises high volume fly
technology requirements avoiding scarce use of raw resources.
1.2 OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of the present study are as below:

1. To understand the concept of Controlled Low Strength Material technique
(CLSM).
2. Literature review pertaining to various constituents of CLSM technique.
3. Identification of waste material which can be the major constituent of CLSM and
conduction of experiments to determine various properties.
4. To find out the optimum dosage of binding material referring to the strength
behaviour of CLSM mixture and comparisons of test results with the collected data.

1.3 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT

The present work has been organized into five chapters. Following is a brief outline
of the report.
In the second chapter, general overview of literature from various journals and
publication are over viewed and discussed.
The third chapter presents the general overviews of various components used in this
study are discussed and experimental program like specific gravity, consistency,
plasticity, specification, detail of various tests and their procedure.
The fourth chapter discuss the results obtained. As a result of the study carried out,
overall conclusions, contribution are presented in the last chapter to bring out the
outcome of the present work.

2
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ABOUT CLSM

CLSM is self compacted, cementitious material utilized mainly as a backfill in

place of compacted fill. Several terms are presently used to label this material like
flowable fill, unshrinkable fill, controlled density fill, flowable motar, flowable fly
ash, fly ash slurry, plastic soil-cement, soil-cement slurry.

2.1.1 Advantages of using CLSM:-

 Can be easily transported to job sites with the help of truck mixer.
 Does not settle under loading.
 Reduces the excavation cost.
 High bearing capacity, less permeable and hence less proven to erosion.
 Less on site labour and equipment required.
 Fast construction speed, feasible to use in tight or restricted areas.

2.1.2 Technical consideration:-

 If high amount of water is used in the mixture it is expected that most of the
CLSM fly ash slurry may require a longer time to harden(8-24 hr).
 Care must be taken when back filling natural gas pipelines to prevent
scratching or damage to the pipe coatings.
 As CLSM is placed in liquid form, hydrostatic pressure is need to be
considered when back filling around pipes, conduits and power lines.
 Thermal stability of materials should be considered when back filling the
underground power cables.

3
 Fig 2.1: Areas of application of CLSM

2.1.3 Countries adopting CLSM technique:

 USA: CLSM was first introduced in the united states as an alternative for
traditional soil backfilling.
 CANADA: In 1985 Toronto carried out utility trench works using flowable
fill.
 AUSTRALIA: Limited information was found in Australia for CLSM
application in underground utility trench backfilling.
 JAPAN: The use of CLSM is a relatively new material in Japan as compared
to western countries like USA ,CANADA.
 KOREA: Studies demonstrated that the use of various by-products such as
fly ash, bottom ash, foundry sand, red mud , pond ash, etc was an effective
way to control the low strength requirement for the production of CLSM.
 CHINA: An unshrinkable backfill material with a rapid curing agent had
been developed in some provinces across China.
 Other ASIAN COUNTRIES: Research studies on CLSM also has been
carries out in some countries of ASIA.

4
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

M.Etxeberria et al. 2013 [1] from Department of construction engineering studied

that CLSM is produced with cement, water , fine aggregates and sometime and/or
additives are also used. 50% of recycled products are fine aggregates according to
minimum requirements of ASTM. Construction and demolition waste consists of
asphalt, brick and ceramic that are treated to be coarse aggregate which are further
treated as fine aggregate possessing high absorption capacity. CLSM is a good
option because it reduces accumulation of high volume of recycled fine aggregate.
It is produced with cement, water, fine aggregate and additives. It is used as a
backfill and void fill. It is economical with good flowability and can be used as
structural fillers, pavement bases and sub bases.

There are certain stages to analyse the applicability comprising of:

 Optimum mix proportion of CLSM made of Portland cement, water, air
entrained mixture and natural fine aggregate.
 Influence of aggregate that are recycled taken in different proportion.
 Bleeding and penetration resistance for first stage.
 The test procedure gave certain conclusions.
 CLSM obtains suitable properties in both its fresh and hardened state, being
self compacted and easily excavate in its hardened state.
 It’s density affects the material properties of both the fresh and hardened
states making it critical to have well controlled value.
 The rise of compressive strength from 7days to 28days was higher in CLSM
produced with higher percentages of recycled aggregates.

