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DV Fizik T5 PDF
DV Fizik T5 PDF
DV Fizik T5 PDF
A TAN
TINGK
Edisi Guru Dw
5ibahasa
Modul PDP yang berkesan memudahkan dan mempercepatkan
pengajaran guru.
T A N
Edisi Guru TING K A
5
Menggunakan kaedah pengurusan grafik yang memudahkan pelajar
memahami dan mengingati konsep-konsep fizik dalam Ingatan Jangka
Panjang.
Dw
ringkas, lengkap dan padat menyerupai format SPM.
FIZIK
C
Mengikut Sukatan Pelajaran Tingkatan 5 yang terkini.
ibaha s
M
Tajuk-tajuk dalam siri ini:
Y
CM
Matapelajaran Tingkatan 1 2 3 4 5 SPM
TINGKATAN 5
MY
Chemistry
CY Kimia
CMY
Fizik
M O D U L
Biologi
Matematik
K
Matematik Tambahan
Bahasa Malaysia
English
Sains
Sejarah
DWIBAHASA
Geografi
• Sebagai ahli Fizik, penggunaan unit amat penting. Unit memberikan makna kepada nombor
dalam setiap penghitungan dalam Fizik.
• Unit merupakan sebahagian penting dalam 'bahasa Fizik' yang kita sering gunakan. Unit
mesti disebut dengan jelas apabila kuantiti fizik dikemukakan. Unit dapat 'menceritakan
kisah Fizik'.
• Unit menggambarkan konsep fizik dengan lebih jelas. Unit merupakan blok-blok
pembinaan dalam Fizik.
• Dengan menggunakan unit secara teliti dan lengkap dalam pengiraan, seseorang
murid akan mencapai kejayaan dalam peperiksaan Fizik dan juga membina batu
asas dalam pendidikan Fizik.
Walau bagaimanapun, cikgu-cikgu yang mengajar berhak untuk memilih sama ada untuk
menggunakan unit dalam pengiraan setiap langkah atau mengikuti format peperiksaan SPM di
mana murid hanya perlu meletakkan unit yang betul pada akhir jawapan sahaja.
Hak Cipta terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluarkan mana-mana Muat turun softcopy dari
bahagian dalam buku ini dalam apa juga bentuk atau cara, sama www.nilampublication.com
ada secara elektronik atau mekanikal tanpa kebenaran bertulis atau email kepada
daripada pihak Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. nilampublication@yahoo.com
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. (919810-T), 2014
Dengan Ingatan Tulus Ikhlas
Dicetak oleh Pramaju Sdn. Bhd. daripada
No. 35, Jalan 5/10B Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
Spring Crest Industrial Park
CHONG: 013-311 1713 (WM)
68100 Batu Caves
ALVIN GOH: 012-392 7921 (EM)
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Kandungan
Contents
Gelombang 1
1 Waves
Keelektrikan 40
2 Electricity
Keelektromagnetan 70
3 Electromagnetism
Elektronik 113
4 Electronics
Keradioaktifan 146
5 Radioactivity
UNIT
1 Gelombang
Waves
1.1 Memahami gelombang / Understanding waves
1
Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples for each type of wave.
UNIT
• Menyatakan maksud muka gelombang.
State what is meant by a wavefront.
• Menyatakan arah perambatan gelombang terhadap muka gelombang.
State the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts.
• Mentakrifkan / Define
i. Amplitud / Amplitude, ii. Tempoh / Period, iii. Frekuensi / Frequency,
iv. Panjang Gelombang / Wavelength, v. Halaju Gelombang / Wave speed.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-masa bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-time graph for a wave.
• Melakar dan mentakrifkan graf sesaran-jarak bagi gelombang.
Sketch and interpret a displacement-distance graph for a wave.
• Menjelaskan hubungan antara laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Clarify the relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan laju, panjang gelombang dan frekuensi.
Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menghuraikan pelembapan dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe damping in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan resonans dalam sistem ayunan.
Describe resonance in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikan pantulan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut pantulan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe reflection of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pantulan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembiasan gelombang dalam sebutan sudut tuju, sudut biasan, panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju
dan arah perambatan.
Describe refraction of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of
propagation.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembiasan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.
• Menghuraikan pembelauan gelombang dalam panjang gelombang, frekuensi, laju, arah perambatan dan bentuk
gelombang.
Describe diffraction of waves in terms of wavelength, frequency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of waves.
• Melukis rajah yang menunjukkan pembelauan gelombang.
Draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves.
UNIT
Memahami Gelombang
1.1 Understanding Waves
1 Gelombang ialah gangguan atau ayunan yang merambat melalui ruang-masa. Perambatan gelombang
menyebabkan pemindahan tenaga dan momentum
dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time. Wave motion causes transfers of energy and
momentum from one point to another.
2 Apabila tenaga dipindahkan oleh gelombang daripada sumber yang bergetar kepada penerima, maka tidak
terdapat pemindahan zarah-zarah antara dua titik.
When energy is transferred by wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no transfer of particles
1
between the two points.
UNIT
Perbandingan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang membujur
Comparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
the particles
Amplitud
Amplitude, a Arah getaran spring
Sesaran ayunan
Garisan atau permukaan yang menyambungkan titik-titik pada fasa yang sama.
The locus of points which vibrates in phase .
Muka gelombang
Wave front
Titik dalam fasa yang sama
Takrif Points in phase
C
Definition
C = puncak / Crest
T = Lembangan / Trough
T
UNIT
Arah perambatan
Jenis muka Arah perambatan gelombang
gelombang gelombang The direction of wave
Type of The direction of wave propagation
wavefront propagation
Muka gelombang
Muka gelombang Wavefront
Wavefront
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua titik yang berturutan yang bergetar
dalam fasa yang sama.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points which are vibrating in phase.
atau / or
Jarak antara dua puncak berturutan atau lembangan yang berturutan. (rujuk rajah
di bawah.
The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs . (refer diagram below)
λ
Puncak / Crest
λ
Panjang
gelombang, λ
Wavelength, λ λ Lembangan / Trough
Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua mampatan yang berturutan atau jarak
antara dua renggangan yang berturutan pada gelombang bunyi. (rujuk rajah di bawah)
Wavelength is the distance between two successive compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. (refer to the diagram below)
λ
Puncak Puncak ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran positif yang maksimum .
Crest maximum positive displacement
A crest is the point on a wave with the .
Lembangan Lembangan ialah titik pada gelombang dengan sesaran negatif yang maksimum .
Trough maximum negative displacement
A trough is the point on a wave with the .
1 UNIT
Ialah kawasan sepanjang gelombang membujur menerusinya di mana tekanan dan
Mampatan ketumpatan zarah lebih tinggi daripada tekanan atmosfera.
Compression pressure density
Region along a longitudinal wave where the and of particles are
higher than atmospheric pressure.
Jenis ayunan
Kedudukan
Type of oscillation keseimbangan Satu ayunan lengkap
Equilibrium position
One oscillation
f= T or f = t
1
λ
A
Masa
a Jarak, d
O Time
Graf (cm)
O Distance, d a
Graph a (cm)
a= Amplitud/Amplitude a = Amplitud/Amplitude
Halaju Halaju, v = f λ
Velocity Velocity, v = f λ
v v f
Graf
Graph
λ f λ
0 0 0
Tempoh / Masa ayunan bergantung pada Panjang gelombang dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi.
Inferens panjang bandul. Wavelength is influenced by frequency.
Inference The period / time of oscillation depends on
the length of the pendulum.
1 UNIT
Tempoh meningkat dengan panjang / Semakin Semakin tinggi frekuensi, semakin pendek
panjang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang panjang gelombang.
Hipotesis tempoh ayunan. The higher the frequency is, the shorter the wavelength
Hypothesis The period increases with length / The longer the will be.
pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang dan tempoh Mengkaji hubungan antara frekuensi dan
Tujuan ayunan bandul ringkas. panjang gelombang bagi gelombang.
Aim To investigate the relationship between the length and To investigate the relationship between frequency and
the period of oscillation for a simple pendulum. wavelength of a wave.
Jam randik, pembaris meter, kaki retort, Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris
Senarai radas pengapit-G dan 2 keping gabus / papan lapis. meter, motor penggetar, kertas putih, bekalan
dan bahan Stopwatch, metre ruler, thread, retort stand, G-clamp kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu.
List of apparatus and 2 small pieces of cork / plywood. Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre ruler,
and materials vibrator motor, white paper, power supply, lamp and
wooden bar.
Lampu
Motor Lamp
Motor
Air
Kaki retort Water
Stroboskop
Retort stand mekanikal
Benang Mechanical
Susunan radas Thread stroboscope
Bar
Arrangement of the getaran
apparatus Vibrating
bar
1. Radas dan bahan disediakan seperti dalam 1. Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah
rajah dengan panjang bandul ditetapkan pada dan sehelai kertas putih diletakkan di bawah
90.0 cm. tangki riak.
Apparatus and materials are set up as shown in A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of
the diagram with the length of pendulum fixed white paper is placed under the ripple tank.
at 90.0 cm. 2. Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada
2. Hujung bandul ditarik ke sisi dengan sudut frekuensi 10 Hz.
sesaran yang kecil dan dilepaskan. Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of
The pendulum is pulled sideways with a small 10 Hz.
angular displacement and released. 3. Perhatikan gelombang air dengan
3. Masa 10 ayunan lengkap, t1 diukur dan menggunakan stroboskop dan ukur panjang
direkodkan. gelombang.
UNIT
The time for 10 complete oscillations, t1, is Observe the water waves by using the
1
t/s Panjang
Frekuensi, f / Hz
ℓ/cm _ T/s T 2/s2 gelombang, λ / cm
t1/s t2 /s t/s Frequency, f / Hz
Wavelength, λ / cm
90.0 10
Penjadualan Data
Tabulation of the 80.0 20
data
70.0 30
60.0 40
50.0 50
40.0
T 2/ s2 λ /cm
Menganalisis data
Analysis of the data
o I/cm o f/Hz
Latihan / Exercise
1 Seorang pelajar menggetarkan suatu sistem getaran 4 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang bunyi yang
spring sebanyak 4 kali per saat. Panjang gelombang dihasilkan daripada satu tala bunyi.
bagi spring tersebut ialah 0.6 m. Berapakah halaju The diagram below shows the sound waves produced by a
gelombang menerusi spring tersebut? tuning fork.
A student makes a spring vibrating system vibrate at 4 cm
4 times per second. The wavelength of the wave on the
spring is 0.6 m. What is the speed of the wave moving
along the spring?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given
150 cm
1
f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 m
UNIT
v = f λ
= 4 Hz × 0.6 m
= 2.4 m s–1 (a) Berdasarkan rajah, tentukan
Based on the diagram, determine
2 Gelombang radio merambat dengan halaju (i) amplitud / the amplitude
3 × 108 m s–1. Berapakah panjang gelombang bagi (ii) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
gelombang radio FM yang diterima pada 200 MHz (b) Berapakah frekuensi gelombang bunyi
bagi mendapatkan siaran radio tersebut? sekiranya halaju bunyi adalah 330 m s–1?
Radio waves travel at a speed of 3 × 108 m s–1. What is the What is the frequency of the sound waves if the speed
wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on of sound is 330 m s–1?
your radio dial? Penyelesaian / Solution
Penyelesaian / Solution 4 cm
(a) (i) a = (b) v = f λ
Diberi / Given 2
= 2 cm 330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m
v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHz
... f = 660 Hz
v = fλ
(3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) x λ (ii) 3λ = 150 cm
λ = 1.5 m λ = 50 cm
3 Seutas tali direntangkan di atas lantai. Satu 5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf sesaran-jarak.
penghujung tali tersebut digoyangkan dengan The diagram below shows the displacement-time graph.
frekuensi 8 Hz. Graf di bawah menunjukkan Sesaran/m
sebahagian pergerakan tali dalam sesuatu masa. Displacement/m
A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the 10
rope is then shaken at frequency of 8 Hz. The graph below
shows the rope at a particular moment in time. 0 Masa/s
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Time/s
Sesaran/m
Displacement/m –10
0.5
Berdasarkan graf di atas, tentukan
0 Jarak/m Based on the graph above, determine the
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 Distance/m (a) amplitud / amplitude
–0.5 (b) tempoh / period
(c) frekuensi / frequency
Tentukan / Determine Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) amplitud / the amplitude
(a) a = 10 m
(b) panjang gelombang / the wavelength
(b) T = 0.4 s
(c) halaju gelombang / the speed
Penyelesaian / Solution 1
(c) f =
T
(a) a = 0.5 m 1
(b) λ = 0.8 m =
0.4 s
(c) v = f λ
= 2.5 Hz
= 8 Hz × 0.8 m
= 6.4 m s–1
Mengalami / Experiences
Terminologi Penjelasan
Terminology Explanation
Daya luar mesti dikenakan kepada sistem ayunan untuk membolehkan sistem berayun
Daya luar secara berterusan.
External force
An external force must be applied to an oscillation system to enable the system to go on continuously.
Daya luar yang membekalkan tenaga kepada sistem memaksa ayunan. Ayunan ini
Ayunan dinamakan ayunan terpaksa.
terpaksa energy
Forced oscillation The external force supplying to the system forces the oscillation. This oscillation is called a
forced oscillation.
1
Frekuensi asli ialah tanpa sebarang
UNIT
Frekuensi asli daya luar yang bertindak ke atasnya.
Natural frequency Natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of
an external force.
Eksperimen yang
menunjukkan
fenomena F
A
resonans B D
Experiment to show
a phenomenon of E
resonance C
Beban
Load
• Bandul yang lain akan berayun dengan amplitud yang sangat kecil .
The other pendulums oscillate with very small amplitudes .
• Bandul D menerima tenaga yang lebih besar daripada bandul B, berbanding setiap bandul
yang lain. Maka, resonans berlaku.
Pendulum D receives a bigger amount of energy from pendulum B compared to each of the other
pendulums. Hence, resonance occurs.
Gelombang tuju
Gelombang tuju
Incident wave
Incident wave
λ
λ λ
Pemantul cekung
Concave reflector
Pemantul satah
r
Plane reflector
i Gelombang
Gelombang tuju terpantul
Incident wave Reflected wave
Pemantul satah λ λ λ
Plane reflector Gelombang terpantul Gelombang terpantul
Normal Reflected wave Reflected wave
Normal
i = sudut tuju
(sudut di antara gelombang tuju dan normal) Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
angle of incidence • Sudut i = sudut r / Angle of i = Angle of r
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
incident wave and the normal) • Panjang gelombang , frekuensi dan halaju
r = sudut pantulan
tidak berubah selepas pantulan.
