The Revolution

 began in 1896 and really ended only

in 1901.
 At first it was a war of independence
against the SPAIN.
 The Revolution Begins
 After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio
gathered his men in the hills of balintawak.
 August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped
all the talking. “there is no other way,” he told
them, “enough is enough!”
 Causes of the Revolution
 the abuses of Spanish officials and priests
 Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the
rights of their fellow countrymen
 Filipinos desire to regain their independence
 Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call
for revolution
The Discovery of the
Katipunan
 Father Mariano Gil was
the parish curate of
Tondo Manila.He was
one of the friars who had
earlier warned the
Spanish civil authorities
about the existence of a
secret society.
 He immediately rushed to
the headquarters of the
Manila Police.
 The Cry of Pugadlawin
 Bonifacio wanted the wealthy
Filipinos to help finance the
Katipunan in its struggle to
free the country from Spain
.He ordered some of his
trusted men to approach the
rich Filipinos Like Francisco
Roxas.Some refused to help
the Katipunan,with a few
exceptions like the physician
,Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 The Cry of Pugadlawin
 Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak.He
ordered his “Runners” to inform all Katipuneros
that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with
about 500 Katipuneros .
 This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as
the Cry of Pugadlawin.It symbolized the
determination of the Filipinos to fight for
independence even unto death
 The Fighting Begins
 Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another
sitio called Pasong Tamo.The rebels,believing
their weapons were inferior to those of the civil
guards,also retreated towards Balara, From here
they proceeded to Marikina and on to Hagdang
Bato.On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto
telling the people to take up the Filipino cause.He
also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug
29,1896
 Martial Law
 The first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next
day between several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil
guards. That happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan.
However, the first real battle of the revolution took place on
August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros,
attacked the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is
now the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila. The
Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But reinforcements
turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to
retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many
more captured.

 The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This

prompted Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first
eight provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty under
martial law. They were Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas,
Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.
 Martial Law
 Governor-General Blanco also included in the decree
the condition that anyone who would surrender within
48 hours after its publication would not be tried in
military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into
surrendering, only to be subjected to torture. Due to
torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of
some of the other Katipuneros.
 Hundreds of suspects were arrested and
imprisoned. Those from the provinces were brought
to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that
many Filipinos who were thrown there for suspicion of
involvement in the revolution were suffocated to
death. Hundreds of heads of families were
transported to the Carolines or to the Spanish penal
colony in faraway Africa.
 Aguinaldo and Filipinos victory

 The greatest victory in battle of the

Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in
the battle of Binakayan, Cavite on
November 9 to 11, 1896
 The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with
crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones,
bamboo spears, old muskets, and
homemade guns (paltik).
 Emilio Aguinaldo
 At 17 years old, he was elected a barangay
head (cabeza de barangay)
 At 26 years old he became the captain
(municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late father
 He was also elected as a President of the first
Revolutionary Government by the Tejeros
Assembly
 On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was
again elected President of the Biak-na-
bato Republic.
 On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899
he became president of the second
revolutionary Government.
 January 23, 1899 he became president
of the first Philippine Republic
 President Aguinaldo was captured by
the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on
March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the
Philippine became a colony of the
United states
 Hilaria del Rosario-The first wife of
Aguinaldo. They had seven children.
 After his first wife died, he married Maria
Agoncillo.
 President Aguinaldo died at the
Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on
February 6, 1964, at the age of 95.
 His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a
national shrine.
 Melchora Aquino
 Melchora' Aquino de
Ramos (January 6, 1812
– March 2, 1919) was
a Filipina revolutionary
who became known as
"Tandang Sora" ("Elder
Sora") because of her
age.
 She is also known as the
"Grand Woman of
the Revolution" and the
"Mother of Balintawak"
for her contributions.
Rizal Execution
 •Tejeros Assembly
 On March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils
met once more, this time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a
barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved
even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the
declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed.
 According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first
presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting had
been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again
this subject was not discussed, and instead, the assembled
leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the
officers of the revolutionary government, thus
unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the
Katipunan under whose standard the people had been
fighting and would continue to fight.
 Another Meeting at Tejeros
 Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of
Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his
election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to
leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy,
but his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded
him to take the oath of office, promising to take his
place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the
place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then
acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to
Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and
the others elected the previous day, with the
exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.
 Meanwhile, Bonifacio and his men, numbering forty-five, again
met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt
bad about the results of the previous day's proceedings, for they
believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting.
Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a
document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave
their reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held
the previous day.

 From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order

to be as far as possible from Magdalo men who, they thought,
were responsible for the commission of anomalies during the
Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the
fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with
the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return
to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.
The Naik Military Agreement
 Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular
election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona,
a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up
another document in which they resolved to establish a
government independent of, and separate from, that
established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized
"by persuasion or force" and a military commander of
their own choice was to take command of it.

 Among the forty-one men who signed it were

Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino
de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger
to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite
split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost
certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed
enemy.
The Execution of Bonifacio
The Government of Central
Luzon
 The Biak-na-bato Republic
 Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the
Spanish forces had captured Naic. However, many of the
Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered
greatly from the tropical climate.

 General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as

governor-general. On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former
governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de
Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were
forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces.
 The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of
Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a decree granting
pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial
deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took
advantage, but the others continued their fight.
The Biak-na-bato Republic
 After the death of Bonifacio, the
revolutionary went from bad to worse for
thefilipinos.
 Lasted only a short time, from
November 1 to December 30, 1897.
 Aguinaldo was again elected as
President of the biaknabato Republic
Pact of Biak-na-Bato
 The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on
December 14, 1897, created a truce between
Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando
Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary
leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine
Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries were given amnesty and
monetary indemnity by the Spanish
Government, in return for which the
revolutionary government would go into exile
in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use
the money to purchase advance firearms and
ammunition later on return to the archipelago
The Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-
Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and
Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions
 The Failure of the Truce
 The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The
stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite.
But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul.
Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his
revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na-
Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the
revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers
persuaded him to issue a declaration that his Biak-na-Bato
government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as
Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the
expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they
appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the
Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance;
equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and
insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This
pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and
the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided
there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.
 The standoff in the battlefield prompted both sides
to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato
stipulated that Spain would pay financial
remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in
exchange for the surrender of arms and the
voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other
leaders. Toward the end of December 1898,
Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went
into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were
given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of
which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and
used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust
on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce.
Both sides were only biding time until they could
launch another offensive.
Thank you for
listening !!!!