ehty; ,yf;fpa vjhh;j;j vGj;jpd; ghpzhkk;

vk;.jpgpnkhs;/
cjtpg;nguhrphpah;/ jkpHha;t[ ikak;/
!;fhl; fpwp!;jtf; fy;Y}hp (jd;dhl;rp)
ehfh;nfhtpy;.
Kd;Diu
jkpHpd; gilg;gpyf;fpa tuyhw;iw nehf;Fk;nghJ gy;ntW goepiy tsh;r;rpf;
TWfis mjd; ghpkhz';fshfg; ghh;f;f Koa[k;. Xh; ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpw;fhd nehf;fk;
kw;wk; mjd; btw;wp vd;gJ gilg;ghsd; thrd; ve;w ,UtuJ xj;Jzh;tpy;
ml';fpapUf;fpwJ. ,e;j mwptpay; xj;Jzh;t[ fiy thH;f;iff;fhfnt vDk; epiyapy;
mika[k; vjhh;j;jthj gilg;g[fshy; kl;Lnk rhj;jpakhfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; epd;W rkfhy
kdpjh;fis mth;fspd; Fw;w'; FiwfnshL fhl;rpg;gLj;jtjd; tHpna fl;likf;fg;gl;l
vjhh;j;j vGj;jhdJ btt;ntW fhyfl;l';fspy; btt;ntwhd js';fspy; mile;j khw;w';fs;
kw;Wk; mjd; ghpzhk';fs; vDk; ,it ,f;fl;Liuapy; tpthpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cyf tHf;F vDk; vjhh;j;j eil
bjhy;fhg;gpah; bkhHpia tHf;f vd;w bgahpy; jk; E}ypy; ifahz;Ls;shh;.
brt;tpay; ,yf;fpakhd r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; jiytd; jiytpauJ mfbthGf;f';isf;
Fwpg;gpLk; mfj;jpizf;Fhpa ghtiffisf; TWkplj;J ,th;/
“ehlf tHf;fpDk; cyfpay; tHf;fpDk;
ghly; rhd;w g[ybdwp tHf;fk;”
bjhy;. bghUs;. g : 29)
vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ghly; g[ida[k; tiffshf ehlf tHf;F/ cyfpay; tHf;F
vDk; ,uz;oidf; TWkplj;J kf;fspd; xGfyhw;nwhL xj;J tuf; Toa bkhHp vd cyfpay;
tHf;F vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh] bjhy;fhg;gpah]. kw;WbkhU ,lj;jpy; ,e;j
cyfpay; tHf;Ff;F “nrhp bkhHp” (bjhy;. bghUs;. g : 129) vd;w brhy;iya[k;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh]. ,jid ‘nrhp bkhHpaahy; brt;tpjpy; fpse;J’ (nkyJ) vd;w
E}w;gh tHp mwpa KofpwJ. ,tw;wpypUe;Jk; kf;fspd; ngr;R bkhHpapy;
miktjhd tha;bkhHp/ gprp/ gz;zj;jp vd;w tHf;Ffisf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; \yKk;
bjhy;fhg;gpah] fhyj;jpw;F Kd;dnu cyfpay; tHf;F vDk; bgahpyike;j kf;fspd;
ngr;R tHf;fpy; jdp ,yf;fpa tifik ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ vd;Wk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.
bra;a[spy; ghly; g[idtnj rpwg;g[ vd;w fUj;J epiya[k; Xiyr]Rto vGj;J
kug[nk ehlf tHf;bfDk; g[idtpyf;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjhf
fUjyhk;.
vjhh]j;j thjk; vDk; fUj;J epiy :
vjhh]j;j thjk; vd;gjw;F neuoahd tiuaiw TWtJ vd;gJ vspjy;y Vbddpy; ,J
kdpj kjpg;gPLfs; kpifg;gLj;jpf; fl;likf;fg;gLk; yl]rpathjj;jpw;Fk; (idealism) kdpj
czh]r]rpfs; kpifg;gLj;jpf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; fw;gdhthjj;jpw;Fk; (Romanticism)
vjpuhd khw;wf; fUj;Jf;fisna jd; epiyf;fsdhfg;/ gz;ghf mikj;Jf; bfhz;oUf;fpwJ.
