Non-finite constructions

Practicals 03 (2019/2020)
Lecture 02: Phrasal structure in general; prepositional phrase

I Label the phrasal category of each underlined phrase.

Example: She has completed a book manuscript.
Answer: Category: NP

HINTS TO RECOGNIZE PHRASES BY THEIR FORM:

NP = (DETERMINER) + HEAD + (POSTMODIFIER/COMPLEMENT)

VP = V
ADJP= (PREMODIFIER) + HEAD + (COMPLEMENT/POSTMODIFIER)
ADVP=(PREMODIFIER) + HEAD + (COMPLEMENT/POSTMODIFIER)
PP= P + COMPLEMENT (NP IN THIS PARTICULAR EXERCISE, WE EXPAND ON THIS IN
EXERCISE 2)

1. She wrote a book on a linguistic topic.

2. She sent the manuscript to her publishers.
3. They considered the book publishable.
4. The book might become a best-seller.
5. She was pleased with the sales.
6. The book got surprisingly good reviews.
7. She gave all her friends copies of the book.
8. Book sales made her a millionaire.
9. The book was on the best-seller list for many months.
10. She has appeared on several TV talk shows.
11. She has received rather large royalty checks.
12. Some people regard her a guru.
13. She hasn’t responded to the critics.
14. She has agreed to the terms of the contract.
15. She has agreed to the terms of the contract.
16. Our colleague from Paris merrily marks student essays in his bath.
17. The teachers are extremely unimpressed by his efforts. (give the detailed internal structure of this
phrase)

II Identify the relationship of apposition in the sentences below.

3 TYPES OF APPOSITION =
1) RESEMBLING COORDINATION = RECOGNIZED BY COMMAS IN WRITING, PAUSE IN
SPEECH
 2) RESEMBLING SUBORDINATION= NO COMMAS OR PAUSE IN SPEECH, USUALLY
OCCURS WITH TITLES
3) RESEMBLING COMPLEMENTATION (INTRODUCED BY THAT KOJE SE U NASEM JEZIKU
PREVODI KAO DA)

SAY WHICH TYPE SENTENCES BELOW EXEMPLIFY.

1. Your cousin Robert has just arrived.

2. The Commander, Captain Peter McKay, was pacing the quarter-deck.

3. Sartoris was a midshipman, a junior officer in training.

4. Columbus’s assumption that the land he had discovered was the eastern extremity of Asia was soon
proved wrong.

5. The truth that the earth is round has been evident to every astronaut.

III Identify the prepositional phrases in the sentences below and explain what type of structure realizes
the complement.

PP = P+COMPLEMENT
COMPLEMENT IN A PP CAN BE:
NP = ON THE SHELF
ADVP = FROM HERE
PP = FROM BEHIND THE BUSH
GERUND-PARTICIPIAL CLAUSE = BY ACKNOWLEDGING THEIR RESPONSIBILITY
FINITE WH CLAUSE = FROM WHAT I SEE

IN SENTENCES BELOW FIND ALL PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE BRACKET THEM AND SAY
WHAT THE COMPLEMENT OF THE PREPOSITION IS, KEEP IN MIND THAT PP USUALLY
STARTS WITH A PREPOSITION, HOWEVER IN FEW CASES THERE CAN BE A
PREMODIFIER SUCH AS WELL OR QUITE BUT THIS IS QUITE RARE.

1. Today, in reality, half of the members come from abroad.

PRIMJER:
 IN REALITY IS A PP, COMPLEMENT OF P IS NP REALITY

OF THE MEMBERS IS PP, COMPLEMENT OF P IS NP THE MEMBERS, NEMOJTE UKLJUCITI HALF,

REKLI SMO DA PP POLAZI SA PRIJEDLOGOM A TO JE OF A NE HALF.

FROM ABROAD IS PP, COMPEMENT OF P IS ADVP ABROAD

2. Since last Friday, nobody has been allowed into the house.

3. Mr C had invited a wealthy business executive. From his funds, he had received considerable sums of

money.