(sudut di antara gelombang pantulan dan normal)
angle of reflection Wavelength , frequency and speed do not change after
(the angle between the direction of propagation of the
reflection.
reflected wave and the normal)
• Arah perambatan gelombang berubah apabila ia
Gelombang tuju
Incident wave dipantulkan.
Gelombang terpantul Direction of propagation of wave changes when it is reflected.
Reflected wave
• i = r
• Gelombang tuju, gelombang terpantul dan garis normal terletak pada satah yang sama pada sudut tegak dengan
permukaan pantulan pada titik tuju.
The incident wave, reflected wave and normal lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface
Tujuan Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut pantulan.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
experiment
1
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
UNIT
Sudut tuju / Angle of incidence
Pemboleh ubah
eksperimen Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Variables in the Sudut pantul / Angle of reflection
experiment
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Fixed variable:
Kedudukan cermin satah, frekuensi / Position of the plane mirror, frequency
Senarai bahan
dan radas Kotak sinar, cermin satah, plastisin, proraktor dan kertas putih
List of materials Ray box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
and apparatus
Protraktor/Protractor
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the i
O
Kertas putih/White paper
apparatus
r
Kotak sinar N
Ray box
Plastisin/Plasticine
1. Garis normal, ON dilukis pada kertas putih. / A normal line, ON is drawn on the white paper.
2. Dengan menggunakan protaktor, satu sinar cahaya dari kotak sinar ditujukan ke cermin satah
pada sudut tuju, i = 10°.
By using the protractor, a ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror at angle of incidence,
i = 10°.
Prosedur
Procedure 3. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut pantulan, r diukur.
By using the protractor, the angle of reflection ray, r is measured.
Steps 2 and 3 are repeated for other angles of incidence, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
r/º
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
0 i/º
Refraction is the change in direction of the wave when its speed The wave has the same frequency but
changes as it moves from one medium to another, which has different speed wavelength
different , and
optical densities or different depths . direction of propagation.
Apabila gelombang merambat dari satu medium merentasi sempadan ke medium lain yang berbeza halaju,
gelombang yang terbias akan merambat dalam arah yang berbeza daripada gelombang tuju.
When a wave travelling in one medium crosses the boundary into another medium where its velocity is different , the refracted
wave will move in a different direction from that of the incident wave.
Ciri-ciri gelombang
Characteristics of waves
Keadaan Kawasan dalam Kawasan cetek
Situation In deep water In shallow water
Halaju
Speed lebih laju / faster lebih perlahan / slower
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength lebih panjang / longer lebih pendek / shorter
Frekuensi
Frequency tidak berubah / unchanged tidak berubah / unchanged
F
F
1
kurang Apabila sinar tuju merambat dari medium yang
Apabila sinar tuju merambat dari medium
UNIT
lebih tumpat ke medium yang kurang
tumpat ke medium yang lebih tumpat ,
tumpat , ia akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis
ia akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal.
normal.
When the light ray travels from an optically less dense
When the light travels from an optically denser
medium to an optically denser medium, it
medium to an optically less dense medium, it
bends towards the normal. bends away from the normal.
Kesan pembiasan
Effects of refraction
Udara panas
Tanjung / Cape Warm air
Laut Pantai
Sea Beach
• Apabila gelombang air merambat dari tengah laut ke pantai, gelombang • Pada waktu malam, lapisan udara di
mengikut bentuk pantai bawah lebih sejuk daripada lapisan udara
air .
di atas.
When water waves propagate from the sea to the beach, the water waves follow the
At night, the air layer near the ground is cooler
shape of the beach. than the layer above.
• Ini disebabkan gelombang air merambat dari kawasan air • Gelombang bunyi merambat
dalam ke kawasan air cetek . lebih laju dalam udara panas
This is so because the water waves propagate from deep water to daripada udara sejuk disebabkan lapisan
shallow water. udara panas kurang tumpat
Halaju panjang gelombang daripada udara sejuk.
• dan berkurang
Sound waves travel faster in
apabila gelombang air menghampiri pantai dan gelombang air dibiaskan
warm air than in cold air because warm air is
mendekati garis normal. less dense than cold air.
The speed and wavelength decrease as the waves approach the
• Gelombang bunyi dibiaskan
beach and hence the water wave is refracted towards the normal.
• Air di teluk lebih tenang berbanding air di tanjung. mendekati bumi pada waktu malam.
The water in the bay is more calm compared to the water at the cape. Hence, sound waves are refracted
towards the earth at night.
• Ini disebabkan kedalaman air berkurang secara perlahan merentasi • Pada hari panas, permukaan bumi yang
tenaga disebarkan panas menyebabkan lapisan udara yang
kawasan teluk dan gelombang air
berdekatan permukaannya menjadi
ke kawasan yang luas berbanding kawasan berdekatan dengan tanjung.
panas.
This is because the depth of water decreases gradually across the area of the bay
On a hot day, the hot surface of the earth heats
and the energy of the water wave spreads to a wider area the layer of air near the surface.
compared to the region near the cape. • Ini menyebabkan gelombang bunyi
• Amplitud gelombang air di teluk adalah kecil dibiaskan menjauhi permukaan
dan oleh itu air di kawasan teluk lebih tenang. bumi pada hari panas.
The amplitude of the water wave at the bay is low and hence This causes sound waves to be
the water at the bay is calm. refracted away from the earth during
hot day.
UNIT
1
Tujuan
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut biasan
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Blok kaca, kotak sinar, kertas putih, protraktor, bekalan kuasa
List of materials Glass block, ray box, white paper, protractor, power supply
and apparatus
Kotak sinar
Ray box
N
i
A O B
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the r
apparatus
D C
P
1. Blok kaca diletakkan di atas sehelai kertas putih. Bentuk bongkah kaca dilakarkan di atas kertas
putih dan dilabelkan ABCD. Bongkah kaca dialihkan.
The glass block is placed on a piece of white paper. The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the
white paper and labelled as ABCD. The glass block is removed.
2. Garis normal ON dilukis. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut tuju diukur, i = 10°.
Bongkah kaca diletakkan semula di atas lakaran itu. Alur cahaya dari kotak sinar di tujukan pada
sudut i itu. Alur yang terbias dari CD dilukis sebagai PQ. Blok kaca dialihkan semula. Satu garisan
Prosedur OP dilukis.
Procedure The normal ON is drawn. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence is measured, i = 10°.
The glass block is placed again on its outline on the paper. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along the
incidence line. The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. The glass block is removed again. The
points O and P are joined by a line and is drawn as line OP.
1
3. Sudut biasan, r diukur. / The angle of refraction, r, ray is measured.
UNIT
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sudut tuju, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
The experiment is repeated for angles of incidence i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
Menjadualkan Sudut tuju / angle of incidence, i / ° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°
data
Tabulation of data Sudut biasan / angle of refraction, r / °
Sudut biasan
Angle of refraction
r/°
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Sudut tuju
Angle of incidence
0 i/°
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of water waves
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, protraktor, pantulan satah, plat
dan radas perspek, pembaris-15cm, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, protractor, plane reflector, perspex plate, 15cm-
and apparatus ruler, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor Air
Water Plat perspeks
Perspex plate
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
Panjang gelombang
wavelength
λ / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Kedalaman air
Depth of water
0 d / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang satah air bergerak dari kawasan P ke kawasan Q yang mempunyai kedalaman
berbeza.
The diagram shows a plane water wave moving from one area P to another area Q of different depths.
P Q
1
12 cm 12 cm
UNIT
Halaju gelombang air di kawasan P ialah 18 cm s–1. Berapakah halaju gelombang air di kawasan Q?
The speed of the water wave in area P is 18 cm s–1. What is the speed of the water wave in area Q?
Penyelesaian
Solution
P Q
4λ = 12 cm 8λ = 12 cm
Kedalaman P:
Deep region P:
4λp= 12 cm vp = f λp
12 18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
λp = cm
4
\ f = 6 Hz
λp = 3 cm
spreading
UNIT
Rajah: Belauan gelombang cahaya. Cahaya mempunyai panjang gelombang yang pendek .
Belauan gelombang cahaya terjadi hanya pada celahan yang mempunyai lebar 10 m atau kurang. –4
Diagram: Diffraction of light wave: Light has a very short wavelength. Diffraction of light waves occurs only for a
slit with a width of 10–4 m or less.
Dua rajah di bawah merunjukkan gambar foto belauan gelombang cahaya. Perhatikan bahawa lebar pinggir-pinggir
cerah dan gelap itu tidak malar. / The two diagrams below show the photographs of diffraction of light waves. Notice that the bright
and dark fringes are not constant in width.
Gambar foto (i) Gambar foto (ii)
Rajah / Diagram:
• Gelombang bunyi mempunyai gelombang yang panjang .
long Dinding
Sound wave has a wavelength. Wall
• Belauan gelombang bunyi menyebabkan bunyi masih boleh didengar
Pendengar
di penjuru dinding bangunan. Radio
Listener
Diffraction of sound waves enables sound to ‘go around a corner’. Radio
1 UNIT
Inferens Sudut bengkokan gelombang air bergantung kepada saiz celah
Inference The angle of bending of the waves depends on the size of the gap
Hipotesis Sudut bengkokan gelombang air meningkat apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The angle of bending of the waves increases as the size of gap decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the waves and the size of gap
experiment
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, bar kayu, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, dua batang bar besi, pembaris
dan radas meter, protraktor dan stroboskop mekanikal
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, two pieces metal bar, metre rule, protractor and
and apparatus mechanical stroboscope
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor
Air
Water Bar logam
Metal bar
Celahan
Aperture slit
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Stroboskop
apparatus mekanikal
Mechanical
stroboscope
Bar getaran
Vibrating bar
3. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan lebar celah,a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm dan 2.5 cm.
The experiment is repeated for width of slit, a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
UNIT
Menjadualkan Saiz celah / Size of gap, a / cm 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
1
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Saiz celah
Size of gap
0 a / cm
Hipotesis Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah bertambah apabila saiz celah berkurang
Hypothesis The width of the middle bright fringe increases as the size of the slit decreases
Tujuan
Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright fringe and the size of the slit
experiment
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya monokromatik, slaid celah tunggal, pembaris meter
List of materials Monochromatic light source, single slit slide, metre rule
and apparatus
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus
x
1 UNIT
Skrin Pinggir tengah cerah
Screen Middle bright fringe
1. Lebar celah direkodkan, a = 0.2 mm. Cahaya dari sumber ditujukan ke arah celahan.
The width of the slit is recorded, a = 0.2 mm. The light beam from the source is directed towards the slit.
Prosedur 2. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, lebar pinggir cahaya di tengah, x, diukur.
Procedure By using a metre rule, measure the width of the middle bright fringe, x.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan lebar celah, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm dan 1.0 mm.
The experiment is repeated for widths of slit, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm.
Menjadualkan Lebar celah / Width of slit, a / mm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
data Lebar pinggir cerah tengah
Tabulate the data Width of middle bright fringe, x / cm
Menganalisis
data
Analysis the data
Lebar celah
Width of slit
0 a / mm
Latihan / Exercise
2 Rajah menunjukkan corak yang dihasilkan di atas skrin apabila cahaya monokromatik melalui celahan.
The diagram shows the pattern formed on a screen when a monochromatic light is passed through a slit.
G C C C G
Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah terhasil apabila saiz celah dikurangkan?
Which of the following diagrams occurs when the size of the slit is decreased?
A
3 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan corak belauan cahaya bagi gelombang cahaya apabila
cahaya monokromatik melalui lubang pin yang halus?
Which of the following diagrams shows the patterns of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic light passes through
a small pin hole?
A
INTERFERENS / INTERFERENCE
• Interferens ialah kesan daripada superposisi dua gelombang dari dua sumber koheren
Interference is produced by the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources.
• Dua gelombang adalah koheren jika gelombang itu mempunyai frekuensi yang sama, panjang gelombang
yang sama dan dalam fasa (fasa yang sama) .
Two waves are coherent if they have the same frequency , the same wavelength and are in
phase (same phase) .
• Interferens terhasil apabila dua gelombang bertemu semasa merambat dalam medium yang sama.
1
Interference occurs when two waves meet at a point during propagation along the same medium.
UNIT
• Apabila dua gelombang bertindih, interferens akan terhasil sama ada interferens membina atau
interferens memusnah
When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur. It will either be constructive interference or destructive
interference.
The Principle of superposition states that when two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
Amplitud maksimum
Maximum amplitude Amplitud sifar
Zero amplitude
Rajah: / Diagram: ax
Formula Interferens Young:
λ=
Garis antinod Garis nod Young’s Interference Formula: D
(Interferens membina) (Interferens memusnah)
Antinodal line Nodal line
(Constructive interference) (Destructive interference)
x
Garis antinod
Puncak
Antinodal line
Crest
D
UNIT
Lembangan
Trough
1
S1 S2 Puncak
Sumber gelombang Crest
S1 S2
Waves sources Lembangan a
Trough
gelombang amplitud sifar / zero amplitude waves
gelombang puncak maksimum / maximum crest waves
gelombang lembangan maksimum / maximum trough waves
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Antinod Titik di mana interferens membina terbentuk
Antinode A point where constructive interference occurs
Nod Titik di mana interferens memusnah terbentuk
Node A point where destructive interference occurs
Jarak antara dua sumber koheren
a
Distance between two coherent sources
Panjang gelombang
λ
Wavelength
Jarak antara dua garis nod (atau garis antinod) yang berturutan
x
Distance between two consecutive nodal lines (or antinodal lines)
Jarak berserenjang dari dua sumber ke titik untuk pengukuran x
D
Perpendicular distance from the two sources to the point of measurement of x
Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara dua sumber koheren.
Inferens
Inference The distance between two consecutive nodal lines depends on the distance between two coherent sources.
Jarak antara dua garis nod berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara dua sumber koheren
berkurang.
Hipotesis
Hypothesis The distance between two consecutive nodal lines increases as the distance between two coherent sources
decreases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a,' dan 'jarak antara dua garis
Tujuan nod yang berturutan, x'.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the 'distance, a, between two coherent sources' and the 'distance, x,
experiment
between two consecutive nodal lines'.