It is necessary to increase the amount of cement paste and reduce the w/c ration in
CLSM produced with 40% or higher percentage of recycled fine aggregates in order
to maintain same flowability.

V. Alizadeh et al. 2015 [2] investigated the finite element

5 analysis of a full scale
loading test of a bridge abutments backfilled with the CLSM. The behaviour of the
CLSM was stimulated using a plastic damage which captures the material
behaviour using both classical theory of elastic-to-plasticity and continuum damage
mechanics. The analysis showed that the performance of a CLSM abutments while
subject to a service load or a limiting failure load from a bridge superstructure can
be simulated in a reasonably accurate manner. The FE modeling of the standard
compressive strength test demonstrated the capability of the material model for a
realistic prediction of the failure patterns in the CLSM test cylinders and stress-
strain response, it also showed that the CLSM abutments is capable of carrying
typical bridge load after one day with adequate margins and with small
deformations. It also indicated the lateral movement of the facing panels was
negligible up to about 70% of bearing capacity of the abutment when a longitudinal
band developed close to the face. In addition a parametric study was conducted to
understand the performance of the CLSM of bridge abutments in terms of bearing
capacity and overall behaviour. It was greatly affected by the CLSM curing age,
environment temperature and existence of anchored concrete panels.

Fig. 2.2: CLSM Bridge Abutment

6
T.Horiguchi et al. 2011 [3] investigated the applicability of new CLSM that
includes incinerated sewage sludge ash, crushed stone powder. Incinerated sewage
sludge ash was used as a replacement for fly ash and dust powder made during
crushed stone production was used as a fine aggregate..This new type of green
CLSM is a promising cementitious material having the ability to reduce CO2
emissions. The main objective of this paper was to study and find the optimum mix
proportion with same level of performance as an ordinary CLSM mix. The new
CLSM used blast furnace slag ,fine powder or blast furnace slag cement type B in
the mix. The purpose of using blast furnace slag was that it can resists leaching of
hexavalent chromium.The flowability, bleeding rate and compressive strength were
measured and compared with an ordinary CLSM.

The above tests gave the following results:

 Incorporating incinerated sewage sludge ash led to negative effects on the
properties CLSM. It decreased the flowability and compressive strength.
Increased bleeding when compacted with ordinary CLSM. But by adjusting
the mix proportions the negative effects can be overcome.
 CLSM with crushed stone powder could mitigate bleeding in comparison to
CLSM with ordinary fine aggregates.
 Using blast furnace cement type B or blast furnace slag powder led to
reduction of compressive strength. But can be used for the purpose of
ecology and leaching mitigation.
 Leaching minimization is needed for real construction. Blast furnace slag
cement and insoluble incinerated sewage sludge ash are useful material for
minimizing leaching problems.

The compressive strength of new CLSM with high volume of incinerated ash is less
than that of ordinary CLSM with fly ash.

7
 Fig. 2.3: CLSM back-filling construction.

Fig.2.4:. CLSM backfilling with incinerated sewage sludge ash.

G.S.Ghataora et al. IJPRT 2016 [4] investigated the different characteristics of

Municipal Incinerated Bottom Ash(MIBA) that makes it8a very useful industrial by
product to be used in CLSM and also in Road Pavements. This paper highlights the
assessment of global data on the use of MIBA in road construction. MIBA used as
capping, filling and sub-base material in unbound form. MIBA as aggregate in
hydraulically bound sub-base and road base layers.

Sustainable waste management has become increasingly important and is being

incorporated in the worldwide legislation where an eco-friendly hierarchy of
treatments is now prescribed by law, ranking recycling and incineration over land
filling. MIBA is the principal residue produced from the incineration of the
Municipal Solid Waste. The incineration process reduces the MSW by
approximately 70% by mass and 90% by volume making it appropriate treatment to
deal with the large volumes produced and the potentially unsafe materials the MSW
contains. MIBA used in road construction appears to be an appropriate outlet. In
this paper the characteristics of MIBA are dealt with, firstly covering the physical
properties, chemical properties, engineering properties, followed by the
examination of the mechanical and durability performance in resultant road
pavements. But we are dealing with only the physical and chemical properties of
MIBA.

