Smart Hybrid Street Light.

Project

Report

On

Smart Hybrid Street Light.

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ABSTRACT :

In this proposed system, we discuss the universal issues about energy management for
renewable resource, Wind / Photovoltaic (PV) hybrid power system in order to improve
energy efficiency with LED’s as the light source and placing the wind turbine in addition
to solar. The LED’s are energy saving, high luminous efficiency and high useful life to
the proposed system. And in the same way the position of the turbine plays a major role,
we had overcome that design for effective power production. By placing the short armed
two turbine in the horizontal path due to the too and fro motion of the vehicles air
pressure is developed on the blades of the turbine. The pressure is developed from both
the directions keeps the turbine in continuous motion of all the vehicles such as Trucks,
Lorries and Buses, etc., Due to this, an uninterrupted power generation by solar at day
time and whenever the vehicles crosses the path both at day and night the turbine rotates
and energy is generated. This would put down the electricity bill and reduce the pollution
rate to a certain limit.
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INTRODUCTION

Man has needed and used energy at as increasing rate for his substance and well. Being
ever since be came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitire man required energy
primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals which he
hunted subsequently he discovered fire & his energy need increased as he started to make
use of wood & other biomass to to supply the energy needs for cooking as well as for
keeping himself warm with further demand for energy man began to use the wind for
salling ships & for driving windmills, & the force of falling water to turn water wheels.
Till this time it would not be wrong to say that the sun is supplying all the energy needs
of man either directly or indirectly & that man was using only renewable sources of
energy.

Since 1973,the word “energy” has been continuously in the news. There have
been shortages of oil in many parts of the world & the price of the commodity has
increased sleeply. It is by now clear that the fossil fuel of nonrenewable resources is
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gradually coming to an end, oil & natural gas will be depleted first, followed Eventually
by coal.

One of the promising options is to make more extensive use of renewable sources of
energy derived from the sun. Solar energy can be used both directly & indirectly. It can
be use directly in a variety of thermal applications like heating water or air, drying,
distillation & cooking .The heat fluids can in turn be used for applications like power
generation or refrigeration second way in which solar energy can be used directly is
through (solar cells)the photovoltac effect in which it is converted into electrical energy.

Solar energy utilization:

Solar energy is very large inexhaustible source of energy. The power from the sun
intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8´1011 mw which is many thousand of times
larger than the present consumption rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources.
Thus in principle solar energy could supply all the present & future energy needs of the
world on a continuing basis. This makes it one of the most promising of the
unconventional energy sources.

In addition to its size, solar energy has two other factors in its favour. Firstly,
unlike fossil fuels & nuclear power, it is an environmentally clean source of energy.
Secondaly, it is free & available in adequate quantities in almost all parts of the world
where people live.

The real challenge in utilizing solar energy as an energy alternative is of an

economic nature. One has to strite for the development of cheaper methods of collection
& storage so that the large initial investments required at present in most applications are
reduced.
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PROBLEM DEFINITION :

Solar Power is available only of 8 hrs per day , So in remaining hrs power generation
source is not available. So their is a need to develop an hybrid system which can produce
electricity when solar source is not available. We can do combination of Wind & solar
power system Serve our purpose in day today life.

OBJECTIVES:

The objective for this project is to design a smart lighting system which targets the
energy saving and autonomous operation on economical affordable for the streets. Build
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an energy saving smart lighting system with integrated sensors and controllers. Design a
smart lighting system with modular approach design, which makes the system
scalability and expandability. Design a smart lighting system which compatibility and
scalability with other commercial product and automation system, which might include
more than lighting system. Also the synchronization of Wind & solar power is to be done
to charge our battery and drive the light source.
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LITERATURE SURVEY

The rapid depletion of fossil-fuel resources on a worldwide basis has

necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources. A standalone solar
photovoltaic, wind system and hybrid systems were more emphasized in literatures.
The improvement of performance of renewable energy systems and their
economical viabilities were dealt in more detailed manner. The renewable power
generating systems are more reliable and environmentally clean. The hybrid power
generation systems are reliable and satisfy the load demand very closely in all seasons
and also minimize the size of the system components and hence reduce the total
capital cost. The hybrid power generating systems are cost effective compared to
standalone systems. A great deal of research has been carried out on solar
photovoltaic, wind, biogas based diesel generator, bio-diesel generator and hybrid
systems. Various works have been cited in the area of design of standalone solar and
wind systems and exclusively on hybrid systems for power generation. However, the
recent progress is mainly focussed on optimization of such systems considering the
techno-economical aspects and operating characteristics. In the literature survey
presented, some of the earlier works pertaining to the present work on standalone,
hybrid power generation systems and optimization methodologies have been
reviewed.
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2.1 STANDALONE SOLAR PV SYSTEMS

The technical feasibility of a centralized charging system for solar

photovoltaic lanterns for rural lighting system was studied by
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Muho padhyay et al (1993) and a comparative study was presented

against a kerosene lantern for a life period of 25 years. This
centralized charging system with solar PV provides self-employment and
economical feasibility. A proper design and fabrication of the central
charging station along with matching portable solar PV lantern has also
been discussed in detail. This approach for central charging of the PV
lanterns appears to be reliable and cost effective lighting to rural sectors
especially in developing countries.