,yf;fpa urid vd;gijj; jhz;o kdpj thH;nthL xd;wpf;f Toa kd czh;it ,J fhl;LfpwJ.
vjhh;j;j thjk; Fwpj;J TWk;nghJ/ “kdpjd; jd; fhy kdpjdhf jd;id czUk; nghJ
thGk;nghJ mtd; vjph;bfhs;Sk; gpur;ridifis tog;gnj vjhh;j;jthjk;” (vjhh;j;jthjKk;
jkpH; ehty;fSk;/ g. 10) vd;W f. g{uzre;jpud; jk; E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
rkfhy kdpjdhf xUtd; jd;id czUk; epiyapy; mtdJ thH;tpd; vjph;ghhg;g[fs;/
fdt[fs;/ fle;j fhy epidt[fs; vd midj;Jk; cilf;fg;gLfpd;wd. elg;gpaypd; cf;fpuk;
kl;Lnk mtDf;fhdjha; khw;wk; bgWk; ntisapy; xU jj;Jtg; ghzpapy; g[yd; tHp
ctif g[hpe;J bfhs;Sk; epiyf;F khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,e;j khw;wk; njitahd bjhd;whf
khWkplj;J. vjhh;j;jthjk; jd; nehf;fpid tFj;J bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,e;j vjhh;j;jthjk; rkfhy
elg;gpay;g[fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjhy; elg;gpay; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
vjhh;j;j vGj;jpd; njhw;wk;
fz;zhy; fhzKoahj yl;rpa kdpjh;fisa[k; uridahd cyfj;ija[k; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjd;
tHpna g[idt[ vGj;J kpf gue;j jsj;jpy; ,a';fp bfhz;oUe;j ntisapy; ,jw;F khw;whd
vjhh;j;j vGj;J njhw;wk; fz;lJ.
nkiy ehl]odh] tUiff;Fg] gpwfhd mr]R ,ae;jpu';fspd; fz;Lgpog]g[k;/
M';fpyfy;tp Kiw kw;Wk; rKjha khw;wk; vd;gitna kugpy';fpa';fSf;F khw;whd
g[jpa ,yf;fpa tifikf;fhd njita[k; njlYk; cUthf;fpaJ. ,yf;fpa g[Jik Fwpj;J
bjhy;fhg;gpah]/
“tpUe;nj jhDk;
g[JtJ g[ide;j ahg]gpd; nkw;nw” (bjhy;. bghUs;.g 128)
vd;fpwhh]. ,jw;F ,yf;fpak; g[Jikfis/ g[J kjpg;gPLfis Vw;Wf;F bfhz;nlapUf;Fk;
vd;gJ bghUshFk;. nghy bra;jy; nghy; my;yhJ g[jpa tif/ tot';fs; cUthtij ,J
czh]j;jp epw;fpwJ.
jkphpy; Kjy; vjhh]j;j ehtyhf mwpag;gLk; fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; kw;Wk;
mjw;f gpwfhd gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuk; nghd;wit KGikahd vjhh]j;j eilapy;
mikatpy;iy. kzpg;gpuths eilapy; jhf;fj;jpnyna mit mike;jpUe;jd. ,jdhy; jhd;
bjhlf;fj;jpy; ehty;fs; trd fhtpak; vd;W miHf;fg;gl;ld. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;djhd
fhyfl;l';fspy; vGe;j ghujpahh;/ khjitah/ uh$ka;ah; Mfpnahhpd; vGj;Jf;;fs; tpjit
kWkzk; fy;tprhh; tpHpg;g[zh;t[ nghd;w js';fspy; ,a';fpd; me;j fhyfl;l
gpd;dzpa[k; NHYk; ,t;thwhf gilg;g[fspy; btspg;gl;ld.

njf;fepiya[k; tsh;r;rpa[k;
vjhh;j;j vGj;jpd; njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fhy';fs; mjpy;
njf;fepiy njhd;wpaJ. foiy fiyf;fhfnt vd;w fUj;J epiya[k; cah;e;njhh; kl;Lk;
fy;tpawpt[k;. ,yf;fpa ghpr;raKk; bgw;wpUe;j fhuzj;jpdhy; gilg;gpyf;fpak;
vd;gJ mth;f;F kl;Lnk chpajhapUe;jJ. fy;tp bghJt[ilik te;j gpwF btF$d thrf urid
gilg;g[fspy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd;dnu KGikahd jd;dpiwt[ bgw;w vjhh;j;j ehty;fs;
vGjg;gl;ld. 1950 fspy; btspte;j bjh.K.rp. uFehjdpd; g";Rk; grpa[k; ehtiy ,jw;F
cjhuzkhff; bfhs;syhk;.