H.A.Razak et al. 2009 [5] came up with the performance appraisal of industrial
waste incinerated bottom ash as CLSM. Controlled low-strength material(CLSM) is
slurry made by mixing sand, cement, ash and water. It is primarily used as
replacement for soil and structural filling. CLSM mixes were designed using
industrial waste incineration bottom ash, and cement. Tests for density, setting time,
bleed and compressive strength on cubes under various curing conditions,
corrosivity and leaching of heavy metals and salts were carried out on the CLSM
mixtures. Compressive strength for the designed CLSM mixtures ranged from 0.1
to 1.7MPa. It is shown that the variation in curing condition have less influence on
the compressive strength of CLSM at high values of water to cement ratio (w/c), but
low values of w/c influences the strength of CLSM. The CLSM produced does not
exhibit corrosive characters as evidenced by pH. Leaching of heavy metals and salts
is higher in bleed than in leachate collected from hardened CLSM. Cement reduces
the leaching of Boron in bleed. It is concluded that there
9 is good potential for the
use of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in CLSM.
D.F.Lin et al. 2007 [6] studied the application of CLSM on weak pavement
base/sub grade for heavy truck traffic. Lack of proper pavement base compaction
leads to premature failures that account for millions dollars in road damages. The
key to preventing or repairing premature failures is to determine the causes and to
overcome the cause a successful application of the controlled low strength
material(CLSM) concrete to increase the strength of weak areas and use of
Dynamic cone penetrometer to find the soft spot.

To increase the pavement life under heavy vehicle traffic ultra thin white
topping(UTW) had been used it is a bonded concrete overlay which is used where
rutting or shoving has caused conventional asphalt paving materials to fail. To
improve backfill compaction around such as manholes and load bearing capacity of
pavement, this proposes CLSM as pavement base material. CLSM is used as a
backfill material for trenches, it also improve soft base/sub grade under heavy
traffic. It is also used as a base material to solve the soft base /sub grade problems
in pavement engineering.

To assess the efficiency of CLSM on pavement DCP tests were performed before
and during the CLSM construction. DCP has been used to determine base/sub grade
layers bearing capacity without digging test pits or collecting soil samples.DCP is
one of the least expensive devices able to characterize base/sub-grade properties.

10
Based on the literature review, it is found that Fly Ash is one of the largely
produced waste and some part of the Fly Ash is being utilized in cement production,
manufacturing of bricks and ground stabilization. However, still a large quantity of
Fly Ash is remained unrecycled which is a threat to environment. Hence an attempt
has been taken to consider the Fly ash as a major constituent of CLSM technique in
this study.

The advantages of using fly ash are:

 Increased early and late compressive strength.
 Less heat generation during hydration.
 Increases pore refinement.
 Decreases permeability.
 Decrease water demand.
 Increase workability.

3. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS &

METHODOLOGY

3.1 FLY ASH

Fly ash is known as pulverized fuel ash is a coal combustion product that is
composed of fine particles of fuel that are driven out of coal fired boilers together
with flue gases. The components of fly ash consists of silicon dioxide (both
amorphous and crystalline), aluminium oxide and calcium oxide. The main mineral
compound in coal bearing rock strata. The constituents of fly ash depends upon the
specific coal bed makeup but may include one or more of the following elements
found in trace concentrations : Arsenic, Lead, Cobalt etc and also unburnt carbon.

11
Fly ash can be classified as per

1. Lime reactivity test into four different categories:

 Cementitious fly ash
 Cementitious and pozzolanic fly ash
 Pozzolanic fly ash
 Non- pozzolanic fly ash
2. Chemical composition into two types:
 Class C fly ash
 Class F fly ash

It is decided to use Class C fly ash in this present study because of large scale
availability from the source. Class C fly ash is designated in ASTM C 618 and
originates from sub bituminous and lignite coal.

3.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

Based on the literature review, the following parameters are considered to be

appropriate to use in the present study wherever required.