Lee et al (1994) have discussed about the design and

implementation of hybrid air-electricity storage system for a PV system.
This design gives a correct matching of the performance of PV, battery and
air storage pump. The demonstration of the above system yields
satisfactory results.

Gupta et al (1995) developed a model employing Graph Theoretic

Modeling (GTM) for a standalone solar photovoltaic system. This is a
unique model of a standalone photovoltaic powered system.
However, the disadvantage of this model is that a system of equations are
not developed and solved simultaneously. The model developed was
demonstrated for a solar PV based ventilator and pumping system. Also the
application of the above model can be much useful in incorporating into a
software package for simulating the long term performance of PV powered
systems.
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Abhaya Swarup et al (1999) developed a model for energy management

of PV based energy system. This model has been mainly proposed to
raise the public awareness and education levels of solar systems in an
interesting and entertaining way. The results indicate that the problems with
PV systems were not due to PV array and instead it was due to the
performance of the battery units. Also discussed in Barra (1984) and Clark
(1984) about modeling of PV system.
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A case study on the socio-economic aspects of implementing a rooftop

photovoltaic system in Austria has been presented by Reinhard Hass et al
(1999). It was observed from their study that the major limitation was the
high initial cost of solar photovoltaic systems with the existing poor
subsidies for implementing the program.

It is well known that the performance of the solar photovoltaic cells is

strongly affected by dust depositions. The effect of wind velocity and
airborne dust concentration on cell performance has been studied
elaborately by Dirk et al (1999). The evolutions of the short circuit
current, the open circuit voltage, the maximum power, the reduction of
solar intensity received by the cells and the fill factor variation with
increasing cell pollution were examined in their study. These results
indicate that the wind velocity has an important impact on cell performance,
since the drop in performance becomes larger in high winds than in low
winds.

Martina et al (1999) have discussed about multilevel converters that are

effectively used to connect single-phase grid with solar photovoltaic
systems. An overview of different multi level topologies and the
suitability for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems has also
been presented.
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Vivek Kapil et al (1999) have developed an Artificial Neural Network

(ANN) model for designing PV systems for remote areas and presented the
influence of various parameters on the design of PV systems. The results
of ANN model showed a variation of  5% as compared to other models
with more reliability and accuracy.

The application of solar power is varied and the scope of PV systems being
employed even in domestic applications appears to be bright. Mishra et al (2000)
have designed, tested and studied a solar photovoltaic powered system for a mini
cathodic protection purpose.

Bhattacharaya et al (2001) developed a simplified design approach and

economic appraisal of a solar PV system. In this model, the PV array and battery
bank sizes for a standalone PV system were estimated. Also a cost comparison
of the standalone PV system with a PV diesel hybrid system was presented. The
results indicate that the hybrid systems were cost effective than standalone
systems for a given location. Similar to the above work, Kaushilka et al
(2001) developed a knowledge based model for the design of standalone solar
photovoltaic system. This approach combined both the site and array
characteristics as a single parameter, referred to as an equivalent unit array
output.
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Hamid Marafia (2001) studied the feasibility of photovoltaic technology

for power generation and presented comparative economic analysis of
power generation with a conventional gas turbine. The results indicate that the
solar photovoltaic systems are not economical as compared with a conventional gas
turbine. However, it was concluded that PV systems could become economical
when the system cost reduces to below $2.50 per peak Watt with conversion
efficiency above 20%.

Mohanlal Kolhe (2002) has analyzed the economic viability of a

standalone solar photovoltaic system with the most likely conventional alternative
system i.e. a diesel powered system for energy demand through sensitivity analysis
of life cycle cost computation. The analysis has been carried out for the energy
demand for different key parameters, such as discount rate, diesel fuel cost,
diesel system lifetime, fuel escalation rate, solar insolation, PV array cost and
reliability. The result showed that the PV
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powered systems could be a cost effective option at a daily energy demand up to

15 kWh even under unfavourable economic conditions.