Senarai bahan Tangki riak, lampu, motor, kayu bar, bekalan kuasa, kertas putih, pencelup sfera, pembaris meter dan
dan radas stroboskop mekanik
List of materials Ripple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, spherical dippers, metre rule and mechanical
and apparatus stroboscope
1 UNIT
Lampu
Lamp
Motor
Motor Air
Water Pencelup
Dipper Tangki riak
Ripple tank
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua pencelup diukur, a = 2.0 cm.
By using a metre rule, the distance between two dippers, a, is set = 2.0 cm.
2. Bekalan kuasa dihidupkan untuk menghasilkan dua gelombang membulat dari pencelup. Gelombang
dibekukan dengan menggunakan stroboskop mekanikal. Gelombang dilakarkan pada skrin.
The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers. The waves are frozen by a
mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
Prosedur
Procedure 3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x, diukur.
By using a metre rule, the distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x, is measured.
4. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara dua pencelup, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm
dan 10.0 cm.
The experiment is repeated with different values of the distance between two dippers, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm,
8.0 cm and 10.0 cm.
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Jarak antara dua pencelup
Distance between the two dippers
0 a / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Dalam satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji corak interferens gelombang air, jarak antara dua pencelup sfera ialah
2.5 cm dan jarak antara dua garis antinod berturutan pada titik pengukuran ialah 5.0 cm. Berapakah panjang
gelombang bagi air jika jarak dari dua pencelup ke titik pengukuran itu ialah 10.0 cm?
In an experiment to investigate the interference pattern of water waves, the distance between two spherical dippers is 2.5 cm
and at the point of measurement, the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines is 5.0 cm. What is the wavelength of the
water waves if the distance from the two dippers to the point of measurement is 10.0 cm?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
ax
λ =
UNIT
D
2.5 cm × 5.0 cm
=
1
10.0 cm
= 1.25 cm
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bergantung kepada panjang gelombang
Inferens gelombang cahaya
Inference
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes depends on the wavelength of the light waves.
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bertambah apabila panjang gelombang
Hipotesis gelombang cahaya bertambah
Hypothesis
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes increases as the wavelength of the light waves increases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang cahaya dan jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang
Tujuan
eksperimen berturutan
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of light waves and the distance between two
experiment
consecutive bright fringes.
Senarai bahan
dan radas Sumber cahaya LASER, skrin, dwicelah, pembaris meter dan pembaris-15 cm
List of apparatus LASER light source, colour source, screen, double slit, metre ruler and 15-cm ruler
and materials
Skrin
Screen
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the Sumber cahaya LASER Kawasan
apparatus LASER light source interferens
Interference area
Corak pinggir interferens
Slit dua celah 3.0 m Interference fringe pattern
Double slit
1
The interference pattern formed on the screen is observed and drawn.
UNIT
3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris-15cm, jarak merentasi 6 pinggir cerah yang berturutan, L diukur.
By using a 15cm-ruler, the distance across 6 consecutive bright fringes, L is measured.
Prosedur L cm
Procedure Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan dikira, x =
4. 5
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x =
L cm is calculated.
5
5. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sumber LASER yang berbeza supaya panjang gelombang =
λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
The experiment is repeated with different LASER light sources so that the wavelength = λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
Menjadualkan λ/m
data
Tabulation of data x/m
x
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
0 λ
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan corak pinggir yang terbentuk dalam eksperimen dwicelah apabila cahaya monokromatik
digunakan. Jarak antara celah ialah 0.5 mm dan skrin adalah sejauh 3.0 m dari dwicelah itu.
The diagram shows the fringe pattern obtained in a double slit experiment when a monochromatic light is used. The double slits are
0.5 mm apart and the screen is 3.0 m away from the double slits.
1.4 cm
Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya monokromatik itu?
What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?
Penyelesaian Diberi / Given: ax
Solution λ =
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m D
D = 3.0 m (0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)
=
1.4 cm 3.0 m
x =
5 = 4.67 × 10 m
–7
= 0.28 cm
= 0.28 × 10–2 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens cahaya yang menggunakan cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang
5 × 10–7 m, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk pada skrin ialah 0.4 mm. Apabila eksperimen
diulangi dengan menggunakan cahaya monokromatik, L, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk ialah
0.48 mm. Berapakah panjang gelombang cahaya L?
In an experiment of light interference using green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7 m, two consecutive bright fringes formed on the
screen are 0.4 mm apart. When the experiment is repeated using monochromatic light, L, two consecutive bright fringes formed
are 0.48 mm apart. What is the wavelength of light L?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi λHijau = 5 × 10–7 m, Given λGreen = 5 × 10–7 m,
xHijau = 4 × 10 m, xL = 4.8 × 10 m
–4 –4
xGreen = 4 × 10–4 m, xL = 4.8 × 10–4 m
ax a
Dengan menggunakan λ = , Using λ = ,
D D
a a
UNIT
λHijau = ( )(xHijau ) ("a" dan D adalah malar di sini), λGreen = ( )(xGreen ) (here, "a" and D are constants),
D D
a λHijau a λGreen
1
\( )= (i) \( )= (i)
D xHijau D xGreen
a a
Tetapi λL = ( )(xL) But λL = ( )(xL)
D D
a λ a λ
\( )= L (ii) \( )= L (ii)
D xL D xL
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii); Equation (i) = Equation (ii);
λHijau λL λ λ
\ = \ Green = L
xHijau xL xGreen xL
λHijau λGreen
\ λL = ( )(xL) \ λL = ( )(x )
xHijau xGreen L
(5 × 10–7 m) (5 × 10–7 m)
= × (4.8 × 10–4 m) = × (4.8 × 10–4 m)
(4 × 10 m)–4
(4 × 10–4 m)
= 6.0 × 10–7 m = 6.0 × 10–7 m
3 Dalam eksperimen interferens dwicelah dengan cahaya biru, jarak antara skrin dan dwicelah ialah
1.2 m dan pisahan antara celah ialah 2 × 10–4 m. Pinggir-pinggir cerah dan gelap terbentuk pada skrin. Kira
nilai x. (Diberi: panjang gelombang cahaya biru = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
In a double-slit interference experiment with blue light the distance between the screen and double slits is 1.2 m and slit separation
is 2 × 10–4 m. Bright and dark fringes are seen on the screen. Calculate x. (Given: the wavelength of blue light = 4.0 × 10–7 m).
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given D = 1.2 m, a = 2 × 10–4 m, λ = 4.0 × 10–7 m
ax
λ = x
D
λD (4.0 × 10–7 m)(1.2 m)
\ x = =
a 2 × 10–4 m
= 2.4 × 10–3 m
Eksperimen / Experiment Interferens gelombang bunyi / Interference of sound waves
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara pendengar
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara pendengar
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara pendengar dari dua pembesar suara' dengan 'jarak
Tujuan
antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan'.
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the 'distance between the listener and the two loudspeakers', and the 'distance
experiment
between two successive loud regions'.
1
Variables in the
UNIT
experiment the distance between two successive loud regions, x
Senarai bahan
Dua pembesar suara, penjana frekuensi-audio, dawai penyambung dan pembaris meter, padang
dan radas
atau gelanggang terbuka.
List of materials
Two loudspeakers, audio-frequency generator, connection wires and metre ruler, open court or field.
and apparatus
Penjana berfrekuensi audio
Audio-frequency generator Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Pembesar suara
Loudspeaker
Susunan radas
Arrangement of the
apparatus
Pendengar
D
Listener
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara pendengar dan pembesar suara,
D = 2.0 m, diukur.
Penjana berfrekuensi audio dihidupkan. Eksperimen ini dijalankan di gelanggang terbuka supaya
tiada gema.
By using a metre rule, the distance between the listener and the loudspeaker, D = 2.0 m, is measured.
The audio-frequency generator is switched on. This experiment is conducted in an open court so that there is no echo.
2. Pendengar berjalan selari dengan sisi depan meja dan jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi
Prosedur kuat berturutan, x diukur.
Procedure
The listener walks in a straight path parallel to the front edge of the table and the distance between
3. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara pendengar dengan pembesar suara,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m dan 10.0 m.
The experiment is repeated with distances between the listener and the loudspeakers,
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
D
0
UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
1
1 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang bunyi, pendengar berada pada jarak 5.0 m dari dua pembesar
suara. Jarak antara dua pembesar suara ialah 2.0 m. Pembesar suara disambungkan kepada penjana
berfrekuensi audio untuk menghasilkan gelombang bunyi pada frekuensi 0.8 kHz.
In an experiment on the interference of sound waves, a listener is at a distance of 5.0 m from the two loudspeakers. The distance
between the two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to an audio-frequency generator to produce sound
waves at a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Hitungkan / Calculate
(a) panjang gelombang bunyi jika halaju bunyi ialah 320 m s–1
the wavelength of the sound waves if the speed of sound is 320 m s–1
(b) jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan
the distance between two successive loud regions
Penyelesaian
Solution
Diberi / Given D = 5.0 m, a = 2.0 m, f = 0.8 × 103 Hz, v = 320 m s–1
(a) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, v = f λ
320 m s–1 = (0.8 × 103 Hz)(λ)
λ = 0.4 m
ax
(b) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, λ =
D
(2.0 m)(x)
0.4 m =
5.0 m
\ x = 1.0 m
2 Dalam eksperimen interferens gelombang, dua pembesar suara diletakkan pada jarak 1.5 m antara satu sama
lain. Jarak antara dua bunyi lemah yang berturutan ialah 6.0 m dan pendengar berada pada jarak 4.5 m dari
pembesar suara. Berapakah panjang gelombang bunyi yang digunakan?
In an experiment on the interference of waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. The distance
between two consecutive soft sounds is 6.0 m and the listener is at a distance of 4.5 m from the loudspeakers. What is the
wavelength of the sound wave used?
Penyelesaian
Solution
1
x is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources, a
UNIT
1
xα a
•
a
0
λ
0
D
0
• Kelawar bergerak waktu malam dengan • Gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang membujur .
longitudinal
mengeluarkan gelombang bunyi yang tinggi Sound waves are waves.
kelangsingannya • Gelombang bunyi diklasifikasikan sebagai gelombang
dalam julat ultrasonik.
mekanikal .
Bats can navigate in darkness by emitting high-pitch
Sound waves are classified as mechanical waves.
sound waves in ultrasonic range.
medium
UNIT
• Doktor gigi menggunakan alur ultrasonik • Halaju gelombang bunyi,v, dalam medium boleh
untuk menggerudi dan membersihkan gigi. ditentukan menggunakan rumus v = f λ.
Dentists use ultrasonic beams to vibrate and The speed of sound, v, in a medium can be determined using the
shake off dirt and plaque from the teeth of patients. formula v = f λ.
• Haiwan seperti gajah dan badak sumbu • Halaju gelombang bunyi tidak dipengaruhi oleh
tekanan . Jika tekanan atmosfera berubah,
berkomunikasi menggunakan infrasonik .
Animals like elephants and rhinoceroses communicate using
halaju gelombang bunyi dalam udara sentiasa
infrasound tetap .
.
• Jika bunyi gema diukur dengan sela masa, t dan The speed of sound is unaffected by pressure . If the
halaju gelombang bunyi ialah v, maka kedalaman, d atmospheric pressure changes, the speed of sound in air remains
boleh dihitung seperti di bawah: constant .
If the echo-sounders measure an interval of time, t, and the
1
• Halaju gelombang bunyi meningkat dengan
speed of sound wave in water is v, then the depth, d can be
UNIT
calculated as follows: suhu .
Jarak yang dilalui oleh isyarat yang dipantulkan = The speed of sound increases with temperature .
Distance travelled by pulse = • Halaju gelombang bunyi di puncak gunung lebih
speed × time bot
2d = v × t rendah daripada halajunya di paras laut
boat
kerana suhunya dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh
tekanan rendah .
d d
The speed of sound at the peak of high-altitude mountains is
Dasar Laut lower than its speed at the sea level because of
Sea Bed
temperature and not due to the lower pressure .
Penghasilan Bunyi
Production of Sound
Kenyaringan Kelangsingan
Loudness Pitch
Amplitud Frekuensi
Amplitude Frequency
Kenyaringan bunyi bergantung kepada amplitud nya. Kelangsingan bunyi bergantung kepada frekuensi nya.
The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude . The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency .
Latihan / Exercise
1 Isyarat sonar telah dihantar secara menegak ke dasar laut dari sebuah kapal dan dipantulkan dari dasar laut
dan dikesan oleh mikrofon 0.8 s selepas dipancarkan. Jika halaju bunyi dalam air ialah 1 500 m s–1, berapakah
kedalaman dasar laut itu?
A sonar signal sent vertically downwards from a ship is reflected from the ocean floor and detected by a microphone on the keel
0.8 s after transmission. If the speed of sound in water is 1 500 m s–1, what is the depth of the ocean?
Penyelesaian
Solution
2d = v × t
2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s)
UNIT
= 600 m
2 Seorang lelaki berdiri di hadapan sebuah dinding satah yang besar pada jarak 50 m. Dia menepuk tangan dan
sela masa antara 20 tepukan dan gemanya ialah 12.0 s. Berapakah halaju bunyi itu?
A man stands in front of a fairly large flat wall at a distance 50 m. He claps his hands and the time intervals between 20 claps
and its echo is 12.0 s. What is the speed of the sound?
Penyelesaian
Solution
2d = v × t
12.0 s
2(50 m) = v ×
20
v = 166.67 m s–1
Medan magnet
Magnetic field
2 Spektrum elektromagnet ialah spektrum yang berterusan , tanpa jurang antaranya dan frekuensi
berterusan dalam julat.
The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum , with no gaps in it and the frequencies continuous in the
range.
Spektrum elektromagnet / The electromagnetic spectrum
Frekuensi
Gelombang panjang radio
Frequency 103
Long-wave radio
Gelombang
Radio wave
106
radio
Gelombang pendek radio
Short-wave radio
100
10 9 Gelombang mikro
Gelombang
Microwaves
Microwaves
1
mikro
Gelombang milimeter
UNIT
Panjang gelombang
Millimeter waves 10–3
Cahaya inframerah
Infrared light
10 12
Wavelength
Sinar inframerah
Frekuensi
Frequency
Infrared light
Visible light
nampak
Hz m
Cahaya
Cahaya nampak 10–6
Visible light
1015 Sinar ultraungu
Ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet
ultraungu
Cahaya
10–9
light
Sinar X
1018 X-rays
Sinar X
X-rays
1021 Sinar gama 10–12
Gamma
Gamma rays
gama
Sinar
rays
Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
Komponen medan magnet dan medan elektrik saling bergetar berserenjang antara satu sama lain dan
dengan arah perambatan gelombang.