Table 3.1.1 Physical Properties of Fly Ash

S.No. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FLY ASH

1 Fineness Blaine, m2/Kg 234

2 Specific Gravity 2.11

3 Lime Reactivity , N/mm2 4.90

4 Soundness Autoclave % 0.03

5 Maximum Dry Density, g/cc 0.9-1.6

6 Optimum Moisture Content 38.0-18.0

7 Cohesion(KN/m2) Negligible

8 Angle Of Internal Friction 30º-40º

9 Permeability 8×10-6-7×10-4

Source: Mix design and properties of fly ash waste lightweight aggregates
12
Author: Manu S. Nadesan, P. Dinakar
Case Studies in Construction Materials 7 (2017)
3.1.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH

Based on the literature review, the following parameters are considered to be

appropriate to use in the present study wherever required

Table 3.1.2 Chemical Properties of Fly Ash

CHEMICAL CLASS CEMEN

CLASS F CLASS C
COMPOUND N T
SiO 54.90 39.90 58.20 22.60

AL2O3 25.80 16.70 18.40 4.30

Fe2O3 6.90 5.80 9.30 2.40

CaO 8.70 24.30 3.30 64.40

MgO 1.80 4.60 3.90 2.10

SO2 0.60 3.30 1.10 2.30

Na2O 0.60 1.30 1.10 0.60

Source: Mix design and properties of fly ash waste lightweight aggregates
Author: Manu S. Nadesan, P. Dinakar
Case Studies in Construction Materials 7 (2017)

3.2 CEMENT

Cement has different properties and characteristics which depend upon their
chemical compositions. By changing in fineness of grinding, oxide compositions
cement have exhibit different properties and different kind of cement. The use of
additives, changing chemical composition, and use of different raw materials have
resulted the availability of many types of cements.
Cement used in the experimental work is Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 Grades.
The physical properties & chemical properties of the cement obtained on conducting
appropriate tests are as per IS: 269/4831 and the requirements as per IS: 8112/1989
13
are given in the Table 3.2.1 & Table 3.2.2
Table 3.2.1 Physical Properties of 43 grade ordinary Portland cement

TEST
S. REQUIREMENTS
PARTICULARS RESUL
No. OF IS:8112/1987
TS
1 Fineness Obtained (m2/Kg) 310 225 (min)
2 Setting time (Mins)    
  1. Initial 170 30 (min)
  2. Final 235 600 (max)
3 Soundness    
1. Le-Chatelier's Expansion
  1.5 10 (max)
(mm)
  2. Autoclave (%) 0.012 0.8 (max)
Compressive Strength
4    
(MPa)
  1. 72+1Hr 30.2 23 (min)
  2. 168+2Hr 40.1 33 (min)
  3. 672+4Hr 52.8 43 (min)

Physical properties of the cement obtained on conducting appropriate tests are as

per IS: 269/4831

Table 3.2.2 Chemical Properties of 43 grade ordinary Portland cement

TEST
S. REQUIREMENTS
PARTICULARS RESUL
No. OF IS:8112/1987
TS
1 Lime (% by mass) 60.87  
2 Soluble silica (% by mass) 20.55  
3 Alumina (% by mass) 5.36  
4 Iron Oxide(% by mass) 4  
5 Magnesia(% by mass) 0.74 6 (max)
Sulphuric Anhydride(% by
6 1.83 3 (max)
mass)
7 Loss on Ignition(% by mass) 3.1 4 (max)
8 Insoluble Reside(% by mass) 2.93 5 (max)
9 Chlorides (% by mass) 0.0173 0.05 (max)
10 Lime saturation Factor 0.9 0.66-1.02
11 Al2O3/Fe2O3 1.34 0.66 (min)

chemical properties of the cement obtained on conducting appropriate tests are as

per IS: 8112/1989
14
3.3 FINE AGGREGATES

Fine Aggregates are more often the major component of a CLSM mixture. The
quality, class, and shape of aggregates can impact the physical qualities, such as
flowability and compaction quality. Standard sand (Grade I, Grade II & Grade III)
was utilized for the experimental works. As per IS 383-1970 requirements.

3.4 WATER

Clean potable water as obtained from laboratory of Civil Engineering Department of

KITT University was used for mixing and curing of concrete.

3.5 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS

Different mix of fly ash & ordinary portland cement mortar obtained to conduct
compression test on standard specimen of size 70.6×70.6×70.6 mm. Flexural test on
standard specimen of size 40×40×160 mm. The curing period for the specimen are 7
&28 days respectably.