Usha et al (2003) developed a model to optimize the size of PV

panel and battery in a standalone photovoltaic powered system. Optimization of
PV system was done based on the cell area, efficiency, cell power and array
inclination. Hence this type of standalone PV power system can be more
reliable, viable and acceptable. Similar work was also carried out by Philip
(2003) on the studies of system design, installation and performance of a
standalone wind-diesel power supply systems for remote applications. The result
shows that the system performance was satisfactory.

2.2 STANDALONE WIND SYSTEMS

Aydogan et al (2001) have analyzed and presented a case study on wind

energy utilization in a house in Izmir, Turkey. The developed model determines
the number of batteries needed for continuous energy supply, for each wind turbine
taking into account of the economical aspects. It was found that the wind battery
hybrid system was not economical in the areas of low wind potential.

Baigarin et al (2001) have discussed about the potential of wind energy

resources available in central Asia. The equations used for determining
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the distribution of wind energy output, energy density, energy cost and
efficiency have been discussed in detail.

Suresh et al (2001) have developed a model to investigate the optimum

sitting of wind turbine generators based on site and wind turbine type. The
methodology of analysis was based on the accurate assessment of wind power
potential of various sites. The analytical computation of annual
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and monthly capacity factors has been carried out by using the weibull statistical
model employing cubic mean cube root of wind speeds. A judicious choice of
potential sites and wind turbine generator systems can be made using the
model proposed.

Yang (2001) adopted the same principle for determining the power
generation by a wind machine and discussed about the utilization of excess wind
power for hydrogen storage and subsequent secondary power generation.
Rogers et al (2002) studied experimentally the design requirements for a
medium sized wind turbine for remote and hybrid power systems. Also, the
operational problems of installing medium and large sized wind turbines at remote
locations have been addressed.

2.3 OPTIMIZATION OF HYBRID SYSTEMS

In this literature survey various types of hybrid systems and

modeling procedures, performance studies of hybrid systems, operating strategies,
economical analysis and case studies were discussed in detail.

2.3.1 Solar photovoltaic wind hybrid system

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Attempts have been made to optimize the array size of PV systems

employed in hybrid power generation systems. Borowy and Salameh (1994) have
suggested and developed a methodology for calculating the optimum size of a
PV array for a hybrid PV-wind system. Probability density function of the wind
speed and irradiance for each hour of a typical day in a month has been found. By
using least square method, the best fit of the PV array and wind turbine for a
given load has been determined and an algorithm has been developed to find the
optimum size of the PV array. In hybrid power generation systems, the
available energy from the PV-wind system decides
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the size of the battery bank in such a way that the system will satisfy the load
demand at any hour of a typical day.

Loois et al (1994) have discussed the technical set-up and use of PV

diesel systems for houseboats and barges. A detailed study on PV system coupled
to an existing diesel system was carried out. The use of PV systems increased the
reliability of energy supply, comfort and diminishes noise and air pollution. The
parameters like average annual performance ratio and the average annual final
yield were addressed.

Gomaa et al (1995) developed a model to design a hybrid solar

photovoltaic and wind energy system and presented a case study for a
location, Alexandria in Egypt. Hoque and Ahsan (1995) have investigated the
potential and scope of wind turbine generator (WTG) and a photovoltaic
generator (PVG) for power generation in an isolated area. Both reliability and cost
aspects have been taken into account in the analysis. A temperature dependent
probabilistic model for WTG and PVG was developed to compare their impact on
the reliability and cost of generation with that of a conventional unit. The
results indicated that the reliability of the system with the increase of installed
capacity is low in the case of WTG and PVG.

Unlike the graphical method, a new technique using a three event

probability method for optimizing the PV panel and battery banks for a hybrid
system has been presented by Bagul et al (1996). This method uses long term data
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for wind speed, solar irradiance as well as the ambient temperature. The new
technique provides more accurate results compared to the old methods. The three
event probability method has been found to give increased accuracy as compared to
the two event technique, as it closely represents the actual distribution of the daily
surplus energy.
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Borowy and Salameh (1996) developed a methodology for calculating

the optimum size of a battery bank and PV array for a hybrid PV wind system. For
a given load and a loss of power supply an optimum number of PV modules and
batteries have been determined based on the cost analysis. They concluded that the
optimum mix of PV modules and batteries depends mainly on the load of the
particular site and reliability of the hybrid system.

Beyer et al (1996) developed a set of equations that linked the size of

the hybrid system components namely the wind, photovoltaic and battery system
directly with parameters that characterized the meteorological conditions at
the respective site for a high level of reliability. But this approach is
restricted to the case systems with a low loss of load probability.