tiffSk; ghpzhk';fSk;
vjhh;j;j vGj;J mjd; njhw;wfhyk; ,d;W tiuahd fhyfl;l';fspy; gy;ntW
tifikfSf;Fs; jdJ gug;ig mikj;jpUf;fpwJ. mjd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tiffshtd.
 r\f vjhh]j;jk;
 nrh#ypr vjhh]j;jk;
 kndhtpay; vjhh]j;jk;
 tl;lhu vjhh]j;jk;
 tpspk;g[epiy vjhh]j;jk;
 bgz; vGj;jpd; vjhh]j;jk;
 jypj; vGj;jpd; vjhh]j;jk;
 NHypay; vjhh]j;jk;
vd;gdthf gy;ntwhd fhyfl;l';fspy; r\f khw;w';fSf;Fk; kjpg;g[fSf;Fk; Vw;g vjhh]j;j
vGj;J gythW ,a';fp tUfpwJ.
r\f vjhh]j;jk;
kdpjd; jd; ,Ug;ig czh]e;J bfhs;Sk; NHypy; mtdJ r\f kjpg;g[fs; vt;tpj
fhuzfhhpa mgpg;uha';fSkpd;w mg;gona gilg;g[fspy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ. r\f
khw;wk; vd;gij ifapbyLf;fhky;cs;sij cs;sgo tpthpj;Jr; bry;Yjy; vDk; nghf;fpy;
vGjg;gl;l ehty;fs; ,t;tifapy; ml';Ffpd;wd. jp.R. eluh$d; ,JFwpj;J TWk;nghJ/
“kdpjd; czh]t[ epiyapd; xU btspg;ghlhf ,yf;fpaj;ijj; njhw;Wtpf;fpwhd;.
mtdpypUe;J njhd;Wfpw ,yf;fpaj;jpny mtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;” (jpwdha;t[ fiy/ g : 52)
jd; rkfhy kdpjid mtdJ czh]t[fnshL gilg;gJ vd;gJ r\f vjhh]j;jkhf mikfpwJ
vd;gij ,@J fhl;LfpwJ.
vjhh]j;jthjj;jpd; tsh]r]rpd; goepiyapy; b$afhe;jd;/ gpug";rd;/ ghtz;zd;
nghd;w vGj;jhsh]fspd; gilg]g[fs; ,jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;bgWfpd;wd. cd;idg] nghy;
xUtd;/ ahUf;fhf mGjhd;/ xU eoif ehlfk; ghh]f;fpwhs; vDk; ehty;fis ,t;tifapy;
Kjy; goepiyapy; itj;J ghh]f;f Koa[k;. 1960 – fspy; rp.R. bry;yg;ghtpd;
thothry; ehtiya[k; ,j;Jld; ,izj;J Fwpg;gpl Koa[k;.
nrh#ypr vjhh]j;jk;
cw;gj;jp vd;gJ fpuhk njitia ikakhf;fpf; bfhz;L ,a';fpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; g[J
Kjyhspj;Jtk; vd;gJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; $hjp MSik/ efh]kakhjy; vd;git KG
tPr;rpy; njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; khh]f;rpa ,af;fk; rKjha khw;wj;ij
nrh#yprj;jpd; \ykhfnt Vw;gLj;j Koa[k; vd;W ek;gpajd; tpisthf nrh#ypr
vjhh]j;j ehty;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. bjh.K.rp. uFehjdpd; g";Rk; grpa[k;/ o.
bry;tuh$pd; njdPh]/ njhy;/ kyUk; rUFk; vDk; ehty;fSk;/ g{kzpapd; gpwF
ehtYk; ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;. gpur;rhu bjhdp fye;J gilf;fg;gLk;
vGj;Jfs; vd ,tw;Wf;F vjpuhd tpkh]rd';fSk; njhd;wpd.
kndhtpay; vjhh]j;jk;
ghYzh]t[k;/ czt[j; njita[k; jhd; kdpjid ,a';f itj;Jf; bfhz;nlapUf;fpwJ.
kdpjdpd; g[wta cyif kw;Wk; g[w czh]it Fwpg;gpl]L epd;w vjhh]j;j vGj;J kdpj
mfya czh]t[fis vGJtjpy; fsk; fz;lJ. ,jw;F @gpuha;oaj;jpd; jhf;fk; xU fhuzkhf
mike;jJ. cstpay; Fwpj;J jp.R. eluh$d; Fwpg;gpLk;nghJ/ “cs;sj;jpd;
nfhy';fisa[k;/ nfhz';fisa[k; Muha;fpw Xh] mwptpayhFk;” (nkyJ) vd;fpwhh].
