Notes by AMC

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Nature & Elements of Communication

Communication

• The process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person
to another
• Pertains to the exchange of information between two or more people
• An interdependent process of (1) sending, (2) receiving, and (3) understanding
messages
• “If you remember that communication is a process, you will communicate more
effectively because you will be aware of many factors involved in any given
communication event. You will be likely less to assume, less likely to rush judgment.
You will be more likely to tailor your message to your audience correctly and you will
more likely to correctly encode and decode other’s message.”

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNATION: (7) SMRC FIC

1. Sender
- Encoder or the source of the message
2. Message
- Refers to the ideas and feelings that he or she encodes
- May be in verbal or non-verbal
3. Receiver
- Decider of the recipient of the message
- The one who interprets the message
4. Channel or Medium
- Vehicle used in conveying the message
5. Feedback
- The verbal or nonverbal response to the sender’s encoded signals
- Gives information on how the message is interpreted
6. Interference or Noise
- Serves as a barrier to communication
- Related to the factors that hinder the recipient’s ability to send or
receive messages
- It can be:
▪ External: one’s physical environment (e.g. loud party)
▪ Internal: one’s mental or psychological interference,
physiological or semantic
7. Context
- The situation and environment in which communication occur
Notes by AMC

1.2 Verbal and nonverbal communication

1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Use of sounds and words to impart one’s thoughts or feelings

FUNCTIONS OF VERBAL COMM (5) RSMIE

1. Regulation
-Used to control one’s or other people’s behavior or activities
2. Social Interaction
- To create relationships from associations, develop intimacy and maintain bonds
and connections with other people
3. Motivation
- Concerns expressing one’s desires, goals, inclinations, choices, preferences, likes
and dislikes, and needs and wants
4. Information
- Obtain and give information by asking and sharing ideas orally
5. Emotional Expression
- Orally to show one’s feelings and emotion

2. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Conveyance of meaning through body language (e.g., gestures, facial
expression, eye contact, posture) or paralanguage (e.g., pitch, volume,
speaking rate)

FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL COMM (7) RRC CARD

1. To replace
- Actions can replace or substitute - Gestures that aim to complement
speech cannot be used alone or else they
2. To repeat be misinterpreted
- Gestures duplicate and reinforce 4. To accent
one’s message - To emphasize certain parts of the
- Can occur simultaneously with the verbal intent or the utterance
verbal; AT ALL TIMES, it follows 5. To regulate
and repeats the words said - Controlling the flow of conversations
- It is important then to ensure that 6. To contradict
the gestures and the spoken idea - Verbal and nonverbal messages
have the same denotation for the contradict each other
communication 7. To deceive
3. To complement - Utilized to misled the listen
- Body language enhances and adds
nuance to the meaning of a verbal
message
Notes by AMC

ALBERT MEHRABIAN
• Psychologist known for his pioneering work on nonverbal communication
• “When words and body language contradict, one is inclined to believe the latter
(body language)”
o Movements or gestures may become barriers to a successful exchange
of ideas -> harmony between the verbal and the nonverbal is crucial in
facilitating effective communication

1.3 & 1.4 Ethical and Mediated
Communication
Ethics
− Set of principles or rules for correct
conduct as to what is right or wrong
and what make something right or
wrong
Basic principles of Ethical
communication
(first 5 are from the National
Communication Association (NCA) &
and the 6th principle is by Julia Wood)
1. Strive to understand and
respect other’s
communications before
evaluating and responding to
their messages
2. Help promote communication
climates of caring and mutual
understanding that protect the
unique needs and
characteristics of individual
communicators
3. Condemn communication that
degrades individuals and
humanity through distortions,
intolerance, intimidation,
coercion, hatred and violence.
4. Commit yourself to the
courageous expression of your
personal convictions in pursuit
of fairness and justice
5. Accept responsibility for the
short and long-term
consequences of you own
communication and expect the
same from others
6. Avoid plagiarism- the
presentation of the work of
another person in such a way
as to give the impression that
the others work is your own
7. Promote honesty, truthfulness
and accuracy as essentials to
the integrity of communication.
− These principles promote (1)
respect, (2) harmony, and (3)
overall positive well-being or
one’s relationships with others
and the society in general
− Unethical
communication impedes,
destroys, and offends persons
and even communities
Notes by AMC