The magnetic field and electric field components of the wave oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of
propagation of the wave.
Objek yang sangat panas, i. Membunuh mikrob, mengesan Terlalu tinggi dos UV
matahari, lampu wap wang kertas palsu yang boleh merosakkan
merkuri Kill microbes, detecting forged bank retina menyebabkan
Sinar ultraungu Very hot objects, the sun, notes kanser kulit
mercury vapour lamps ii. Pensterilan untuk memusnahkan
Ultraviolet radiation Large doses of UV which
kuman can damage retina, causes
Sterilisation to destroy germs skin cancer
iii. Penghasilan vitamin D dalam kulit
Production of vitamin D in skin
Latihan/Exercise
P Q R
1
(a) Namakan gelombang yang bertanda P, Q dan R.
UNIT
Name the waves labelled as P, Q and R.
(i) P = Cahaya ultraungu / Ultraviolet light
(ii) Q = Cahaya inframerah / Infrared light
(iii) R = Gelombang mikro / Microwaves
(b) Apakah halaju gelombang elektromagnet dalam vakum?
What is the speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum?
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Untuk mengenal pasti wang kertas di kaunter Sinar ultraungu / Ultraviolet radiation
To identify counterfeit notes
UNIT
2 Keelektrikan
Electricity
2.1 Menganalisis medan elektrik dan pengaliran cas
Analysing electric fields and charge flow
2
2.1 Analysing Electric Fields and Charge Flow
UNIT
Terminologi Penerangan Formula
Terminology Explanation Formula
Cas elektrik, Q Hasil darab bilangan elektron dan cas bagi satu elektron
The product of the number of electrons and the charge of one electron
Q = ne
Electric charge, Q
Kadar cas yang mengalir
The rate of charge flow
Arus elektrik, I Q
Electric current, I Cas elektrik / Electric charge I=
Arus elektrik / Electric current = t
Masa / Time
Cas Charge
Arus = Current = Time
Masa
Cas elektrik, Q / Electric charge, Q Arus elektrik, I / Electric current, I Medan elektrik
• Ditakrifkan sebagai sumber medan kadar Electric field
• Ditakrifkan sebagai
elektrik
pengaliran cas elektrik • Ialah kawasan
Is defined as the source of electric field.
di mana cas elektrik
• Unit SI bagi cas ialah coulomb, C Is defined as the rate of flow of mengalami daya
The SI unit of charge is Coulomb, C electric charge elektrik.
• Formula / Formula: Is a region
• Formula / Formula: Q = It
Q = ne in which an electric
C charge experiences an
• Di mana n ialah bilangan elektron. ampere, A atau
• Unit SI bagi arus ialah s electric force.
Where n is the number of electrons.
ampere, A or C
Cas bagi satu elektron ialah SI unit of current, is s
Bola pingpong yang bersalut dengan cat logam Nyalaan api kelihatan mendatar dan terbahagi
digunakan. Bekalan voltan lampau tinggi dihidupkan. kepada dua bahagian yang bertentangan arah.
Bola pingpong disentuhkan kepada plat negatif dan Bahagian nyalaan ke arah plat negatif lebih besar.
dilepaskan. Bola ping pong berayun antara dua plat. Ini adalah kerana haba daripada nyalaan lilin
Ini kerana apabila bola bersentuhan pada plat negatif,
menghasilkan ion positif dan ion negatif. Ion positif
2
ia menerima cas negatif. Plat yang bercas negatif
yang lebih berat ditarik ke arah plat negatif. Ion
UNIT
menolakkan bola itu. Bola juga ditarik oleh plat positif.
negatif yang sangat ringan ditarik kepada plat
bola ditarik oleh plat positif. Apabila bola menyentuh plat
bercas positif.
positif, cas akan dineutralkan dan menerima cas positif.
The flame is seen to flatten and spreads out in two opposite
Bola ditolak oleh plat yang bercas positif.
directions. The spread of the flame towards the negative plate
A ping-pong ball is coated with a metallic paint. The high voltage
is bigger. This is because the heat of the flame produces
supply is switched on. The ping-pong ball is made to touch the
positive and negative ions. The positive ions which are
negative plate and released. The ping-pong ball oscillates between
heavier are pulled towards the negative plate. The much
the two plates. This is so because when the ball touches the
lighter negative ions are pulled to the positively-charged
negative plate, it receives negative charges. The negatively-
plate.
charged plate repels it. The ball is attracted by the positive plate.
When the ball touches the positive plate, its negative charges are
Latihan / Exercise
1 Bateri sebuah kereta boleh membekalkan arus 2 Arus 2 A mengalir melalui perintang. Apakah
sebanyak 6 A dalam masa 3 jam. Berapakah bilangan elektron yang mengalir melalui perintang
jumlah cas yang disimpan di dalam bateri? dalam masa 5 saat? (cas elektron = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
A car battery can supply a current of 6 A for 3 hours. What A current of 2 A flows through a resistor. What is the
is the amount of charge stored in the battery? number of electrons that have passed through the resistor
Penyelesaian / Solution in 5 seconds? (electron charge = 1.6 × 10–19 C)
Penyelesaian / Solution
Q = It = 6A × (3 × 60 × 60s)
= 64 800 C Q = It, Q = ne
It = ne
n= 2A × 5s = 6.25 × 1019
1.6 × 10–19 C
\ Bilangan elektron / No. of electrons = 6.25 × 1019
3 Cas 600 C mengalir melalui konduktor logam bagi 4 Arus elektrik 3.2 mA mengalir melalui mentol untuk
setiap 5 minit. Berapakah arus elektik di dalam 4 minit. (cas elektron = 1.6 × 10–19 C) Tentukan,
konduktor? An electric current of 3.2 mA flows through a bulb for 4
A charge of 600 C flows through a metal conductor in every minutes. (electron charge, e = 1.6 × 10–19 C) Determine,
5 minutes. Calculate the electric current in the conductor. (a) cas elektrik (b) bilangan elektron
Penyelesaian / Solution the electric charge the number of electrons
Penyelesaian / Solution
I= Q
t (a) Q = It = (3.2 × 10–3 A) × (4 × 60) s
= 600 C = 2 A = 0.768 C
(5 × 60) s (b) 1.6 × 10–19 C 1 elektron
\1C 1 elektron
1.6 × 10–19 C
\ 0.768 C 1 elektron
× 0.768 C
1.6 × 10–19 C
= 4.8 × 1018 elektron
Menganalisis Hubungan di antara Arus Elektrik dan Beza Keupayaan
2.2 Analysing the Relationship between Electric Current and Potential Difference
UNIT
1 Apabila bateri disambungkan ke mentol dalam litar, ia menghasilkan medan elektrik di sepanjang wayar.
When a battery is connected to a bulb in a circuit, it creates an electric field along the wire.
2 Terminal positif P berada pada keupayaan elektrik yang tinggi dan terminal negatif Q berada pada
keupayaan elektrik yang rendah .
The positive terminal P is at a higher electric potential and the negative terminal Q is at a lower
electric potential.
3 Apabila suis dihidupkan, beza keupayaan antara dua terminal menyebabkan cas mengalir merentasi
mentol dan menyalakan mentol.
When the switch is on, the potential difference between the two terminals causes the charges to flow across the bulb in the
circuit and light up the bulb.
4 Kerja dilakukan apabila tenaga elektrik yang dibawa oleh cas ditukarkan kepada tenaga
haba dan tenaga cahaya selepas merentasi mentol.
Work is done when electrical energy carried by the charges is dissipated as heat and
light energy when crossing the bulb.
5 Konduktor yang berbeza mempunyai rintangan yang berbeza bagi arus mengalir.
Different conductors have different resistances to current flow.
2
Work done • Pemalar adalah rintangan, R .
The potential difference, V =
UNIT
Charge resistance, R
The constant is known as .
or
V
Energy produced E = R ; V = IR
V= = I
Charge Q • Rintangan bagi konduktor ditakrifkan sebagai nisbah
• Unit SI untuk voltan ialah volt (V) . beza keupayaan merentasi konduktor bagi arus yang
SI unit of voltage is volt (V) . mengalir melaluinya.
• 1 volt ialah beza keupayaan antara dua titik The resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential
jika 1 joule tenaga dilakukan untuk difference across the conductor to the current flowing through it.
menggerakkan 1 C cas antara dua titik. • Unit bagi rintangan ialah volt per ampere (V A–1) atau ohm (Ω) .
1 volt is the potential difference between two points The unit for resistance is volt per ampere (V A–1) or ohm (Ω) .
if 1 J of energy is used to move
1 C of charge between the two points.
Dipengaruhi oleh / Affected by
Panjang / Length (ℓ) Luas keratan rentas Jenis logam / Type of metal
R α l, pada suhu malar Cross-sectional area (A)
at constant temperature 1
Rα , pada suhu malar Superkonduktor / Superconductors
A
at constant temperature 1 Ialah bahan di mana rintangannya menjadi sifar
R/Ω apabila suhu menurun kepada satu nilai tertentu
R/Ω suhu peralihan genting, Tc .
yang dikenali
It is the material whose resistance becomes zero when its
temperature drops to a certain value called critical
l / cm
0 1 transition temperature, Tc .
/ m–2
0 A 2 Apabila suhu merkuri mencapai 4.2 K,
rintangan akan menurun menjadi sifar
Suhu / Temperature (T) When temperature of mercury reaches 4.2 K, its
1 Rintangan pada logam bertambah dengan suhu. resistance zero
suddenly drops to .
The resistance of a metal increases with temperature.
2 Rintangan bahan semikonduktor berkurang dengan suhu. Rintangan superkonduktor
R Resistance of superconductor
The resistance of a semiconductor decreases with temperature.
R Logam / Metal R Semikonduktor
Semiconductor
0 T/K
0 T/K 0 T/K Tc
Latihan / Exercise
1 Arus elektrik diukur menggunakan ammeter dan ia mesti disambungkan secara bersiri
dengan komponen.
Electric current is measured by an ammeter and it must be connected in series with the component.
atau / or
2 Beza keupayaan diukur menggunakan voltmeter dan ia mesti disambungkan secara selari
dengan komponen.
Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter and it must be connected in parallel with the component.
atau / or
3 Arus 8.0 A yang mengalir melalui pemanas elektrik selama 50 minit menukar 5.76 × 106 J tenaga elektrik
kepada tenaga haba. Hitung
A current of 8.0 A flowing through an electric heater for 50 minutes converts 5.76 × 106 J of electrical energy into heat energy.
Calculate
UNIT
(a) jumlah cas yang mengalir melalui pemanas. / the total charge circulated through the heater.
(b) beza keupayaan yang merentasi pemanas. / the potential difference across the heater.
2
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a)
Cas / Charge, Q = It (b) Beza keupayaan, V = E
Potential difference, Q
= 8.0 A × (50 × 60 s)
= 8.0 C s-1 × 3 000 s 5.76 × 106 J
=
= 24 000 C 24 000 C
= 240 V
4 Dalam suatu litar tertutup, 6 V bateri digunakan untuk menggerakkan 40 C cas elektrik melalui mentol.
Berapakah kerja yang dilakukan untuk menggerakkan cas melalui mentol?
In a closed circuit, a 6 V battery is used to drive 40 C of electric charge through a light bulb. How much work is done to drive
the charges through the bulb?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given V = 6 V, Q = 40 C
Kerja dilakukan / Work done, E = VQ
= 6 V × 40 C
J
=6 × 40 C
C
= 240 J
A Konduktor / Conductor, P
V
Bacaan pada ammeter ialah 5.0 A dan bacaan pada voltmeter ialah 12 V. Berapakah rintangan konduktor P?
The reading of the ammeter is 5.0 A and the reading of the voltmeter is 12 V. What is the resistance of conductor P?
Penyelesaian / Solution
V = IR
R = V = 12 V = 2.4 Ω
I 5.0 A
2
Mentol lampu suluh Termistor
UNIT
Konduktor Torch light bulb Thermistor
bukan Ohm I I
Non-ohmic
conductors
V V
0 0
Eksperimen Untuk menentukan beza keupayaan dan rintangan bagi konduktor logam
Experiment To determince the potential difference and resistance of a metal conductor
Beza keupayaan yang merentasi konduktor Rintangan pada konduktor logam bergantung
logam bergantung kepada arus yang mengalir kepada panjang wayar.
Inferens melalui konduktor logam. The resistance of metal conductor depends on the length
Inference The potential difference across a metal conductor of the wire.
depends on the current flowing through the metal
conductor.
Beza keupayaan yang merentasi konduktor Rintangan pada konduktor logam meningkat
logam meningkat apabila arus yang mengalir apabila panjang dawai meningkat.
Hipotesis melalui konduktor logam meningkat. The resistance of metal conductor increases as the length
UNIT
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara beza Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara rintangan dan
keupayaan, V, dan arus,I, dalam konduktor panjang konduktor logam.
Tujuan
logam. To investigate the relationship between the
eksperimen
Aim of the To investigate the relationship between the resistance and the length of a metal conductor.
experiment
potential difference, V, and current, I, in a metal
conductor.
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Beza Manipulated variable: Length of the metal conductor
Pemboleh ubah keupayaan Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Rintangan
eksperimen Responding variable: Resistance
Variables in the Responding variable: Potential difference
experiment Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu wayar Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu wayar,
Senarai radas Ammeter, voltmeter, reostat, wayar konduktor, Ammeter, voltmeter, wayar konduktor, wayar
dan bahan wayar penyambung, sel kering dan suis. penyambung, sel kering, pembaris dan suis.
List of apparatus Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, conductor wire, connecting Ammeter, voltmeter, conductor wire, connecting wires,
and materials wires, dry cell and switch. dry cell, metre rule and switch.
A A
Reostat Konduktor logam Wayar konduktor
Susunan radas Rheostat Metal conductor Conductor wire
Arrangment of the
apparatus
V V
gives a reading of 0.2 A. The reading of the 3 Bacaan voltmeter dan bacaan ammeter
3 Eksperimen diulangi dengan nilai I yang The readings of the voltmeter, V, and
2
of I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A by
UNIT
adjusting the rheostat. R= V
I
5 Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan
panjang wayar yang berbeza, ℓ = 20.0 cm,
40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm, 100.0 cm
dan 120.0 cm.
The experiment is repeated with different lengths of
the wire, ℓ = 20.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm
100.0 cm and 120.0 cm.