4. It is expected of everybody that they stick to the rules of the game.

5. In April, president Clinton followed that up by issuing a special executive order. (follow sth up – pursue

or investigate something)

6. We waited in the pouring rain.

7. I visited her after speaking to you.

8. From what I have heard, she really likes you.

9. Her performance was well above average.

10. Its value is recognized by many doctors.

11. The Swedish technique of massage emphasizes improving circulation by manipulation.

12. Non-professionals can learn to give a massage, but they should be careful about applying massage to

severe muscle spasms.

IV Identify the prepositional phrases in the text below. Just bracket them you don’t have to describe the
structure.
 Roads and motorways are Britain’s primary domestic transport routes. In the country, travel by car is the most

common means of transport. In the cities we have single-decker and double-decker buses, while we use

coaches for longer distances. The main destinations are shown on the front of the bus. Some double-deckers

have automatic doors and you pay the driver when you go in. On single-deckers you sometimes buy a ticket

from a machine. When in London, “the Tube” is a great way to travel. This underground railway system runs

to all areas of central London. Taxis in London are black, but in the rest of the country, they can be different.

V Identify the meaning of the underlined PPs:

MEANINGS:

- SPACE
- TIME
- REASON/CAUSE
- MEANS (SREDSTVO, REALIZIRA BY FRAZA)
- INSTRUMENT (REALIZIRA WITH FRAZA)
- AGENT (BY FRAZA ISKLJUCIVO U PASIVNIM RECENICAMA)
- ACCOMPANIMENT (DRUSTVO)
- STIMULUS (JAVLJA SE U ADJP, KAO NESTO STO IZAZIVA NEKU EMOCIJU DISUGUSTED
BY HIS BEHAVIOR, BY HIS BEHAVIOR JE PP KOJA JE STIMULUS U OVOJ ADJP DISGUSTED
BY HIS BEHVIOR.
- CONCESSION (ZNACI DOPUSNOST, TO JESTE DA SE NESTO DOGODILO UPRKOS
NECEMU DRUGOME, UVIJEK IMA ZNACENJE UPRKOS, IAKO, SIGNALIZUJE SE SA IN
SPITE, DESPITE)

1. I like being in the room.

2. He lost his job because of his laziness.
3. I go to work by car.
4. The film will begin at 7.20 p.m.
5. We stayed in a rented cottage for a summer.
6. The picture was painted by Degas.
7. I hope you will come to dinner with your sister.
8. The article is being published in spite of her disapproval.
9. I am surprised at her attitude.
10. I love walking through woods in spring.
11. She was fined for dangerous driving.
12. He levered it up with a crowbar.

VI Say whether the words in bold are prepositions or adverbs. Explain.

 PREPOSITION IS GENERALLY FOLLOWED BY A COMPLEMENT, ADVERB NEVER.

1. Move along the bus!

2. Move along, please!
3. He fell down the tree.
4. He fell down.
5. The athletes ran outside.
6. There was a fight outside Mr Smith's classroom.
7. The children walked through the shopping mall.
8. Turn the television on so that we can see the news.

VII Insert a proper preposition:

HINT
agree with somebody/something
- You agree with someone: I agree with Tanya
- You agree with an opinion or statement: He agrees with this view

 agree on/about something

- People agree on or about a subject: My wife and I agree on most things.

agree to something
- You agree to a plan or suggestion: They agreed to all our proposals.

1. The unions have agreed____the employer's proposals. (Sindikati su pristali na)

2. I don't agree __________ the terms stated in the contract. I think something should be changed.
3. We must allow ________ some extra expenses if we expand.
4. Losses amounted _______over $1 million.
5. I apologized _______ the customer ______ being late.
6. I applied _________ a job yesterday.
7. During the Gulf crisis Iraq refused to conform_______ UN resolution.
8. Ms Swan died_______a heart attack.
9. During the meeting I dreamt __________ higher profits.
10. I have never heard ________ that company before.
11. We insist_________ prompt delivery.
12. When I entered the room, the Managing Director smiled __________ me.
13. I will attend __________ the matter as soon as possible.
14. John blames the mistake _________ the Personnel Manager.
15. I borrowed some money_________ my assistant.
16. Mr Johnson was charged _________ conspiracy to murder.
17. My boss congratulated me__________ my success.
18. Some governments try to protect their industry _________ international competition.
19. Our sunglasses protect your eyes __________ UV radiation.
20. Many elderly managers suffer ____________ high blood pressure.