Fig. CONCEPT

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Fig. Practical implementation

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Working of Project :

Flow Chart:

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Block diagram

Solar panel
relay battery
Street light

Wind energy
Arduino uno

LDR sensor indicator for

solar

Indicator for
wind

As shown in above block diagram we present an hybrid energy system for smart street
light . here input energy source is selected using LDR sensor.

The relay is been used as the connector between solar panel ,wind and battery.

Solar panel is connected to NC pin of relay,while dynamo is connected to NO pin of

relay and battery is a connected to COMMON pin of relay.

Working is as shown below

normal condition(during day)

Solar panel NC C
battery
dynamo
NO

during night or in cloudy environment

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NC
Solar panel
C battery
dynamo
NO

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COMPONENT SPECIFICATION & SELECTION :

Hardware used

1. Arduino uno
2. Solar panel 12v
3. Ldr sensor
4. Dynamo
5. Relay
6. battery

Arduino uno

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The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-
serial converter.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduno, moving forward. The
Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform.

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

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SOLAR PANEL 12V

Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for
generating electricity or heating.

A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar PV

panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar
electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC
output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.
The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output –
an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt
module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A
single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations
contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of
solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.

The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, has continued to fall so that
in many countries it is cheaper than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is
"grid parity"). For example in 2015, an average home in Europe or the US could use
around 3,000 kilowatt-hour (kWh) in electricity each year.[1] Twelve 280 watt solar PV
modules (each generating 250 kWh annually) would generate at least 3,000 kWh each
year, even in a cloudy country like the UK. An example market price would be about
£8,000 in the UK, $12,000 in the US, or €10,000 in the Eurozone in 2015, which is
certain to continually fall,[2] allowing permanent energy independence for each
household. Most governments have feed-in tariff systems that allow homeowner to sell
surplus energy back into the grid, and make a future profit on their investment.

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Fig. Solar Panel

WIND TURBINE (DYNAMO)

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical
power. The term appears to have migrated from parallel hydroelectric technology (rotary
propeller). The technical description for this type of machine is an aerofoil-powered
generator.

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The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering,

today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for
auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger
turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling
unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines,
known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of renewable
energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on
fossil fuels.

LDR SENSOR

A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-controlled

variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor

can have a resistance as high as several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a
photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a
photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The
resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can substantially differ among
dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react substantially differently to
photons within certain wavelength bands.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has

its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, for example, silicon. In
intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the

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photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap.
Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy
is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to
trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus
atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction.

Fig LDR sensor

BATTERY

12 v 1.2 Amp

Fig. 12v,1 amp rechargeable battery.

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APPLICATIONS :

1. Street lights
2. Railways
3. Bus
4. Private apartments

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CONCLUSION

In this paper Intelligent street lighting system is described that integrates new
technologies offering ease of maintenance and energy savings.
The proposed system is appropriate for street lighting in remote as well as urban areas
where traffic is low at times. It is capable of taking corrective actions in case of
unprecedented events of climatic change.

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REFERENCES

[1]. Reza Mohamaddoust , Abolfazl Toroghi Haghighat, Mohamad Javad Motahari Sharif
and Niccolo Capanni, “A Novel Design of an Automatic Lighting Control System for a
Wireless Sensor Network with Increased Sensor Lifetime and Reduced Sensor
Numbers”, Sensors (2011) ,Volume No.11(9), pp. 8933-8952.
[2].De Dominicis, C.M.; Flammini, A.; Sisinni, E.; Fasanotti, L.; Floreani, F.; “On the
development of a wireless self localizing streetlight monitoring system “, Sensors
Applications Symposium IEEE, pp. 233 -238 ,2011.
[3].Gustavo W. Denardin, Carlos H. Barriquello, Alexandre Campos, Rafael A. Pinto,
“Control Network for Modern Street Lighting Systems”, IEEE symposium on Industrial
Electronics (ISIE), (2011), pp. 1282 –1289.
[4]. Jing Chunguo, Wang Yan Sun, Wenyi Song, “Design of Street Light Pole Controller
Based on WSN”, The Tenth International Conference on Electronic Measurement &
Instruments, ICEMI (2011), pp. 147 –150.
[Shentu, Xudan; Li, Wenjun; Sun, Lingling; Gong, Siliang, “A new streetlight monitoring
system based on wireless sensor networks”, International Conference on Information
Science and Engineering, pp. 6394 –6397,
[6].Wu Yue; Shi Changhong; Zhang Xianghong; Yang Wei; “Design of new intelligent
street light control system “,, 8th IEEE international Conferences on Control and
Automation (ICCA), ( 2010) , Page(s): 1423

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