I/A 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 ℓ / cm 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
R/Ω
Menganalisis
data
Analysis of the data
Arus, Panjang,
0 Current, I / A 0 Length, ℓ / cm
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan bateri kereta 12 V disambungkan kepada motor penghidup. Apabila motor penghidup
dihidupkan, didapati arus yang besar mengalir daripada bateri ke motor melalui kabel. Untuk mengurangkan
kehilangan tenaga elektrik dalam bateri, kabel yang pendek digunakan.
The diagram shows a 12 V car battery being connected to a starter motor. When the starter motor is switched on, it is found
that a large amount of current flows from the battery to the motor through a cable. To reduce loss of electrical energy in the
battery, a short cable is used.
12 V bateri kereta
Kabel
12 V car battery
Cable
Motor penghidup
Suis Starter motor
To car ignition switch
(b) Hipotesis: Tenaga hilang dalam dawai konduktor meningkat apabila panjangnya meningkat.
Hypothesis: Energy loss in the conductor wire increases as the length increases.
(c) (i) Tujuan eksperimen: Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara panjang dawai konduktor dan tenaga yang hilang
dalam dawai konduktor.
Aim of experiment: To investigate the relationship between the length of a conductor wire and the energy loss in it.
A Wayar konstantan
Constantan wire
2
(v) Prosedur Eksperimen / Experimental procedure
UNIT
1. Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas.
The apparatus is set up as shown above.
2. Wayar sepanjang 20.0 cm disambungkan kepada terminal X dan Y.
Length of wire = 20.0 cm is connected across the terminals X and Y.
3. Bacaan ammeter dan voltmeter dicatatkan. Kuasa yang hilang dikira menggunakan P = IV.
The readings of the ammeter and voltmeter are recorded. The power dissipated is calculated using P = IV.
4. Langkah-langkah berikut diulangi menggunakan wayar constantan yang mempunyai diameter
yang sama tetapi berbeza panjang, ℓ = 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm dan 100.0 cm.
The steps are repeated by using constantan wires of the same diameter but of the different length, ℓ = 40.0 cm,
60.0 cm, 80.0 cm and 100.0 cm.
ℓ / cm
0
arranged in series in one line . 2 Arus yang mengalir melalui ceramic tube. A sliding contact can be
setiap perintang adalah moved to any position along the coil.
2 Arus, I mengalir
2
Latihan / Exercise
(b) 8Ω (d) 8Ω 8Ω
8Ω 8Ω
P 8Ω Q P 4Ω 4Ω Q
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) RPQ = 20 Ω + 10 Ω + 5 Ω (c) 1 1 1 (d) 1 1 1 1
= + = + +
= 35 Ω RYQ 8Ω 8Ω RPQ 16 Ω 8Ω 8Ω
1 2 1
1+2+2
(b) 1 1 1 1 = =
= + + RYQ 8Ω RPQ
16 Ω
2
RPQ 8Ω 8Ω 8Ω
\ RYQ = 4 Ω 1 5
UNIT
1 3 =
= RPQ 16 Ω
RPQ 8Ω \ RPQ = 10 Ω + 20 Ω + RYQ 16 Ω
8Ω \ RPQ =
\ RPQ =
= 10 Ω + 20 Ω + 4 Ω 5
3 = 34 Ω = 3.2 Ω
= 2.67 Ω
=8Ω+4Ω
=8Ω+1Ω I = IXZ
= 12 Ω = 9 Ω = 0.5 A
V
\I= V \ IXZ = XZ Tetapi / But
RXZ RXZ
I2 = I3
20 V 4.5 V
= = (Kerana R2 = R3 )
12 Ω 9Ω
= 1.67 A \ 2 I2 = I
= 0.5 A
2 I2 = 0.5 A
I2 = 0.25 A
\ Bacaan ammeter
= 0.25 A
Ammeter reading
(c) VUZ = IUZ RUZ VUZ Dari bahagian litar yang merentasi XY,
\ IUZ = From the section of the circuit across XY,
1 1 1 RUZ
= + VXY
RXY 6Ω 2Ω 24 V I2 =
= 6Ω
1 4 12 Ω
= 3.0 V
RXY 6Ω =
= 2.0 A 6Ω
6Ω
\ RXY = Dari litar, / From the circuit,
4 = 0.5 A
\ RXY = 1.5 Ω VXY = IXY RXY
\ RUZ = RUX + RXY + RYZ = IUZ (1.5 Ω) \ Bacaan ammeter
= 0.5 A
(Kerana IXY = IUZ ) Ammeter reading
= 8 Ω + 1.5 Ω + 2.5 Ω
= 12 Ω = 2.0 A × 1.5 Ω
= 3.0 V
(a) 24 V (b) 6V
S
S
2
12 Ω
8Ω 4Ω K L 9Ω
X Y
4Ω
Z M
V V
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) Pertama, kirakan nilai bagi I (b) Kira nilai bagi IKM terlebih dahulu.
Firstly, calculate value of I Calculate the value of IKM first.
VXZ = IXZ RXZ 1 = 1 + 1
\ 24 V = (IXZ ) × (12 Ω) RKL 12 Ω 4Ω
I XZ = 24 V 1 4
12 Ω =
RKL 12 Ω
= 2 A
Arus yang melalui setiap 12 Ω
\ RKL =
perintang adalah sama. 4
Oleh itu, beza keupayaan
bagi 8 Ω ialah = 3Ω
The current passing through each \ RKM = 3 Ω + 9 Ω
of the resistors is the same. So
the potential difference of the 8 Ω = 12 Ω
resistor is
VKM = IKM RKM \ VKL= IKL RKL
VXY = IXY RXY
= 2 A × 8 Ω VKM Tetapi / But
\ IKM = IKL = IKM
= 16 V RKM
= 0.5 A
= 6V
12 Ω \ VKL= 0.5 A × 3 Ω
= 0.5 A = 1.5 V
1
Suis
Switch
Mentol Suis
Mentol Bulb Switch
Bulb
2
Ammeter
2 Dry cell
UNIT
A
Suis Mentol
Switch Bulb
Suis Mentol
Switch Bulb
Sel kering –
Dry cell V
+
Sel kering
Suis Dry cells
3
Switch
Voltmeter
Voltmeter A
Mentol Suis
Ammeter Bulb Switch
Mentol Ammeter
Bulb
Diod
Reostat Diode
Rheostat
Mentol Diod
– Diode
Bulb
Mentol
4 Bulb Sel kering
+
Dry cells
A
Sel kering Suis
Ammeter Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Suis
Switch
Sel kering –
Dry cell Suis / Switch
+
Suis geganti
relay switch
5 Suis
Switch
Suis / Switch
Bekalan kuasa a.u
Suis geganti
a.c. Supply
relay switch Penghawa dingin
Air conditioner Bekalan kuasa a.u. Penghawa dingin
a.c supply Air conditioner
5 Bateri menyalakan kesemua lima mentol seperti Mentol manakah jika dialihkan akan menyebabkan
yang ditunjukkan di dalam rajah litar. kesemua mentol lain terpadam?
A battery lights all five bulbs as shown in the circuit Which bulb, if removed, would cause all the other bulbs
diagram. to go out?
Penyelesaian
Solution
A
B
Mentol A. Apabila A dialihkan, litar menjadi tidak
C lengkap.
D Bulb A. When A is removed, there is no circuit which is
closed.
E
2
Perbandingan di antara daya gerak elektrik dan beza keupayaan
UNIT
Comparision between electromotive force and potential difference
D.g.e. (Daya gerak elektrik) Beza keupayaan
E.m.f. (Electromotive force) Potential difference
Sel kering
Dry cell Arus mengalir
Tiada arus mengalir Current flowing
No current flow
V<E
• Dalam litar terbuka , tiada arus yang • Dalam litar tertutup , terdapat arus yang
mengalir. Beza keupayaan yang merentasi sel mengalir. Beza keupayaan yang melalui sel
ialah nilai daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e). lebih kecil
adalah daripada daya gerak elektrik
In the open circuit, there is no current
(d.g.e) sel.
flow. The potential difference, V, across the cell is equal
In a closed circuit, there is a current
to the electromotive force (e.m.f.).
• Bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.5 V. flows. The potential difference, V, across the cell is
The voltmeter reading is 1.5 V. smaller than the e.m.f. of the cell.
• Daya gerak elektrik adalah sama dengan
• Susutan dalam beza keupayaan merentasi
bacaan voltmeter yang disambungkan terus melalui
terminal sel dalam litar terbuka. sel ini disebabkan oleh rintangan dalam sel.
The e.m.f. is equal to the reading of the voltmeter drop
This in potential difference across the cell is
which is connected directly across the terminal of the cell in an
caused by the internal resistance of the cell.
open circuit.
1.5 V • Jika bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.2 V, beza keupayaan yang
• Daya gerak elektrik (d.g.e.) =
merentasi lampu ialah 1.2 V.
Electromotive force (e.m.f.) = 1.5 V If the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V, the potential difference across the
lamp = 1.2 V.
• V<E
Ia menyebabkan / It causes
Beza Beza
• "Kehilangan" tenaga haba dalam sel. keupayaan keupayaan
"Loss" of heat energy in the cell. merentasi sel Beza merentasi
UNIT
E = V + Ir atau / or E = IR + Ir
I/A
0
Graf menunjukkan garis lurus . Garis lurus boleh dijelaskan oleh persamaan:
The graph shows a straight line . The straight line can be represented by the equation:
V = –r I + E
Jika garis lurus diekstrapolasikan sehingga ia menemui paksi tegak, V, nilai I = 0 dan V=E diperoleh. Ini
menunjukkan apabila tiada cas yang mengalir, beza keupayaan yang melalui sel ialah daya gerak elektrik .
If the straight line is extrapolated until it meets the vertical axis V, the values of I = 0 and V=E are obtained. This shows that
when no charges flow, the potential difference across the cell is the electromotive force (E) .
Apabila arus, I meningkat, pengurangan tenaga semakin bertambah dan menyebabkan beza
Tujuan Untuk menentukan daya gerak elektrik dan rintangan dalam sel.
Aim To determine the electromotive force and the internal resistance of a cell.
Pemboleh ubah Arus yang mengalir melalui sel, I / Current flowing through the cell, I
eksperimen
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:
Variables in the
experiment Beza keupayaan merentasi sel, V / Potential difference across the cell, V
2
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Fixed variable: Suhu wayar / Temperature of wire
UNIT
Senarai bahan
Sel kering, suis, voltmeter, ammeter, reostat dan wayar penyambung
dan radas
List of materials Dry cell, switch, voltmeter, ammeter, rheostat and connecting wires
and apparatus
2. Suis ditutup dan bacaan ammeter, I = 0.2 A dan voltmeter, V dicatatkan dengan
melaraskan reostat.
Prosedur The switch is closed and the reading of the ammeter, I = 0.2 A and voltmeter, V is recorded by
Procedure
adjusting the rheostat.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan nilai I yang berbeza iaitu 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A dengan
melaras reostat.
The experiment is repeated with different values of I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A, by adjusting the rheostat.
Menjadualkan Arus melalui sel / Current flowing through cell, I / A 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
data Beza keupayaan merentasi sel /
Tabulation of data Potential difference across cell, V / V
Apabila / When I = O A,
Pengiraan V = E (dalam unit Volt / in Volt)
Calculations
Kecerunan graf / Gradient of the graph = – r
\ r = – kecerunan graf (dalam Ω)
r = – gradient of the graph (in Ω)
Latihan / Exercise
R
= 1.0 V = 0.2 A
2
A 5Ω
Apabila suis S dibuka, bacaan voltmeter ialah
E = V + Ir
1.5 V. Apabila suis S ditutup bacaan voltmeter dan
1.5 V = 1.0 V + (0.2 A) r
ammeter ialah 1.35 V dan 0.3 A masing-masing.
When the switch S is open, the reading of the voltmeter r = (1.5 – 1.0) V
is 1.5 V. When the switch S is closed the reading of the 0.2 A
voltmeter and ammeter are 1.35 V and 0.3 A respectively. = 2.5 Ω
Tentukan / Determine
3 Graf menunjukkan perubahan beza keupayaan
(a) daya gerak elektrik pada sel
dengan arus bagi sebuah bateri.
the e.m.f. of the cell The graph shows the variation of potential difference with
(b) rintangan dalam sel current of the battery.
the internal resistance of the cell
V/ V
(c) rintangan R
the resistance R
Penyelesaian / Solution 3.0
(a) E = 1.5 V (c) V = IR
(b) E = V + Ir 1.35 V = (0.3 A)R 1.7
1.5 V = 1.35 V + (0.3 A)r
R = 1.35 V
(0.3 A) r = (1.5 – 1.35)V 0.3 A I/A
r = 0.15 V R = 4.5 Ω 0 0.74
0.3 A
= 0.5 Ω Berdasarkan graf, tentukan rintangan dalam pada
bateri.
2 Daya gerak elektrik, E, pada bateri ialah 1.5 V. From the graph, determine the internal resistance of the
Bateri ini disambungkan kepada perintang 5 Ω. battery.
Apabila litar ditutup, bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.0 V. Penyelesaian / Solution
The e.m.f., E of a battery is 1.5 V. This battery is connected Apabila nilai I = 0, V = E didapati.
to a 5 Ω resistor. When the circuit is closed, the reading When the value of I = 0, V = E is obtained.
of the voltmeter is 1.0 V.
Daripada graf, E = 3.0 V
V
From the graph, E = 3.0 V
E = 1.5 V Maka, rintangan dalam, r
Hence, the internal resistance, r = E – V
I
= (3.0 – 1.7) V
R=5Ω
0.74 A
= 1.76 Ω
2
E = V + Ir = IR + Ir
UNIT
= (3 A)(3 Ω) + (3 A)r
E = 9 V + (3 A)r (ii)
Latihan / Exercise
1 Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan daya gerak elektrik, E dan rintangan dalaman, r, pada sel
kering.
An experiment is carried out to determine the electromotive force, E, and the internal resistance, r, of a dry cell.
V/V
1.5
1.0
0.5
I/A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Tentukan
Determine
(a) Berdasarkan graf di atas,
Based on the graph above,
(i) apakah yang berlaku apabila I meningkat?
what happens when I increases?
(ii) tentukan nilai beza keupayaan, V, apabila arus, I = 0.0 A. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana anda
menentukan nilai V.
determine the value of the potential difference, V, when the current, I = 0.0 A. Show on the graph, how you determine
V.
(iii) namakan kuantiti fizik yang ditunjukkan oleh (a)(ii).
name the physical quantity that is shown in (a)(ii).
