WASTE MATERIAL IN

VILLAGE ROAD
CONSTURCTION
 CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION
II. ROAD CONSTUCTION MATERIAL
III. PAVEMENT DESIGN
IV. ADVANTAGES
V. TYPES OF WASTE MATERIAL
VI. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
VII. CONSTRUCTION
VIII. CASE STUDY
IX. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

✔ As the world population grows , so do the amount and type of waste being
generated.

✔ Many of the waste produced today will remain in environment.

✔ The creation of non decaying waste material , combined with a growing

consumer population , has resulted in a waste disposal crisis.

✔ One solution to this crisis lies in recycling waste into useful products.

✔ It is try to match society need for safety and economic disposal of waste
material with highway industry need for better and more cost effecive
construction material.
ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

✔ Highway construction projects utilize these natural rock material :

aggregate , crushed rock , broken stone , sand and gravel.
✔ All of this material can be fully or partially replaced with recycled
materials.
✔ Surface :
Asphalt is a residue produced when crude oil id refined for gasoline . It is combined
with aggregate materials , including sand gravel , in an asphalt mix , which is used for
flexible pavement on road.
A rigid pavement typically used for bridges and over passes, consists of a concrete
mix made of cement and aggregates.

✔ Base :
Base course unbound or bound materials.

✔ Sub base :
Sub base aggregates , unbound materials.

✔ Sub grade :
Sub grade are commonly compacted before of the construction of a road and
sometime stabilized by the addition of asphalt, lime, portland cement or other
modifier.
ADVANTAGES

✔ Domestic and industrial waste products provide a prospective source of

alternative material.

✔ These material are cheaply available.

✔ Also , their use in road construction provide and effective solution o the
associated problem of pollution and disposal of these waste.
TYPES OF WASTE MATERIAL

✔ Following types of waste material used in road construction:

Pawing waste materials

Industrial ash material

Plastic waste material

PAWING WASTE MATERIALS

✔ Most of the pawing wastes discussed in this section are crushed concrete or
pulverised bituminous.

✔ Material properties:

Generally , concrete rubble consists of a mixture of stone , dirt , wood ,

brick , organic material , and broken concrete with and without some
reinforcing steel.

Impurities such as reinforcing bars , wood , and inorganic material are

removed from the crushed concrete.
✔ CONTI…

Having been crushed , the reclaimed material may be blended with

aggregate for reuse.

Pulverized bituminous materials have been used in cold place recycling,

both are pavement and shoulder material.

The material is also used as an aggregate surfacing in areas where

washout is a problem.
✔ CONSTRUCTION:

Course and fine aggregates for concrete mixture can be produced by

crushing old concrete.

Portable processing equipment has been used most successfully concrete

mix with crushed concrete aggregates.

Reclaimed port land cement concrete (PCC) and asphaltic concrete can
be used as aggregates with sand to make new port land cement concrete.

The old slabs should be broken with a pneumatic hammer to minimize

sub grade soil adhesion.
✔ CONTI…

Most steel can be removed during crushing.

The asphaltic concrete should be removed with an excavator and

stockpiled separately.

The sand is added to modify grading for mix aggregate requirements.

The mix design is not particularly different from mixtures using

aggregates.
INDUSTRIAL ASH MATERIAL
✔ Industrial ash is divided into two categories : fly ash and bottom ash

✔ Fly ash is produced in thermal power station.

✔ Bottom ash is coarser than fly ash and has a different material
characteristics.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:

✔ Properties of industrial ash strongly depends on the process and

equipment used to generate the waste ash.