cstpay; g{h]tkhf vGjg;gLfpd;w kdpjd; csk; rhh]e;j/ TWfs; mtd; thGk; r\fj;jpy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk; vd;gnj kndhtpay; vjhh]j;jj;jpd; moehjkhfpwJ.
r\f vjhh]j;jk; vGjpa b$afhe;jd; mfya kdpjh]fisa[k; jd; ehty;fspy;
gilj;jpUf;fpwhh]. rpy neu';fspy; rpy kdpjh]fs;/ ghhPRf;Fg; ngh/ hp#p \yk;
vd;git ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. $p. ehfuh$d;/ jp. $hdfpuhkd;/ eFyd; nghd;w
ehtyhrphpah]fspd; ehis kw;WbkhU ehns/ mk;kh te;jhs;/ epidt[g;ghiw vd;git
,tw;Ws; ml';Ffpd;wd.
tl;lhu vjhh;j;jk;
trd eilapy; Jt';fp vGjg;gl;l ehty; ,yf;fpa';fs; fhyg;nghf;fpy; jd;id mLj;j fl;l
tsh;r;rpf;F befpH;t[gLj;jpf; bfhz;nl ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F tl;lhu vjhh;j;j ehty;fis
cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gpl Koa[k;. kf;fs; thH;tpay; Kiwfs; tl;lhuk; kw;Wk;
gpunjr';fSf;fpilna ntWgLfpwJ. r\f kjpg;g[fs;/ rhjPa Kuz;ghLfs; vDkpit tl;lhu
vjhh;j;j ehty;fspnyna Jy;ypakhf gilf;fg;gLk;. bfh';F tl;lhuk; rhh;e;J rz;Kf
Re;juj;jpd; kz;zhir/ rl;o Rl;lJ/ ehfk;khs; nghd;w ehty;fSk;/ fhpry; tl;lhuk;
rhh;e;J fp.uh$ehuhazd;/ g{kzp nghd;nwhhpd; ehty;fsk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfs;.
j";ir tl;lhu kf;fs; thH;tpaiy nrhiy Re;ju bgUkhs;/ ghit re;jpud; nghd;w
vGj;jhsh;fSk; vGjpa[s;sdh;. xt;bthU tl;lhu kf;fspd; bkhHpeil/ tHf;Fr; brhw;fs;
nghd;wit mg;gona gjpt[ bra;ag;gLk;. ehty;fs; xU fiyf;fs";rpakhft[k;
bray;gLfpwJ vd;Wk; fUj KofpwJ.
tl;lhuj;jpw;Fs;Sk; gpunjr bkhHp vd;bwhU jsj;jpy; vjhh;j;j vGj;J bfhz;l
ehty;fshf Fkhu bry;yhypd; Fd;dpKj;J/ ,kaj;jpd; brly;/ n$h.o.F+!pd; MHp MH;
cyF/ bfhw;if nghd;wit ,t;tifapy; ml';Ffpd;wd.
tpspk;g[epiy vjhh;j;jk;
gilg;g[fs; cah;e;njhUf;F kl;LkhdJ vd;w epiyapypUe;J ,d;W
ftdpf;fg;glhky; xJf;fg;gLk; TWfs; gilg;g[fspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; mstpw;F
gilg;gpyf;fpag; nghf;F tsh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. rhjhuz kdpjh;fsplkpUe;J NHyhYk;/
gHf;ftHf;f';fspdhYk; khWgLk; tpspk;g[epiy kf;fshd ,Usp bgz;fs;/ jpUlh;fs;/
mdhijfs;/ cjphp bjhHpyhsh;fs;/ tpiy khJfs; nghd;nwhhpd; thH;tpay; vjhh;j;j
eilapy; ehty;fshf ,aw;wg;gl;oUf;fpd;wd. gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; ,k;kf;fs; Fwpj;J
Fwpg;gpLk;nghJ/ “fl;Lz;l epiyapypUe;J jhd; mjpfhuj;ij vjph;j;Jf; fpsk;gpa
fyfj;jpw;fhd typika[k; bgwg;gl;lJ” (tpskpg;g[ epiy kf;fspd; nghuhl;l';fs;/ g.