3.6 MIXING PROPORTION

Mix proportioning is a progression of choosing suitable constituents and finding
their proportions which would create a blend that satisfy the job requirements. The
mixing of the materials of concrete is a significant section of concrete technology as
it protects standard and money saving. Since self-compaction is largely impacted by
the description of components and the blends ratios, it becomes requisite to discover
a method for blending of CLSM. Based on the literature review, three groups are
formed with optimum dosage of cement and fly ash based on trial and error until
blends with appropriate strength are attained.

Table 3.6 Optimum dosage of components

MIX FLY ASH (%) CEMENT (%)

FA100 100 0

FA80 80 20
15
FA75 75 25
3.7 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

3.7.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST OF FLY ASH

PROCEDURE
1. 30 g of oven dried fly ash is cooled in a desiccator is taken (WS).
2. The empty weight of density bottle is taken (W1).
3. The weight of Density bottle along with the water is taken (W2).
4. The water is discarded and the bottle is dried and kerosene is placed in the
bottle and the weight of kerosene along with the bottle is taken (W3).
5. Fly ash is added to the bottle the remaining bottle is filled with kerosene and
then the weight of fly ash, kerosene in the bottle is taken (W4).

Fig. 3.7.1 Specific Gravity Test Of Fly Ash

16
3.7.2 LE-CHATELIER’S SOUNDNESS TEST OF FLY ASH WITH
DIFFERENT MIXTURE

PROCEDURE
1. The Le- chatelier mould and the glass plates are lightly oiled before
conducting the test
2. Prepare a cement paste as in consistency test with 0. 78 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency
3. Fill the cement paste in the Le- chatelier mould taking care to keep the edges
of the mould gently together during the operation.
4. Cover the mould with another piece of a glass plate and place a small weight
over the cover plate.
5. Submerge the whole assembly immediately in water at a temperature of 27
+/- 2 °C and keep it there for 24 hours.
6. Take out the assembly again in water at 27 +/- 2 °C. The distance between
the indicator points are measured as D1.
7. Submerge assembly again in water at 27 +/- 2 °C
8. Bring the water to boiling in 25 to 30 minutes and keep at boiling for 3
hours. The assembly should be immersed in water during this process.
9. Remove the mould from water and allow it to cool to 27 +/- 2 °C
10. Measure the distance between the indicator points as D2.

17

Fig. 3.7.2 Le-Chatelier’s Soundness Test

3.7.3 CONSISTENCY TEST OF FLY ASH

PROCEDURE
1. Keep the vicat apparatus on a level base (when using vicat apparatus with
dashpot, keep the bearing movable rod to its highest position and pin it.)
Unscrew the top of the dashpot. Half fill the dashpot with any suitable oil of
viscosity and screw the top. Work the plunger a number of times.
2. Attach the plunger for determining standard consistency to the movable rod.
Work the plunger a number of times.
3. Take 400 gm of cement in a pan and a weighed quantity of water in a beaker.
4. Prepare a paste with the water added to cement. Start a stopwatch at the time
of adding water to cement.
5. Keep the vicat mould on a non porous plate and fill the cement paste in it.
6. After completely filling the mould, shake it slightly to expel the air. Smooth
off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the moulder. The
cement paste thus prepared is the test block.
7. Place the test block resting on the non porous plate under the movable rod,
bearing the needle.
8. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the cement paste and
quickly release; (when vicat apparatus with dashpot is used, place the mould
filled with cement paste and the non absorbent plate on the base plate of the
vicat apparatus. Raise the plunger of the dash pot, bring it in contact with the
top cap of the movable bearing rod.
9. Remove the pin holding the movable bearing rod to the surface of the cement
paste and quickly release by pushing down the plunger to sink in to the
paste). This operation shall be done immediately after filling the mould.
10. Prepare trial test specimens with varying percentages of water until plunger
penetrates to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould, which is
read on the scale. Express the water required as percentage by weight of the
dry cement.