✔ However , wastes with the same general material characteristics are

discussed together to avoid a detailed sub grouping.
✔ CONTI…

Fly ash is a product of burning finely ground coal in a boiler to produce

electricity.
It is removed from the plant by exhaust gas.
Fly ash is a pozzolan , a siliceous material which in presence of water
will react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to produce
cementiteous compound.
It is useful in cement and concrete applications.
Fly ash is generally final than port land cement(1-50 microns in
diameter) and consists mostly of small spheres of glass of complex
composition involving 40-50% silica oxide , 5-40% ferric oxide and
5-35% alumina oxide.
Its composition varies with the source of coal.
✔ CONTI…
The properties of fly ash depend on the type of coal burning boiler
1. Stoker fired furnace : usually not good for highway construction.
2. Cyclone furnaces : generally not good for use in PCC and not widely available.
3. Pulverised coal furnaces : usually the best in quality and in large quantities.

Bottom ash waste is the heavier , finely divided residue that falls down
out of the coal fired burners used to generate electrical power.
Two major types of bottom ash exist according to two basic types of
boilers used.
Dry bottom ash – produced by the dry bottom boiler which has an ash
hopper below an open gate at its base.
The heavy ash collected by the ash hopper contains molten slag.
Dry bottom ash is composed of fine angular particles which are grey to
black in colour and resembles fine sand.
✔ CONTI…

Some of the smaller particles have a glassy appearance and the surface
of the particle is very porous.

Its chemical composition includes 20-60% silica oxide , 5-35% ferric

oxide , 10-35% alumina oxide , 1-20% calcium oxide.

Wet bottom ash/boiler slag-produced by the wet bottom or slag tap boiler
which has a water filled ash hopper at its base orifice.

The molten ash collected by the water hopper quenches in the water ,
crystallizes , solidifies , and forms angular , black glassy particles
ranging from 0.25-0.5 inch in size.

A typical chemical composition of wet bottom ash includes 42.7% silica

oxide , 27.5% ferric oxide , 21% alumina oxide , 6.4% calcium oxide
and 2.2% other.
CONSTRUCTION
✔ Fly ash can be added to port land cement for the treatment of base
materials.

✔ Four basic steps are needed including ; spreading fly ash and cement over
the pulverized mix , blending the materials together , wetting the mix and
compacting the mix with a vibratory roller . A typical mix contains 80%
ground materials , 16% fly ash and 4% cement.

✔ In another base stabilization method , a pozzolan aggregate mixture(PAM)

is used for base construction.

✔ PAM contains approximately 85% aggregate , 3-4% lime and 12% fly ash.

✔ Aggregate used in PAM should be well graded stone , sand , gravel or slag
with a maximum size of 1 inch.
✔ CONTI…

Fly ash can be used as fill material for road way embankments.

It is light weight so used as binder in stabilized base or sub base due to

pozzolanic properties.
PLASTIC WASTE MATERIAL

✔ Disposal of waste plastic is major problem because its non biodegradable .

✔ The roads constructed using waste plastic , popularly known as plastic

roads.

✔ The ICPE has been promoting the use of plastic waste to construct asphalt
roads.
CONSTRUCTION

✔ STEP-1:

Plastics waste (bags , cups , bottles etc.) cut into a size between 2.36mm
and 4.75mm using shredding machine.
✔ STEP-2:

The aggregate mix is heated to 165 C and transferred to mixing chamber

. Amount of plastic to be added is 8% of bitumen.
✔ STEP-3:

Similarly the bitumen is to be heated upto a maximum of 160 C to have

good binding and to prevent weak bonding.
✔ STEP-4:

At the mixing chamber , the shredded plastic waste is to be added . It get

coated uniformly over the aggregate within 30-60 seconds.
✔ STEP-5:

The plastic waste coated aggregate is mixed with got bitumen and the
resulted mix is used for road construction . The roller used is 8 ton
capacity.
PLASTIC WASTE ROAD…

✔ In a first in the state Madhya Pradesh Rural Road Development Authority

(MPRRDA) has put constructive use plastic waste to lay 22 roads.

✔ MPRRDA has so far utilized atleast 17th tons of plastic wastes for
construction of these roads which cumulatively will measure 35 kilometers
in length , going by the fact that it takes 0.5 ton of such waste to make each
kilometer of road.

✔ As a pilot project first started laying roads in 3 districts of Bhopal , Indore

and Jabalpur.