19) jk; thH;f;if epiyf;nfw;g mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf g[J tpjpfis jhnk tFj;Jf;
bfhs;fpw kf;fspd; thH;tpay; fyfj;ij Kd;bdLf;fpwJ. fyfFuy; vGg;g[k; g[J
gupzhkj;ij vjhh;j;jthjk; Vw;Wf;bfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gJ ,jpypUe;J bjhpe;J bfhs;s
KofpwJ.
bgz; vGj;jpd; vjhh;j;jk;
ghypay; ntWghL kw;Wk; rhjp xLf;Fjy;fs; vDkpiy bgz; vGj;jpw;F
fhuzkha; mike;jjd; tHpna bgz; czh;t[fs; vjhh;j;j eilapnyna Twg;gLtJ
mjpfhpj;jJ. bgz; vGj;J Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ/ “bgz; tpLjiy gw;wpa czh;t[/ r\f
vGr;rpapd; xU gFjpahFk;” (jpwdha;t[f;fiy/ g.217) vd;fpwhh; jp.f.eluhrd;.
vjhh;j;jkhf gjpt[ bra;ag;gLk; bgz; vGj;J r\f khw;wj;ij Kd;bdLf;Fk; vd;W
,tw;wpypUe;J g[hpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ. bgz; ,Ug;g[ rhh;e;J mk;ig/ Nlhkzp/
thre;jp nghd;nwhh; vGjpdh;. ghypd ghFghL rhh;e;J xLf;fg;gLk; bgz;
vGj;Jf;fshf ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghkhypd; fUf;f kw;Wk; rptfhkpapd; ehty;fs; jd;
tuyhw;W E}yhf gilf;fg;gl;oUg;gJ ,d;Dk; xU tsh;r;rp epiyiar; Rl;o epw;fpwJ
vd;W fUjt[k; KofpwJ.
jypj; vGj;jpd; vjhh;j;jk;
rhjp hPjpahd xLf;Fjy;fs; jypj; vGj;Jf;fspd; tPr;Rf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. jypj; kf;fspd; tHf;Fr; brhw;fs; kw;Wk; myj;jk; thH;tpay;
rhh;e;J fhzg;glf;Toa gytpj gHf;f tHf;f';fs; vDkpit vjhh;j;jkhf ehtypy;
gjpt[ bra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J g[we;js;sg;gl;l xLf;fg;gl;l kdpjh;fspd; Mw;whik/
bfhjpg;g[ nghd;wit czh;t[g; g{h;tkhf Kd;bdLf;fg;gl;Lfpd;wd. ,J vGr;rpf;F
neuhdjhf jd; ghh;it nfhzj;ij gjpa itf;fpwJ. ,J Fwpj;J jp.R. eluhrd;
Fwpg;gpLk;nghJ/ “g[wr;NHy;fs; jUk; beUf;fofs; fhuzkhf khw;w';fis nehf;fpa
vGr;rpfs; njhd;wp tUfpd;wd” (nkyJ/ g. 212) vd;W TWfpwJ. ,d;W fy;tp
rhh;e;j ,l xJf;fPl;L Kiwikfspy; tUk; khw;w';fs; kWgoa[khd gpwpbjhU vGr;rpf;F
neuha; gazg;gLfpwbjDk; NHy; fhzpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,kak;/ nrh. jh;kd;/ n$.gp.
rhzf;fpah/ mHfpa bghpatd; nghd;w vGj;jhsh;fs; ,t;thwhd vGj;jhsh;fSs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
NHypay; vjhh;j;jk;
,aw;if TWfis mjd; ,ay;g[ khwhky; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; vjhh;j;jk; nghf;F gilg;g[fs;
rkPg fhy';fspy; tsh;e;Js;sd. NHypay; vjhh;j;j ehtyhd nrh. jh;kdpd; Ny; ehty;
2019-Mk; Mz;ow;fhd rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp tpUjpid btd;wJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ef;fPudpd;
fhnlho ehtYk; ,t;tifapy; ml';Fk; ehtyhFk;.
epiwt[iu
g[jpad g[Fjy; vDk; ,yf;fpa njitapd; njlyhf cUbtLj;j vjhh;j;j vGj;J ,d;W jd;
ngr bghUshYk; tif KiwfshYk; gy ghpkhz';fisf; fle;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. rkfhy rKjhag;
gpd;g[yk; vjhh;j;jkhf gjpt[ bra;ag;gLtjd; tHpna xl;Lbkhj;j r\f kjpg;g[fisf;
fhzt[k; mjd; khw;w';fis kjpg;gplt[k; Jiz g[hpfpwJ. ,yf;fpak; gilg;nghUk;
gog;nghUk; rKjhaj;jpd; Xh; m';fkhf ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; rhh;e;j r\f mty';fis kdpjd;
fz;Lzh;tjw;F vjhh;j;j vGj;Jf;fns Jiz epw;fpd;wd.