18
 Fig. 3.7.3 Consistency Test Of Fly Ash

3.7.4 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME USING VICAT’S APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 400g of mixture and place it in a bowl or tray.
2. Now add water of start the stopwatch at the moment water is added to the
mixture. Water of quantity 0.85P.times (Where P is the Standard consistency
of cement) is considered.
3. Now fill the mix in Vicat mould. If any excessive paste remained on Vicat
mould is taken off by using a trowel.
4. Then, place the VICAT mould on non porous plate (Glass plate) and see that
the plunger should touch the surface of VICAT mould gently.
5. Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould.
6. Note down the penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould
indicated on the scale.
19
7. Repeat the same experiment at different positions on the mould until the
plunger should stop penetrating 5 from the bottom of the mould.
The time period elapsed between the moment water is added to the mixture and the
time, the needle fails to penetrate the mould of 5mm when measured from the
bottom of the mould, is the initial setting time of mixture.

Now replace the needle (plunger) by the one with an annular attachment. The
mixture is assumed as finally set When, upon applying the needle gently to the
surface of the test mould, the needle makes an impression therein, while the
attachment fails to do so. The time period between the moment water is added to the
mixture and the time at which needle makes an impression on the surface of the
mould, while the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time of cement.

Fig.3.7.4 Initial And Final Setting Time Using20

Vicat’s Apparatus:
3.7.5 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTAR ( 70.6mm×70.6mm×
70.6mm):

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 200gm of mixture and 600gm of standard sand in the mix ratio 1:3 by
weight) in a pan.
2. The standard sand shall be of quartz, of light, gray or whitish variety and
shall be free from silt. The sand grains shall be angular, the shape of grains
approximating to the spherical form, elongated and flattened grains being
present only in very small quantities.
3. Standard sand shall pass through 2 mm IS sieve and shall be retained on 90
microns IS sieve with the following particle size distribution.
4. Mix the mixture and sand in dry condition with a trowel for 1 mins and then
add water. The quantity of water shall be (p/4+3)% of combined weight of
mixture and sand where, p is the % of water required to produce a paste of
standard consistency determined earlier.
5. Add water and mix it until the mixture is of uniform colour. The time of
mixing shall not be < 3 minutes & not > 4 minutes.
6. Immediately after mixing the mortar, place the mortar in the cube mould and
prod with the help of the rod. The mortar shall be prodded 20 times in about
8 sec to ensure elimination of en trained air.
7. Vibrator is used for the period of vibration for 2 minutes at the specified
speed of 12000±400 vibrations /minutes. Then place the cube moulds in
temperature of 27±2℃ and 90% relative humidity for 24 hours.
8. After 24 hours remove the cubes from the mould and immediately submerge
in clean water till testing. Take out the cubes from water just before testing.
Testing should be done on their sides without any packing.
9. The rate of loading should be 350 kg/cm2/minute and uniform. Test should
be conducted for 6 cubes and report the average value as the test result for
both 7day and 28 day compressive strength. 21
22
Fig. 3.7.5 Compressive Strength Of Mortar

23
3.7.6 FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF MINI PRISM (40mm× 40mm×170mm):

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 200gm of mixture and 600gm of standard sand in the mix ratio 1:3 by
weight) in a pan.
2. The standard sand shall be of quartz, of light, gray or whitish variety and
shall be free from silt. The sand grains shall be angular, the shape of grains
approximating to the spherical form, elongated and flattened grains being
present only in very small quantities.
3. Standard sand shall pass through 2 mm IS sieve and shall be retained on 90
microns IS sieve with the following particle size distribution.
4. Mix the mixture and sand in dry condition with a trowel for 1 min and then
add water. The quantity of water shall be (p/4+3)% of combined weight of
mixture and sand where, p is the % of water required to produce a paste of
standard consistency determined earlier.
5. Add water and mix it until the mixture is of uniform colour. The time of
mixing shall not be < 3 minutes & not > 4 minutes.
6. Immediately after mixing the mortar, place the mortar in the prism mould
and prod with the help of the rod. The mortar shall be prodded 20 times in
about 8 sec to ensure elimination of en trained air.
7. Vibrator is used for the period of vibration for 2 minutes at the specified
speed of 12000±400 vibrations /minutes. Then place the prism moulds in
temperature of 27±2℃ and 90% relative humidity for 24 hours.
8. After 24 hours remove the prism from the mould and immediately submerge
in clean water till testing. Take out the prism from water and leave it to dry
completely. Testing should be done on their sides without any packing.
9. Flexural Strength was determined manually using by gradually increasing the
weight.