Mediated Communication
• Interaction carried out by using information communication technology
• This current means of sending and receiving messages can be:
o Synchronous (happening at the same time)
o Asynchronous (not occurring at the same time)
• Technology has made communication for personal and business reasons (1)
instant, (2) speedy, (4) convenient and (5) far-reaching.
• Drawbacks of Mediated communications
1. Gestures, voice tone, and other nonverbal signals that reinforce one’s
message are lost, making the meaning susceptible to misinterpretation
2. Issues on confidentiality and trust surface
3. Bullying and ridiculing people through online messages and posts
4. Not all information and images communicated virtually are true

Technology is only an aid to communication and not a replacement for it. There is no
substitute for real and face-to-face interaction.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Communication in the Multicultural Setting

− Globalization − Communicators who fail to realize

o The increasing economic,
political and cultural integration
and interdependence of diverse
cultures.
o Requires people to pay
attention to a related concept
called diversity
− Diversity
o The recognition and valuing of
difference encompassing
different factors, (e.g., age,
gender, race, ethnicity, ability,
religion, education, marital
status, sexual orientation and
income)
− Digital Technology has helped in
erasing the notion of territorial
boundaries between countries.
that people from different cultures
may not look, think or act as they
may do may run the risk of being
judged as insensitive, ignorant, or
culturally confused.
− Cultural misunderstandings often
lead to lost opportunities
− When society is being more culturally
diverse, it is undeniable that people
and institutions could contribute to
harsh and undesirable realities of
cultural diversity. Even two parties
who use the same language to
communicate may still have
miscommunication or
misunderstanding because of their
different ethnical and cultural
backgrounds
Notes by AMC

Understanding the impact of globalization on Cross-cultural communication is

imperative for the organizations that aim to have a competitive advantage in the global
market.

2.2 Cultures and Co-Cultures

Culture
− The system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that
are acquired, shared and used by its members in daily living
Co-culture (Within a culture)
− Composed of members of the same general culture who differ in certain ethnic
or sociological ways from the parent culture
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES USED BY CO-CULTURAL GRP MEMBERS

− CULTURAL ASSIMILATION SEVERAL FORMS OF

− Attempt to fit in or join in with the INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Interracial Interactants are of
members of the dominant culture Communication different races
− CULTURAL ACCOMMODATION Interactants are of
Interethnic
− Maintain their cultural identity even Communication
different ethnic
while they try to establish origins
International Persons representing
relationships with the members of Communication political structures
the dominant culture Communication
− RESISTANCE OR SEPARATION among members of
Intercultural
− Co-culture resist interacting with Communication
the same racial,
ethnic, or other co-
members of the dominant group
cultural groups
− No matter what culture people are part of, Tendency to see
one thing is for certain: it is subject to one’s own culture as
Ethnocentrism
changes superior to other
cultures
Cristina De Rossi: “Culture appears to have Attempts to
become a key in our interconnected world, which is understand the
made up of so many ethnically diverse societies, behavior of the other
but also ridiculed by conflicts associated with Cultural group based on the
religion, ethnicity, ethical belief, and essentially the Relativism context in which the
elements which make up culture behavior occurs
rather than from own
2.3 Intercultural Communication frame of reference

− It is whenever cultural variability influences the nature and effects of communication

− It is concerned with the process of interpreting and sharing meanings with individuals
from different cultures
Notes by AMC

2.4 Cultural Diversity

− The existence of various cultural or ethnic groups with in a society
− The term used for discussing the importance of respecting others people’s culture
2.5 Reducing the Strangeness of Strangers
− BEING STRANGE − HOW TO REDUCE THE
• When people feel the sense STRANGENESS:
of not belonging, of being out • by acquiring more knowledge
of place or not fitting in on cultural diversity
• This feeling occurs when a • by learning to cope with
person interacts with a uncertainty
stranger • by developing an
− Intercultural communication is appreciation on how
unavoidable, it is effective and increasing one’s cultural
successful for others. The reason of sensitively positively affects
this is clear: not everyone tries one’s communication
hard to understand or to be competence
understood by the people from − No culture should be claimed as
different cultures superior to any other culture
2.6 Exploring Cultural Dialects
− Variables used to distinguish cultures:

INDIVIDUALISM VS COLLECTIVISM
Individualism Stress individual goals
Collectivism Give precedence to group goals
HIGH CONTEXT VS LOW CONTEXT
Tradition-bound; their cultural traditions shape their behavior and
High Context
lifestyle
Low Context Exhibit a more direct communication style
HIGH POWER DISTANCE VS LOW POWER DISTANCE
Power Distance – the extent at which people are willing to accept power differences
High Power View power as a fact of life and are to stress its coercive or referent
Distance nature
Low Power Power should be used only when it is legitimate; they are apt to
Distance employ expert or legitimate power