(b) Diberi rintangan dalam, r, pada sel kering ialah r = –m, di mana m ialah kecerunan bagi graf. Kirakan nilai r.
The internal resistance, r, of the dry cell is given by r = –m, where m is the gradient of the graph. Calculate the value of r.
(c) (i) Daripada graf, nyatakan nilai V, apabila I = 0.80 A. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana anda
menentukan nilai V.
From the graph, state the value of V, when I = 0.80 A. Show on the graph how you determine the value of V.
V
(ii) Rintangan R ditentukan oleh R = . Kira nilai R apabila I = 0.80 A.
I
V
The resistance R is given by R = . Calculate the value of R when I = 0.80 A.
I
(d) Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil semasa eksperimen ini dijalankan.
State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment.
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) (i) Apabila I meningkat, V berkurang. V/V
When I increases, V decreases.
1.5
1.0
0.5
I/A
UNIT
(b) r = –m
= – 1.5 V – 1.0 V
(0 – 1.0) A
= 0.5 Ω
(c) (i) Daripada graf, apabila I = 0.8 A,V = 1.1 V / From the graph, when I = 0.8 A, V = 1.1 V
(ii) R = 1.1 V
0.8 A
= 1.38 Ω
atau / or
2 Rajah menunjukkan litar yang mengandungi satu perintang 20 Ω, dan dua perintang 10 Ω, sel kering dengan
daya gerak elektrik 1.5 V dan rintangan dalam 2 Ω.
The diagram shows a circuit containing a 20 Ω resistor, two 10 Ω resistors, a dry cell with electromotive force of 1.5 V and
internal resistance 2 Ω.
V
E = 1.5 V
R1 = 20 Ω
X Y
R2 = 10 Ω R3 = 10 Ω
2
Menggunakan Hukum Ohm, / Using Ohm’s Law,
UNIT
V = IRXY
= 0.125 A × 10 Ω
= 1.25 V
Jika rintangan dalam pada bateri ialah 0.1 Ω dan bacaan pada ammeter ialah 0.5 A,apakah nilai R?
If the internal resistance of the battery is 0.1 Ω and the reading of the ammeter is 0.5 A, what is the value of R?
Penyelesaian
Solution
Bateri berlabel 5 V bermaksud d.g.e bateri ialah 5 V. r = 0.1 Ω, I = 0.5 A
A 5 V battery means that the e.m.f. (E) of the battery is 5 V. r = 0.1 Ω , I = 0.5 A
1 Jika kuasa output = kuasa input, kecekapan tenaga elektrik ialah 100% tetapi kecekapan semua peralatan elektrik
adalah kurang daripada 100%. Ini disebabkan oleh kuasa input yang hilang ditukar kepada tenaga haba.
If power output = power input, the efficiency of the electrical appliances is 100% but the efficiency of all electrical appliances is less
than 100%. This is caused by the loss of useful input power as heat.
2 Perkadaran kuasa / Power rating
(a) Perkadaran kuasa bagi peralatan elektrik dinyatakan sebagai kadar ia menggunakan tenaga elektrik. Sebagai
contoh, mesin basuh 200 W menggunakan tenaga elektrik 200 joule setiap saat.
The power rating of an appliance denotes the rate at which it consumes electrical energy. For example, a 200 W washing machine
uses 200 joules of electrical energy per second.
(b) Sebuah mentol yang dilabel '240 V, 60 W' bermaksud ia menghasilkan kuasa sebanyak 60 W apabila
disambungkan kepada bekalan voltan 240 V.
A bulb labelled '240 V, 60 W' means that it produces a power of 60 W when a voltage of 240 V is applied.
2
Switch off all unnecessary lights; use low-power lamps and install fluorescent lighting where it is acceptable.
UNIT
8 Menggunakan tenaga haba sepenuhnya untuk memanaskan oven dengan memasak beberapa jenis makanan dalam
masa yang sama.
Make full use of energy needed to heat an oven by cooking several things at the same time.
Latihan / Exercise
3 Sebuah alat pemanas rendam menggunakan 4 Sebuah cerek elektrik dilabel 3 kW, 240 V.
bekalan kuasa 12 V. Arus yang mengalir melalui An electric kettle is labelled 3 kW, 240 V.
pemanas itu ialah 4 A. Berapakah kuasa pemanas (a) Berapakah arus yang mengalir melalui cerek
tersebut? itu?
An immersion heater uses a 12 V supply. The current What is the current that flows through the kettle?
flowing through the heater is 4 A. What is the power of (b) Tentukan rintangan pada unsur pemanas di
the heater? dalam cerek itu.
Penyelesaian Determine the resistance of the heating element in
Solution the kettle.
Penyelesaian
P = IV Solution
= 4 A × 12 V (a) P = IV
= 48 W 3 000 W = I(240 V)
I = 3 000 W
240 V
= 12.5 A
(b) P = IV = I(IR)
P = I2 R
UNIT
156.25 A
= 19.2 Ω
Mengira kos tenaga elektrik
Calculating the cost of electrical energy
Setiap rumah mempunyai meter elektrik yang dibekalkan oleh pihak berkuasa elektrik. Unit yang digunakan ialah
kilowatt-jam (kWj). 1 kilowatt-jam ialah tenaga yang dibekalkan selama 1 jam kepada peralatan yang mempunyai
kadar kuasa 1 kW.
Every house has an electrical meter supplied by the Electricity board. The units used are kilowatt-hours (kWh).
1 kilowatt-hour is the energy supplied for 1 hour to an appliance whose power rating is 1 kW.
1 Tentukan tenaga elektrik (dalam kWj) yang digunakan bagi peralatan elektrik yang berikut:
Determine the electrical energy (in kWh) used for the following electrical appliances:
(a) 2 biji mentol digunakan selama 5 jam dan setiapnya dilabelkan 60 W, 240 V.
2 bulbs are used in 5 hours and each is labelled 60 W, 240 V.
(b) Alat penghawa dingin yang berkuasa 2 kW digunakan selama 5 jam sehari selama sebulan, (iaitu 30
hari).
An air conditioner rating 2 kW is used for 5 hours per day for one month, (that is 30 days).
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) Kuasa / Power = 60 W = 0.06 kW
Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan untuk 2 biji mentol = 2 (0.06 kW × 5 j)
The electrical energy used for the 2 bulbs = 0.6 kWj atau / or 0.6 kWh
(b) Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan untuk penyaman udara = 2 kW × (5j × 30)
The electrical energy used for the air conditioner = 300 kWj atau / or 300 kWh
2 UNIT
Jumlah tenaga / Total energy = 300 unit / units
Kos 100 unit pertama / Cost of first 100 units = RM0.20 × 100 = RM20
Kos 200 unit yang seterusnya / Cost of next 200 units = RM0.24 × 200 = RM48
Jumlah kos menggunakan peralatan elektrik / Total cost of using the electrical appliances = RM68
POutput POutput
Kecekapan = × 100% Efficiency = × 100%
PInput PInput
1 Sebuah motor elektrik digunakan untuk mengangkat beban berjisim 2 kg sehingga ketinggian 3 m dalam
masa 2.5 s. Jika bekalan voltan yang dibekalkan ialah 12 V dan arus yang mengalir dalam motor itu ialah
5.0 A, kirakan:
An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height of 3 m in 2.5 s. If the supply voltage is 12 V and the flow of current
in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
(a) tenaga input motor / input energy to the motor
(b) tenaga output motor / output energy of the motor
(c) kecekapan motor / efficiency of the motor
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Einput = VIt 150 J
(c) \Pinput =
= 12 V × 5.0 A × 2.5 s 2.5 s
= 150 J = 60 W
(b) Eoutput = Tenaga keupayaan graviti 60 J
Potential gravitational energy Poutput =
2.5 s
= mgh
= 24 W
= 2 kg × 10 m s-2 × 3 m \Kecekapan motor / Efficiency of the motor
= 60 J
P
= output × 100%
Pinput
= 24 W × 100%
60 W
= 40%
Latihan / Exercise
1 Sebuah cerek elektrik digunakan untuk mendidihkan air. Cerek itu mempunyai kuasa 3 kW, dan diisi dengan
0.5 kg air paip bersuhu 20 °C. Ia mengambil masa satu minit setengah untuk mendidih.Berapakah kecekapan
cerek itu? [Muatan haba tentu air = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1]
An electric kettle is used to boil some water. The kettle has a power rating of 3 kW, and is filled with 0.5 kg of tap water at
20 ºC. It takes one and a half minutes to boil. How efficient is this kettle?
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg –1 ºC –1]
Penyelesaian
Solution
P
Kuasainput / Powerinput = Pinput = 3 000 W Kecekapan cerek elektrik = output × 100%
The efficiency of the kettle Pinput
Eoutput = mcө
= 1866.67 W × 100%
= 0.5 kg × 4 200 J kg-1ºC--1 × (100 – 20)ºC 3 000 W
= 168 000 J = 62.22%
\ Kuasaoutput / Poweroutput = Poutput
168 000 J
= = 1866.67 W
90 s
UNIT
V 6V
Beban
Load A
3 Arus elektrik 3.0 A mengalir melalui pemanas 6 Sebuah motor elektrik 12 V digunakan untuk
elektrik apabila disambungkan pada bekalan kuasa mengangkat beban 60 N sehingga ketinggian
240 V. Berapa banyak tenaga haba yang 2 m dalam 4 saat. Andaikan kecekapan motor ialah
dibebaskan selepas 2 minit? 100%, berapakah purata arus dalam motor?
A current of 3.0 A flows through an electric heater when A 12 V electric motor is used to lift a load of 60 N through a
it is connected to a 240 V mains supply. How much heat height of 2 m in 4 seconds. Assuming the motor to be 100%
energy is released after 2 minutes? efficient, what is the average current in the motor?
Penyelesaian Penyelesaian / Solution
Solution Diberi / Given, F = mg = 60 N
Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan = Tenaga haba yang Jika tenaga elektrik digunakan = Tenaga
dibebaskan keupayaan graviti yang diperoleh
Electrical energy supplied = Heat energy released Since electrical energy used = Gravitational Potential
E = VIt Energy gained
= 240 V × 3.0 A × (2 × 60 s) VIt = m g h
Oleh itu, tenaga haba = 86 400 J
So, heat energy I = mgh
Vt
4 Sebuah cerek elektrik 240 V, 1 500 W disambungkan = 60 N×2m
ke bekalan kuasa. Kira arus untuk kegunaan biasa. 12 V × 4 s
2
A 240 V, 1 500 W electric kettle is connected to a power = 2.5 A
UNIT
supply. Calculate the current at normal usage.
7 Jika tarif penggunaan tenaga elektrik ialah 22 sen
Penyelesaian
Solution
setiap unit, apakah kos penggunaan penyaman
udara berkuasa 800 W yang digunakan 8 jam
Dengan formula, P = IV, kita dapat I = P sehari selama 30 hari?
V
P If the electric energy consumption tariff is 22 cents per
From the formula, P = IV, we get I =
V unit, what is the cost of using an 800 W air conditioner
Dalam kegunaan biasa, P = 1 500 W dan V = 240 V 8 hours a day for 30 days?
At normal usage, P = 1 500 W and V = 240 V Penyelesaian / Solution
I = 1 500 W [1 kWj = 1 kWh = 1 unit tenaga elektrik]
240 V Jumlah tenaga yang digunakan
Oleh itu, / So, I = 6.25 A = 0.8 kW × 8 j × 30 = 192 kWj
Oleh itu, kos elektrik yang digunakan
= 192 unit × RM0.22 = RM42.24
5 Litar menunjukkan perintang, R, disambungkan
kepada bateri. Apabila 8 coulomb cas mengalir unit
melalui perintang, tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan Total energy used = 0.8 kW × 8 j × 30 = 192 kWh
ialah 64 J. Hence, the cost of using electricity
The circuit shows a resistor, R, connected to a battery. When RM0.22
= 192 units × = RM42.24
8 C of charge passes through the resistor, the electrical unit
energy supplied is 64 J.
8 Lampu berpendarfluor berkuasa 40 W menukarkan
60% tenaga elektrik kepada tenaga cahaya. Berapa
R
banyakkah tenaga cahaya yang dihasilkan dalam
7 minit?
V A 40 W fluorescent lamp transfers 60% of the electrical
Hitung beza keupayaan yang melalui perintang R. energy to light energy. How much light energy does it
Calculate the potential difference across resistor R. release in 7 minutes?
Penyelesaian Penyelesaian / Solution
Solution 60% daripada tenaga elektrik = tenaga cahaya
60% of the electrical energy = light energy
Dengan formula, / From the formula, E = QV
60 % × E = tenaga cahaya / light energy
V = E 60 × Pt = tenaga cahaya / light energy
Q 100
64 J
= 6 × 40 W × (7 × 60 s) = tenaga cahaya / light energy
8C 10
=8V Oleh itu, tenaga cahaya / Hence, light energy = 10 080 J
[Perhatian / Note : 1 V = 1 J
C ]
69 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.
UNIT
3 Keelektromagnetan
Electromagnetism
3.1 Menganalisis kesan magnet bagi konduktor yang membawa arus
Analysing the magnetic effect of a current-carrying conductor
3.2 Memahami daya terhadap konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet
Understanding the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
UNIT
• Menghuraikan kesan kepada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet.
3
3 UNIT
3.5 Memahami penjanaan dan penghantaran elektrik
Understanding the generation and transmission of electricity
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 72
Medan magnet Note / Nota:
Magnetic field Arah medan magnet yang mengelilingi wayar boleh ditentukan
dengan dua kaedah:
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
The direction of the magnetic field around a wire can be determined using
Produced by / Dihasilkan oleh two rules:
Arus / Current
Peraturan skru Maxwell
72
rendah Solenoid N
compass Arah arus + -
Low voltage Direction of current
supply Garis medan Bekalan
Arus Arah arus
magnet voltan
Current Direction of current
Magnetic field rendah
S
lines Low-voltage Peraturan genggaman tangan kanan
supply The right-hand grip rule
Hukum genggaman tangan kanan
– untuk menentukan arah medan Arah medan magnet
Magnetic field direction
magnet yang dihasilkan oleh arus Hukum genggaman tangan
dalam wayar lurus kanan pada solenoid – untuk
Right-hand grip rule – to determine the Arah arus
menentukan kutub solenoid
direction of the magnetic field produced Direction
Right-hand grip rule for – solenoid
by a current in a straight wire of current
to determine the poles of a solenoid
Garis medan magnet
Direction of current (conventional) Ibu jari menunjukkan kutub utara
Jika wayar yang membawa arus digenggam oleh
The thumb points to N pole tangan kanan maka ibu jari menghala sepanjang
dawai menunjukkan arah arus dan jari yang lain
menunjuk ke arah medan magnet di sekeliling
dawai.
