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Culture Documents
PCNotes
PCNotes
CHAPTER 1
Communication
• The process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another
• Pertains to the exchange of information between two or more people
• An interdependent process of (1) sending, (2) receiving, and (3) understanding messages
• “If you remember that communication is a process, you will communicate more effectively because you
will be aware of many factors involved in any given communication event. You will be likely less to
assume, less likely to rush judgment. You will be more likely to tailor your message to your audience
correctly and you will more likely to correctly encode and decode other’s message.”
1. Sender
o Encoder or the source of the message
2. Message
o Refers to the ideas and feelings that he or she encodes
o May be in verbal or non-verbal
3. Receiver
o Decider of the recipient of the message
o The one who interprets the message
4. Channel or Medium
o Vehicle used in conveying the message
5. Feedback
o The verbal or nonverbal response to the sender’s encoded signals
o Gives information on how the message is interpreted
6. Interference or Noise
o Serves as a barrier to communication
o Related to the factors that hinder the recipient’s ability to send or receive messages
o It can be:
▪ External: one’s physical environment (e.g. loud party)
▪ Internal: one’s mental or psychological interference, physiological or semantic
7. Context
o The situation and environment in which communication occur
Notes by AMC
1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
o Use of sounds and words to impart one’s thoughts or feelings
2. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
o Conveyance of meaning through body language (e.g., gestures, facial expression, eye contact,
posture) or paralanguage (e.g., pitch, volume, speaking rate)
ALBERT MEHRABIAN
Mediated Communication
Technology is only an aid to communication and not a replacement for it. There is no substitute for real and
face-to-face interaction.
CHAPTER 2
− No matter what culture people are part of, one thing is for certain: it is subject to changes
− Cristina De Rossi: “Culture appears to have become a key in our interconnected world, which is made up
of so many ethnically diverse societies, but also ridiculed by conflicts associated with religion, ethnicity,
ethical belief, and essentially the elements which make up culture
INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM
High Context Tradition-bound; their cultural traditions shape their behavior and lifestyle
Feminine Value relationships, tenderness in members of both sexes and a high quality of life
Stereotypes
− are people’s perceived mental images or representations that they associate with others.
− They serve as “shortcuts”, whether positive or negative, that guide one’s dealings with and judgment on
others.
− Stereotypes of people belonging to different cultures generate unrealistic pictures that are solely based on
their cultural background, preventing one from distinguishing individuals from their group
Racial Profiling
− Using one’s race as grounds for suspecting a person of behaving unethically of committing any wrongdoing
Prejudice
− Can be a positive prejudgment; however negative implications arise when opinions are biased and hurtful
and when people perceive their own culture as superior to others and feel threatened by another race.
Notes by AMC
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Varieties of English
Braj Kachru (Indian linguist) – developed the three concentric circles that group the varieties of English in the
world
− A set of “adopted” or “borrowed” English words and AmE BrE AmE BrE
phrases poorly translated from common Tagalog
Airplane Aeroplane Eon Aeon
expression
Check Cheque Anemia Anaemia
Pajamas Pyjamas Dialog Dialogue
Tire Tyre Mold Mould
Traveler Traveller whiskey Whisky
Notes by AMC
PRONUNCIATION.
− Draws an analogy between the manner of conversing and the types of clothing
REGISTERS
− Refer to the level and style of speaking and writing appropriate for different
situation
− Refer to the way a person uses language, spoken or written, in different
situations
− Determined by social occasion, relationships, context, purpose, and audience:
(5) SCRAP
(1) Social Occasion – events or functions
(2) Relationship – connection that exists
(3) Context – situation or topics discussed
(4) Purpose – goal of communication
(5) Audience – receiver of the message
Notes by AMC
Michael Halliday (British linguist) – proposed three situation variables that aid in analyzing the situation: (3)
FTM
(1) Field – identifies the subject matter in which language is used
(2) Tenor – the role relationships between the interlocutors
(3) Mode – the way language is used in speech interaction, spoken or written
REGISTERS FROM FORMAL TO INFORMAL (5) FFCCI
(1) Frozen or Static – the language never changes
(2) Formal – language use is evident in school, speeches etc.
(3) Consultative – less formal compared to formal register (employee-employer relationship)
(4) Casual – language is conversational
(5) Intimate – language used by close friends, lovers, and family