24
25
Fig. 3.7.6 Flexural Strength Of Mini Prism

26
3.7.7 FLOWABILITY TEST:

PROCEDURE:
1. Take 420 gm of cement & 1440 g of standard sand and a trial percentage of
water.
2. Mix all the ingredients manually.
3. Instead of using flow table, we used wet sieve shaker with certain
arrangement similar to the mechanism of flow table.
4. A Circular plate having diameter 30cm was placed between the four holders
of the wet sieve shakers.
5. For ensuring a firm packing we use gunny bags.
6. Carefully wipe the circular plate top clean and place the Vicat’s Mould with
base diameter 80mm and top diameter 70mm.
7. Fill the mould with the mortar by tamping 20 times with tamping rod in three
layers..
8. Cut off the excess mortar by drawing the straight edge of a trowel with a
sawing motion across the top of the mould.
9. Lift the mould away from the mortar one minute after completion of the
mixing operation.
10. Immediately drop the holder from a height of 50 mm, 25 times.
11. Measure the diameter of the same.

27
Fig. 3.7.7 Flowability Test
 4. RESULT & DISSCUSSION
This chapter deals with the presentation of test result, on physical properties,
compressive strength, flowability and flexural strength development of CLSM mix
of FA100, FA80 & FA75 at different percentage (100, 80 & 75) and different curing
period.
.

Table 4.1 OBSERVATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FLY ASH

VALUE
S.NO WEIGHTS
(g)
1 Weight of density bottle (W1) g 36

2 weight of density bottle + water (W2) 84

g
3 Weight of + weight of 74
bottle kerosene
(W3) g
4 Weight of + fly ash + weight of 89
bottle
kerosene(W4)
g
5 Weight of fly ash (WS) 30

Calculation:
Specific gravity of fly ash = Density of water

Weight of water of equal volume

= W5(W3 - W1)

(W5 + W3 -W4) (W2 - W1)

30(74-36)
28
(30+74-89) (84- 36)
= 2.20

29
Table 4.2 OBSERVATION OF LE-CHATELIER’S SOUNDNESS TEST OF
FLY ASH WITH DIFFERENT MIXTURE:

Fly
Cement D1 D2 Difference Avg
Mix Sample Ash
(%) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(%)

1 13 13 0
1 2 100 0 15 15 0 0
3 15 15 0
1 21 21 0
2 2 80 20 29 30 1 0.33
3 17 17 0
1 27 28 1
3 2 75 25 22 23 1 1
3 22 23 1

30
Table 4.3 OBSERVATION OF CONSISTENCY TEST OF FLY ASH:

Group Fly Ash (%) Cement (%) Consistency

(%)

1 100 0 25

2 80 20 27

3 75 25 28

Table 4.4 OBSERVATION OF INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

USING VICAT’S APPARATUS:

Group No. Fly Ash Cement Initial Final

(%) (%) setting setting
time (in time (in
mins) mins)

1 100 0 126 203

2 80 20 86 198

3 75 25 79 180

31
Table 4.5 OBSERVATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTAR:

Group Fly Cement Compressive Compressive

No. Ash (%) Strength at 7 Strength at 28
(%) days (MPa) days (MPa)

1 100 0 1.38 2.98

2 80 20 2.98 8.56

3 75 25 3.47 9.4
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ( MPa)

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MIX GROUP

10
9
8
7
group 1
6 group 2
5 group 3
4
3
2
1
0
7 28

CURING DAYS

Fig 4.1: Compressive Strength Of Fly Ash Mix Group For 7&28 Days Curing
Period

32
Table 4.6 OBSERVATION OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF MINI PRISM:

Flexural
Total Avg
Weight Strength
Mix Sample Maximum (in
(in Kg) (Sf) (in
Load (N) MPa)
MPa)

1 2.321 22.769 0.0637

1 2 1.574 15.44 0.0432 0.055

3 2.11 20.738 0.058

1 11.706 114.83 0.321

2 2 35.394 347.21 0.97 0.522

3 15.501 152.06 0.425

1 51.457 504.793 1.413

3 2 64.129 629.105 1.761 1.243

3 20.237 198.524 0.556

CALCULATION :