MASCULINE VS FEMININE CULTURE

Masculine Value male aggressiveness, strength, and material symbols of success

Value relationships, tenderness in members of both sexes and a high
Feminine
quality of life
Notes by AMC

2.7 Identifying the Impact of Stereotypes and Prejudice

Stereotypes
− are people’s perceived mental images or representations that they associate with
others.
− They serve as “shortcuts”, whether positive or negative, that guide one’s dealings
with and judgment on others.
− Stereotypes of people belonging to different cultures generate unrealistic pictures
that are solely based on their cultural background, preventing one from distinguishing
individuals from their group
Racial Profiling
− Using one’s race as grounds for suspecting a person of behaving unethically of
committing any wrongdoing
Prejudice
− Can be a positive prejudgment; however negative implications arise when opinions
are biased and hurtful and when people perceive their own culture as superior to
others and feel threatened by another race.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Varieties of English
Braj Kachru (Indian linguist) – developed the three concentric circles that group the
varieties of English in the world

Inner 1. Inner Circle

Circle − English used as the mother tongue or first language
Outer − US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Circle
2. Outer Circle
Expanding − English used as a second language
Circle
− Singapore, Malaysia, India
3. Expanding Circle
− English used as a foreign language
− Japan, China, Russia,
 Notes by AMC

Variations of English: (5) ABBAP

1. American English (AmE)
2. British English (BrE)
3. Black English (BE)
− Also called as Negro English, used for informal and casual conversation by a
large section of middle-class African Americans
4. Australian English (AuE)
− Known for aboriginal, abbreviations and diminutive words
5. Philippine English (PE)

Filipinism or Pinoy English

− A set of “adopted” or “borrowed” English words and phrases poorly translated from
common Tagalog expression
3.2 Vocabulary, Spelling, Pronunciation and Grammar
AmE BrE AmE BE AuE BrE
VOCABULARY.
White
Dummies Pacifiers Buckra Booze Alcohol David Crystal
man
Nappies Diapers To carry Tote Berko Angry (British linguist) –
Baby emphasized that
Prams Peanut Goober Dunny Toilet
Carriages the more the
Sweet students are
Boots Trunks Yam Chalkie Teacher
potato aware that
Close English variations of
Pants Trousers Homies Pom
Friends person
languages
Closet Cupboard Blacks Bloods Dill Idiot
Poor existed, the better
Baggage Luggage southern Rednecks Neddies Horses
whites
White Evening
Line Queue whities Tea
people meal
White
Trailer Caravan Buckra Piffle Nonsense
man
Cheap
Elevator Lift To carry Tote Plonk
wine
Movie Film
Check Bill
Drapes Curtain
Flashlight Torch
Subway Underground
Fall Autumn
Vacation Holiday
PRONUNCIATION.
Notes by AMC

− Different in vowels,
AmE BrE AmE BrE consonants, stress, and intonation
Airplane Aeroplane Eon Aeon How do the variations of English
Check Cheque Anemia Anaemia differ?
Pajamas Pyjamas Dialog Dialogue Vocabulary
Tire Tyre Mold Mould Grammar
Pronunciation
Traveler Traveller whiskey Whisky Spelling
3.3 Registers in Spoken and Written Language
Robert MacNeil (American journalist)
− Draws an analogy between the manner of conversing and the types of clothing
REGISTERS
− Refer to the level and style of speaking and writing appropriate for different
situation
− Refer to the way a person uses language, spoken or written, in different
situations
− Determined by social occasion, relationships, context, purpose, and audience:
(5) SCRAP
(1) Social Occasion – events or functions
(2) Relationship – connection that exists
(3) Context – situation or topics discussed
(4) Purpose – goal of communication
(5) Audience – receiver of the message
Michael Halliday (British linguist) – proposed three situation variables that aid in
analyzing the situation: (3) FTM
(1) Field – identifies the subject matter in which language is used
(2) Tenor – the role relationships between the interlocutors
(3) Mode – the way language is used in speech interaction, spoken or written
REGISTERS FROM FORMAL TO INFORMAL (5) FFCCI
(1) Frozen or Static – the language never changes
(2) Formal – language use is evident in school, speeches etc.
(3) Consultative – less formal compared to formal register (employee-employer
relationship)
(4) Casual – language is conversational
(5) Intimate – language used by close friends, lovers, and family
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