If a wire carrying a current is gripped with the right
Arah medan magnet Putaran jari mengikut arah arus hand, the thumb points along the wire in the direction of
Direction of magnetic field Fingers curl in the direction of the current the current and the other fingers point in the direction of
the magnetic field around the wire.
10/11/13 4:08 PM
Solenoid
(a) Corak medan magnet digabungkan
yang dihasilkan oleh dengan teras besi
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 73
konduktor yang membawa lembut. Dipanggil:
arus bergantung pada Combined with soft
Arus mengalir masuk Arus mengalir keluar
bentuk konduktor. iron core. It is called: ke dalam kertas dari kertas
Current flows into the Current flows out of the
The pattern of magnetic paper paper
Elektromagnet
field produced by a current-
carrying conductor depends
An Electromagnet
shape (a) Apabila dua wayar membawa arus yang sama dan dalam arah yang
on the of the
sama,kekuatan medan magnet paduan yang dihasilkan adalah
conductor used.
Suis ditutup dua kali ganda sama
(b) Garis medan magnet Bekalan Closed Teras besi dan corak yang dihasilkan adalah .
kuasa switch Iron core When two wires are carrying the same current and in the same direction, the
yang lebih padat a.t. Dawai
d.c. kuprum strength of the resultant magnetic field produced is doubled and the
antara satu power bertebat
supply Insulated pattern is the same .
Sama lain menunjukkan copper
Pin lukisan wire
Kekuatan medan magnet bertambah dengan
medan magnet yang Drawing pin The strength of the magnetic field is increased by:
(i) menggunakan arus yang lebih besar dalam gegelung.
lebih kuat .
using a bigger current through the coil.
The magnetic field (a) Apabila arus mengalir melalui gegelung, teras
menambahkan
73
lines which are closer to (ii) bilangan lilitan gegelung
besi lembut menjadi elektromagnet .
one another . represent a increasing the number of turns in the coil
When a current flows through the coil, the soft iron
stronger magnetic field .
core becomes an electromagnet .
(c) Garis medan magnet (b) Apabila arus dalam gegelung dihentikan, teras
di tengah adalah lebih
padat antara satu besi lembut kehilangan kemagnetannya . Arah medan magnet dan
sama lain disebabkan When the current in the coil is switched off, the soft kompas memplot
The direction of the magnetic
berhampiran iron core loses its magnetism . field and the plotting compass
(c) Kekuatan elektromagnet ini bergantung kepada:
dengan arus Aplikasi elektromagnet
The strength of the electromagnet depends on:
Applications of electromagnetism
di tengah magnitud arus yang mengalir
(i) Geganti elektromagnet
The magnetic field lines in • +
magnitude of current flow Electromagnetic relay
the middle are closer to one -
another because they are bilangan lilitan
(ii) • Loceng elektrik
nearer to the current
number of turns Electric Bell
in the middle .
jenis teras besi lembut Cuping telinga telefon Arah jarum kompas memplot
(iii) •
menunjukkan arah medan
type of soft iron core Telephone ear-piece
magnet.
Pemutus litar The direction of the compass
(iv) bentuk teras besi lembut •
needle indicates the direction of the
Circuit breaker magnetic field.
the shape of the iron core
UNIT 3
10/11/13 4:08 PM
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Sesuai untuk menjadi magnet sementara Sesuai untuk menjadi magnet kekal
Suitable to be a temporary magnet (electromagnet) Suitable to be a permanent magnet
2 Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
ialah magnet sementara yang diperbuat daripada gegelung wayar yang mengelilingi
Elektromagnet teras besi lembut
An electromagnet
is a temporary magnet made by a coil of wire round a soft iron core
Faktor Penerangan
Factor Explanation
(a) Arus elektrik Apabila arus bertambah , kekuatan medan magnet bertambah .
Electric current When the current is increased , the strength of the magnetic field increases .
(b) Bilangan lilitan Apabila bilangan lilitan wayar bertambah , maka kekuatan medan magnet bertambah .
wayar When the number of turns of wire is increased , the strength of the magnetic field increases .
Number of
turns of wire
(c) Jenis teras Teras yang berbeza mempunyai kekuatan medan magnet yang berbeza .
Type of material Teras besi lembut medan magnet yang paling kuat
mempunyai . Teras besi
of core menumpukan garisan medan magnet
lembut boleh yang melaluinya.
Different materials of the core have different strengths of magnetic field. Soft iron core has the
strongest magnetic field. A soft iron core is able to concentrate magnetic field lines through it.
(d) Bentuk teras Teras besi lembut berbentuk U mempunyai medan magnet yang lebih kuat
besi daripada teras besi lembut yang lurus
kerana teras besi berbentuk-U mempunyai dua
The shape of kutub yang bertentangan bersebelahan antara satu sama lain dan hasilnya garis medan
magnet tertumpu dalam ruang di antara dua kutub.
the iron core
A U-shaped iron core has a stronger magnetic field than the straight iron core because
U-shaped iron core has two opposite poles adjacent to each other and as a result the magnetic field lines are
concentrated in space between the poles.
3 UNIT
(b) Arus dalam gegelung tunggal Penyelesaian
Current in a single coil Solution
N S
Hipotesis bertambah apabila arus elektrik bertambah. apabila bilangan lilitan solenoid bertambah.
Hypothesis The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the The strength of an electromagnet (indicated by the number
number of nails attached to the electromagnet) of the nails attached to the electromagnet) increases as
increases as the current increases. the number of turns of solenoid increases.
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara kekuatan
Aim To investigate the relationship between the strength of To investigate the relationship between the strength of an
an electromagnet and the current. electromagnet and the number of turns of solenoid.
3
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: arus Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: bilangan lilitan solenoid
Manipulated variable: Current Manipulated variable: The number of turns of solenoid
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: bilangan paku Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: bilangan paku
Pemboleh yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet yang terlekat kepada elektromagnet
ubah dalam Responding variable: The number of nails Responding variable: The number of nails
experiment
attached to the electromagnet attached to the electromagnet
Variables in
the experiment Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: bilangan lilitan Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: arus, jenis teras
solenoid, jenis teras Fixed variable: current, type of core
Senarai Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki Ammeter, wayar penyambung, reostat, kaki retort,
bahan dan retort, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t., teras besi lembut, suis, bekalan kuasa a.t., teras besi lembut, solenoid,
radas solenoid, paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik. paku besi kecil dan bekas plastik.
List of Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, Ammeter, connection wires, rheostat, retort stand, switch, d.c.
materials and d.c. supply, soft iron core, solenoid, small iron nails and supply, soft iron core, solenoid, small iron nails and plastic
apparatus plastic container. container.
Solenoid Solenoid
Solenoid Solenoid
Teras besi Teras besi
lembut lembut
Susunan Soft iron Soft iron
radas core core
Arrangement
of the
Paku besi Paku besi
apparatus kecil }H Bekas kecil }H Bekas
Small iron plastik Small iron plastik
nails Plastic nails Plastic
container container
number of nails attached to the electromagnet The experiment is repeated with different
3
are counted = N. values of the number of turns of solenoid,
UNIT
5 Eksperimen diulang dengan nilai arus, yang M = 10, 15, 20, 25
Analisis
data
Analysis of
the data
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 78
bentuk L
L-shaped soft iron armature Spring
Litar Springs
primer Kepingan
Y Spring sesentuh
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
78
tertutup semula dan arus mengalir. Kitaran ini berulang, asalkan suis
lain menolak dan menutup spring sesentuh. Apabila suis dipadamkan, tiada
kemagnetan ditekan.
arus mengalir dan teras besi hilang nya. Amatur besi
lembut balik ke kedudukan asal dan litar berkuasa tinggi terbuka. Electric bell
Electromagnetic Relay When the switch is pressed and closed, the current flows through the solenoid and the
control iron core is magnetised . The soft iron armature is attracted to the
An electromagnetic relay is a switching device used to (switch on
electromagnet. The hammer strikes the gong, thus the bell rings. The spring contact
or off) another circuit that has a large current (high-voltage or moves away from the contact adjusting screw and breaks the circuit. The iron core
dangerous supply). When the switch is on, the small current flows through loses its electromagnetism . The spring contact touches the screw
the solenoid and the soft iron core is magnetised . The side, X, of the soft iron again, and this closes the circuit and switches on the current. The cycle repeats rapidly
as long as the switch is pressed.
armature is attracted to the electromagnet. This action makes the other end, Y,
of the soft iron armature push and closes the contact. When the switch is off, no current
flows and the iron core loses its magnetism . The soft iron armature returns to its
original position and the powerful circuit is open.
APLIKASI ELEKTROMAGNET
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETS
10/11/13 4:08 PM
Cuping telinga telefon / Telephone ear-piece Pemutus litar / Circuit breaker
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 79
tenaga bunyi Pemutus litar bekerja sama seperti wayar fius yang akan
Apabila kita bercakap melalui mikrofon telefon,
Arus memutuskan bekalan kuasa apabila arus besar mengalir melalui
ditukarkan kepada arus berubah-ubah (a.u).
berubah-ubah ini mengalir masuk ke solenoid. Teras besi lembut litar. Apabila arus terlalu tinggi, daya medan magnet menjadi cukup
dielektromagnetkan dengan kekuatan berubah-ubah. kuat untuk menarik amatur besi lembut dan melepaskan
elektromagnet sentuhan. Sesentuh terpisah dan arus berhenti mengalir. Spring P
Diafragma besi ditarik oleh dengan daya yang
menjauhi sesentuh sedikit. Apabila butang reset ditekan, spring Q
mempunyai kekuatan berubah-ubah. Diafragma besi bergetar dengan menolak amatur besi lembut balik ke tempat asal.
frekuensi yang sama dengan getaran arus. Getaran diafragma menyebabkan Circuit breaker
satu siri mampatan dan renggangan molekul udara. fuse
A circuit breaker which does the same job as a wire is designed to
Gelombang bunyi yang dihasilkan mempunyai frekuensi yang sama large a current
disconnect the power supply when there is too flowing through
dengan frekuensi bunyi yang asal. magnetic field force
a circuit. When the current gets too high, the becomes
Telephone ear-piece strong enough to pull the soft iron armature and release the contacts.
When a person speaks through a telephone mouth piece, sound energy is changed The contacts are separated and the current stopped. The spring P keeps the contacts
electric current apart. When the reset button is pressed, spring Q pushes the soft iron armature back
to a varying electric current. When the varying flows, the soft to its original position.
iron core is magnetised with varying strength .
79
The electromagnet pulls on the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates with the
same frequency as the varying current. The vibration of the diaphragm causes Sesentuh Amatur besi lembut
compressions rarefactions Contacts Soft iron armature
a series of and of the air molecules. The
sound waves are produced with the same frequency as the original Elektromagnet
sound. S N Electromagnet
UNIT 3
10/11/13 4:08 PM
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua paku keluli yang digantung dengan dua benang elastik di dalam satu
gegelung.
The diagram below shows two steel nails suspended from two elastic strings inside a coil of wire.
Bateri
Benang elastik
Battery
Elastic string
C D Gegelung
Coil
Paku keluli Suis K
Steel nail
Switch K
X Y
Apa yang akan berlaku kepada paku apabila suis K dihidupkan? Terangan jawapan anda.
What will happen to the nails when the switch K is turned on? Explain your answer.
Penyelesaian / Solution
Paku akan menolak antara satu sama lain
The nails will repel each other
Penerangan / Explanation
Kerana arus mengalir dalam arah yang sama; kutub X dan Y adalah sama dan menolak satu sama lain.
Kutub C dan D juga sama & menolak satu sama lain.
Because of the same direction of current flow; the poles X and Y are the same and repel each other. The poles C and D are the
same and repel each other.
UNIT
2 Besi lembut berbentuk-U mempunyai dua gegelung wayar dililitkan di hujung lengan P dan R seperti dalam
3
rajah.
A U-shaped soft-iron cylinder has two coils of wire wound on its ends P and R as shown in the diagram below.
P
Besi teras lembut
Soft iron core
Q
Penyelesaian / Solution
Jawapan C
Answer C
Penerangan / Explanation
Di hujung P dan R arus mengalir dalam arah lawan jam. Maka P dan R adalah kutub utara manakala di Q
arus mengalir mengikut arah jam. Maka Q adalah kutub selantan.
At the ends P and R the current flows in the anticlockwise direction. So P and R are the north poles whereas at the end Q the
current flows clockwise. So Q is the south pole.
[Perhatian: / Note: ]
© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 80
3 Dalam rajah di bawah, apabila suis ditutup, yang mana satukah daripada kompas menunjukkan pesongan
yang betul?
(Abaikan medan magnet Bumi)
In the diagram below, when the switch is closed, which of the compasses shows the correct deflection?
(Ignore the Earth’s magnetic field)
B C
A X D Y Tiub kadbod
Cardboard tube
3 UNIT
Memahami Daya pada Konduktor Pembawa Arus dalam Satu Medan Magnet
3.2 Understanding the Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Daya magnet Merupakan satu daya yang dikenakan ke atas konduktor yang membawa arus dalam
Magnetic force
medan magnet.
Is a force exerted on a conductor that carries a current in a magnetic field.
Medan lastik Medan magnet paduan yang dihasilkan oleh saling tindakan antara medan magnet yang
(Medan magnet paduan)
Catapult Field dihasilkan oleh arus dan medan magnet oleh magnet kekal.
(Resultant magnetic field)
Is the resultant magnetic field produced by interaction between the magnetic field produced by
Daya magnet
Nota/Note:
Magnetic force
Arah daya magnet boleh
Apabila berlaku saling tindakan When there is interaction ditentukan menggunakan
antara dua medan magnet between the two magnetic fields peraturan tangan kiri Fleming.
Direction of the magnetic force can
be determined by using Fleming’s
Medan magnet Medan magnet left-hand rule.