Sf = 0.0028 P

Sf = Flexural Strength, MPa

P = Total maximum load, N 33
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH MIXED GROUP
1.4

1.2
FLEXURAL STRENGTH (MPa)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3

GROUP

Fig 4.2 : Flexural Strength of Fly Ash mix Group for 28 Days Curing Period

34
Table 4.7 OBSERVATION OF FLOWABILITY:

D0 Df Davg
% of
Group Flowability (%)
water
(mm) (mm) (mm)

11 80 190

11.5 80 200
1 205 156.25
12 80 210

12.5 80 220

12 80 170

12.5 80 180
2 187.5 134.375
13 80 190

13.5 80 200

15 80 160

15.5 80 170
3 175 118.75
16 80 180

16.5 80 190

35

CALCULATION

The flow is the resulting increase in average base diameter of the mortar mass,
measured on at least four diameters at approximately equi-spaced intervals
expressed as a percentage of the original base diameter.

Flow = [(Davg – Do) / Do]*100

Where,

Davg=Average base diameter

Do=Original base dia.

180

160

140

120
FLOWABILITY (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3

GROUP

Fig 4.3: Flowability of Fly Ash Mix Group

36
 PARAMETERS RESULT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.2

PLASTIC LIMIT NON-PLASTIC

Initial Final
Compressive Flexural
Soundness Consistency setting setting Flowability
Mix strength strength
(mm) (%) time time (%)
(MPa) (MPa)
(mins) (mins)

1 0 25 126 203 156.25 2.98 0.055

0.572
2 0.33 27 86 198 134.38 8.56
2

3 1 28 79 180 118.75 9.4 1.243

 For FA100: Values of:

1. Initial & Final setting time are 2hrs 6mins and 3hrs 23mins
respectively.
2. Compressive strength is 2.98 MPa after 28 days curing period.
3. Flexural strength is 0.055 MPa after 28 days curing period.

Discussion: This mix group is not suitable because the initial and final setting
time is more than expected. The compressive strength is within the range but
due to the absence of binding material (cement), it cannot be practically used.

37
 For FA80: Values of:
1. Initial & Final setting time are 1hrs 26mins and 3hrs 18mins
respectively.
2. Compressive strength is 8.56 MPa after 28 days curing period.
3. Flexural strength is 0.572 MPa after 28 days curing period.

Discussion: This mix group is suitable because the initial and final setting time
is appropriate. Also, the compressive strength is within the range which can be
practically used as fills.

 For FA75: Values of:

1. Initial & Final setting time are 1hrs 19mins and 3hrs
respectively.
2. Compressive strength is 9.4 MPa after 28 days curing period.
3. Flexural strength is 1.243 MPa after 28 days curing period.

Discussion: This mix group may be suitable because the initial and final setting
time is appropriate. The higher compressive strength makes it suitable in case
of bridge abutment.

 Flowability was tested and flow of the mixtures in this experimental work have
achieved values equal to 170mm or more. This indicates the proportioned
CLSM mix group have a good flowability. Comparing the flowability of
different mixes, it is seen that flowability reduces with the increment of cement
content.

38
 5. CONCLUSION
According to the statistics reported for years 1987-1989, 415 million tons of fly ash
and 147 million tons of bottom slag were produced all over the world, however, the
amount utilized, being slightly above 16% ( Naik and Singh 1993) , has always been
quite low, despite it’s high volume utilization potential in many civil engineering
applications due to advanced material properties, the operational and land costs
associated by it’s deposition as solid waste, and the need to conserve natural
resources. The annual production of fly ash in India has recently reached 163
million tons as noted in the year 2012-2013.

According to CLSM Bridge Abutments- Finite Element Modelling and Parametric

Study by Vahid ALizadeh, Sam Helwany , A L Ghorbanpoor , Michel Oliva,
Roonak Ghadeir, in recent years, application of CLSM for construction have gained
increasing attention. CLSM also known as flowable fill is a self-compacting
material. After placement, it hardens into a material with higher strength than soil
and normally has a specified compressive strength of 8.3 MPa or less at 28days.

Many of the designs, testing, and construction procedures for coal ash fills are the
same as those applied to natural soils. In this study tests like specific gravity,
fineness, soundness , setting time , consistency , compressive strength , flexural
strength and flowability were performed.

39
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