Menghasilkan
dihasilkan oleh konduktor Produced oleh magnet kekal Arah daya, F
yang membawa arus Magnetic field of the Direction of Force, F
Medan magnet paduan
Magnetic field produced permanent magnets
dipanggil medan lastik Arah medan
by conductor carrying a current Resultant magnetic field is magnet, B
called catapult field Direction
S
of Magnetic
Daya yang Medan field, B
dihasilkan menolak magnet
wayar ke kanan disebabkan
Force produced pushes oleh N Arah arus, I
the wire to the right magnet Direction of
magnadur Current, I
S
Magnetic
Corak medan magnet: Medan field due to
F
Pattern of magnetic field: kuat magnadur
Strong magnets
(a) bulatan sepusat field N
concentric circles
Magnet magnadur (kutub selatan)
(b) garis medan Magnadur magnet (south pole)
magnet yang Corak medan magnet:
Besi Pattern of magnetic field:
UNIT
berdekatan bentuk
Wayar kuprum
Copper wire medan magnet seragam
dengan konduktor U Bekalan kuasa (a) di bahagian
F
3
Contoh / Example
1 Lukis corak medan lastik (medan magnet paduan) untuk setiap kes di bawah:
Draw a pattern of the catapult field (resultant magnetic field) for each case below:
(a) (b)
S N S N
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Arah daya (b) Arah daya
Direction of force Direction of force
Arah daya
Direction of force
Eksperimen Eksperimen untuk menentukan magnitud daya saling tindakan atas konduktor
Experiment pembawa arus dalam medan magnet kekal
An experiment to determine the magnitude of the catapult force on a current-carrying conductor
in a permanent magnetic field
3 UNIT
Magnitud daya pada konduktor membawa arus dalam medan magnet bergantung kepada
magnitud arus yang mengalir
Inferens
Inference The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field depends on the magnitude
of the current
Magnitud daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet bertambah
(ditentukan oleh jarak gerakan wayar kuprum pendek) apabila magnitud arus yang mengalir
bertambah (ditentukan oleh magnitud beza keupayaan, V)
Hipotesis
Hypothesis The magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field (indicated by the distance of
movement of short copper wire) increases as the magnitude of the current increases (indicated by magnitude
of potential difference, V)
Mengkaji hubungan antara magnitud daya pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan
Tujuan
magnet dengan magnitud arus yang mengalir
Aim of the
To investigate the relationship between the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
experiment
with the magnitude of the current
Magnet magnadur
Magnadur magnet
1. Voltan bekalan kuasa a.t. yang digunakan dicatatkan; V = 1.5 V. Bekalan kuasa a.t. dihidupkan.
The voltage of the d.c. power supply used is recorded; V = 1.5 V. The d.c. power supply is switched on.
Prosedur 2. Jarak gerakan wayar kuprum pendek di atas wayar kuprum tebal diukur dengan pembaris = L.
Procedure The distance of movement of short copper wire on the thick copper wire is measured by a ruler = L.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan bekalan beza keupayaan, V = 2.0 V, 2.5 V, 3.0 V dan 3.5 V.
The experiment is repeated with different voltages of d.c. power supply, V = 2.0 V, 2.5 V, 3.0 V and 3.5 V.
Penjadualan Beza keupayaan / Potential difference, V / V 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
data
Tabulation of the Jarak gerakan wayar /
data Distance of movement, L / cm
Jarak gerakan,
UNIT
Distance of movement,
L / cm
3
Analisis data
Analysis of the data
Beza keupayaan,
Potentail difference,
0 V/V
Aplikasi daya saling tindakan pada konduktor yang membawa arus dalam satu medan
magnet kekal / Applications of a force on a current-carrying conductor in a permanent magnetic field
Gegelung
Coil Penunjuk Skala
Pointer Scale
Magnet kekal
Permanent Magnet Spring pengawal
magnet kekal Control spring
Permanent
Arus
magnet
Rajah keluar
Current out
Diagram Berus karbon
Carbon brush Arus
Gegelung masuk
Komulator kuprum Silinder Current in
Cummulator Copper coil besi Bering
Bearing
Berus karbon lembut
Bateri Carbon brush Soft iron
Battery cylinder
Bentuk
medan
lastik
Pattern of
catapult field
(a) Saling tindakan antara medan magnet yang dihasilkan (a) Ia terdiri daripada gegelung kuprum
oleh arus dan medan magnet oleh magnet kekal segi empat tepat dengan banyak
lilitan, di dalam medan magnet bagi
menghasilkan medan magnet paduan (medan lastik) .
magnet kekal.
The interaction between the magnetic field of the current
and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet produces a It consists of a rectangular copper coil of
many turns pivoted in the magnetic field of
resultant magnetic field (catapult field) . a permanent magnet.
(b) Medan lastik ini menghasilkan daya gandingan
(dalam arah yang bertentangan) dan menghasilkan (b) Apabila arus, I, mengalir
kesan putaran . melalui gegelung , daya
These catapult fields produce a couple of forces (are in putaran akan bertindak ke atas
gegelung.
opposite direction) which produces a turning effect .
When the current, I, flows through the
3
(c) Gegelung berputar ikut arah jam.
UNIT
The coil rotates in a clockwise direction. coil , a turning force
(d) Apabila gegelung mencapai ke kedudukan menegak, will be acting on the coil.
sentuhan antara berus karbon dan komutator terputus,
oleh itu tiada daya putaran memutarkan gegelung itu (c) Gegelung berputar dan penunjuk
kerana tiada arus mengalir di dalamnya . terpesong ke kedudukan baru
When the coil gets to the upright position, the contact untuk menunjukkan magnitud arus, I,
Penerangan between the carbon brushes with the commutators is yang mengalir melalui gegelung itu.
Explanation broken. Therefore there is no turning force on it because The coil turns and the pointer is
no current flows in the coil. deflected to a new position to
(e) Tetapi gegelung meneruskan putaran disebabkan indicate the size of the current, I, flowing
inersianya . through the coil.
But, the coil continues to rotate because of its inertia .
Putaran boleh ditingkatkan dengan: (d) Apabila tiada arus mengalir ,
The turning effect can be increased by: spring pengawal menarik gegelung
meningkatkan magnitud ke kedudukan asal semula dan
(a) arus yang mengalir.
penunjuk terpesong semula ke sifar.
increasing the magnitude of the current.
When there is no current flow ,
(b) menambahkan bilangan lilitan gegelung. the control spring brings the coil back to its
increasing the number of turns of the coil. original position and the pointer goes back
to zero deflection.
(c) menambahkan kekuatan medan magnet
dengan memasukkan teras besi lembut.
increasing the strength of the magnetic field
by inserting the iron core.
(d) menambahkan diameter wayar.
increasing the diameter of the wire.
Contoh / Example
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan konduktor membawa arus di dalam medan magnet Penyelesaian / Solution
antara dua magnet kekal. Dalam arah manakah konduktor itu akan Jawapan D / Answer D
bergerak?
The diagram shows a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field between two Penerangan / Explanation
permanent magnets. In which direction will the conductor be moved?
Dengan menggunakan
B Peraturan tangan-kiri Fleming,
gerakan konduktor adalah ke
S A C N arah D.
By Fleming’s left-hand rule, motion is
towards D.
D
2 Antara rajah berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan daya yang bertindak ke Penyelesaian / Solution
atas kedua-dua konduktor membawa arus? Jawapan D / Answer D
Which of the following diagrams shows the forces that act on the two parallel current-
carrying conductors correctly? Penerangan / Explanation
A V M C V M
Arus dalam kedua-dua wayar
I I I I adalah sama arah. Oleh itu,
terdapat daya tarikan. VW akan
F F FF FF menarik MN.
W N W N The currents in both wires are in the
3
same direction. Hence, there is a force
UNIT
B D of attraction. VW will attract MN.
V M V M
I I I I
F F
FF F
W N W N
3 Rajah menunjukkan litar elektrik yang terdiri daripada sesiri sel kering, Penyelesaian / Solution
reostat dan gegelung wayar. Jawapan A / Answer A
The diagram shows an electrical circuit consisting of a series of dry cells, a rheostat
and a coil of wire. Penerangan / Explanation
Sel kering Reostat
Dry cells Rheostat Kekuatan medan magnet
boleh ditingkatkan dengan
memasukkan teras besi ke
dalam gegelung. Teras besi
ini dimagnetkan apabila arus
mengalir dalam gegelung itu.
The strength of the magnetic field can
Gegelung
Coil be increased by inserting an iron core
into the coil. Ths iron core is being
Medan magnet didapati wujud di sekitar gegelung. Antara berikut, yang
magnetized when there is a current
manakah boleh meningkatkan kekuatan medan magnet?
flowing through the coil.
A magnetic field is found to exist in the vicinity of the coil. Which of the following can
increase the strength of the magnetic field?
A Memasukkan teras besi lembut ke dalam gegelung
Insert an iron core into the coil
B Meningkatkan rintangan pada perintang
Increase the resistance of the resistor
C Menyambungkan sel kering secara selari
Connect the dry cells in parallel
4 Arus di dalam gegelung motor arus terus perlu diterbalikkan setiap Penyelesaian / Solution
setengah putaran supaya Jawapan A / Answer A
The current in the coil of a direct current motor needs to be reversed every half
rotation so as to Penerangan / Explanation
A mengekalkan putaran dalam satu arah
maintain the rotation in one direction Komutator dalam motor arus
B menjana arus ulang-alik terus menyongsangkan arah
generate an alternating current arus yang mengalir dalam
C mengekalkan kelajuan putaran gegelung dan mengekalkan
maintain a constant speed of rotation putaran dalam satu arah.
D mengekalkan kekutuban magnet The commutator in a d.c. motor
maintain the polarities of the magnets reverses the direction of current flow
in the coil to maintain the rotation in
one direction.
Cadangan: / Suggestion:
5 Gegelung wayar segi empat tepat diletakkan antara dua magnet kekal Penyelesaian / Solution
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Jawapan C / Answer C
A rectangular coil of wire is placed between two permanent magnets as shown in the
diagram below. Penerangan / Explanation
Dengan menggunakan
N Peraturan tangan-kiri Fleming,
S
gegelung akan berputar dalam
arah lawan jam.
By Fleming’s left-hand rule, the
coil will rotate in an anticlockwise
direction.
Apabila arus mantap, I mengalir melalui gegelung pada komutator P dan
Q, apakah kesan yang didapati pada gegelung itu?
When a steady current, I, flows through the coil by way of commutators P and Q, what
is the possible effect on the coil?
A Daya bermagnitud yang sama bertindak ke atas kedua-dua sisi
gegelung dan menjadikan gegelung berada dalam kedudukan
mendatar.
Forces of equal magnitude act on the two sides of the coil and keep the coil in the
horizontal position.
B Gegelung akan berputar mengikut arah jam.
The coil will rotate in a clockwise direction.
C Gegelung akan berputar mengikut arah lawan jam.
The coil will rotate in an anticlockwise direction.
D Gegelung akan berputar dan kemudian berhenti dalam kedudukan
menegak.
The coil will rotate and then stop in the vertical position.
6 Konduktor lurus yang panjang diletakkan antara dua magnet kekal seperti Penyelesaian / Solution
yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Jawapan B / Answer B
A long straight conductor is placed in between two permanent magnets as shown in
the diagram below. Penerangan / Explanation
Konduktor lurus
Straight conductor
Wayar penyambung
Menggerakkan dengan pantas
Connecting wire wayar lurus melintasi medan
magnet antara dua magnet rata,
arus teraruh dalam konduktor
Galvanometer berpusat sifar lurus yang menyebabkan
Zero-centre galvanometer
pesongan terbesar oleh
Antara berikut, yang manakah menghasilkan pesongan penunjuk yang galvanometer.
Moving a straight wire quickly
terbesar oleh Galvanometer berpusat sifar?
across a magnetic field between two
Which of the following actions will produce the greatest deflection of the pointer in
flat magnets, the current is induced
the galvanometer?
in the straight conductor that
Arah gerakan konduktor Kelajuan gerakan konduktor causes the greatest deflection of the
Direction of movement of the conductor Speed of movement of the conductor
galvanometer.
A Ke atas / Upwards Perlahan / Slow
B Ke bawah / Downwards Pantas / Fast
C Ke bawah / Downwards Perlahan / Slow
D Ke tepi / Sideway Pantas / Fast
3
Menganalisis Aruhan Elektromagnet
UNIT
3.3 Understanding Electromagnetic Induction
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Ialah penghasilan arus elektrik teraruh dalam suatu konduktor yang berada di
Aruhan elektromagnet medan magnet yang berubah-ubah.
Electromagnetic induction Is the production of an induced electric current in a conductor which is in a changing
magnetic field .
Terhasil apabila terdapat gerakan relatif antara konduktor atau solenoid dengan
Arus aruhan medan magnet.
Induced current relative
Is produced when there is a motion between conductor /solenoid and the magnetic
field.
Menyatakan bahawa arus aruhan sentiasa mengalir pada arah yang menentang
perubahan fluks magnet yang menghasilkan arus aruhan ini.
Hukum Lenz
Lenz’s Law States that an induced current always flows in such a direction so as to oppose the change of magnetic
flux producing this induced current.
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 90
Aruhan Elektromagnet
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Electromagnetic Induction
90
garis (Peraturan Dinamik):
(b) mesti ada perubahan
Wayar To determine the direction
Wire medan magnet oleh gegelung. of a current induced in
Bar magnet magnetic a conductor, Fleming's
there must be a change of
Magnet bar right-hand rule is used
field lines linkage with a coil. (Dynamo Rule):
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Daya gerakan, M
Motion, M
Medan magnet, B
Magnetic field, B
S
10/11/13 4:08 PM
Hukum Aruhan Elektromagnet
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
03-Physic F5 2013.indd 91
Hukum Lenz Hukum Faraday
Lenz’s Law Faraday’s Law
Untuk menentukan arah arus teraruh Hukum Lenz
Untuk menentukan magnitud arus
To determine the direction of the induced current Lenz’s Law teraruh
To determine the magnitude of the
Q P
induced current
Solenoid Magnet bar
Solenoid Bar magnet
D A
Berdasarkan Hukum Faraday:
C B Based on Faraday’s Law:
Galvanometer berpusat sifar
Centre-zero galvanometer Arus aruhan boleh ditingkatkan jika:
terpesong The induced current can be increased
• Apabila magnet bar digerak masuk ke dalam solenoid itu, jarum galvanometer, G, .
• Ini menunjukkan daya gerak elektrik teraruh wujud dalam solenoid. if:
• Solenoid PQ sekarang menjadi elektromagnet . bilangan lilitan
(a) solenoid
• Hujung, P, sekarang menjadi kutub selatan bagi elektromagnet ini. bertambah.
• Sekarang, tandakan dengan jelas (pada rajah di atas) arah arus teraruh ini. the number of turns of the solenoid
• [Perhatian: Mengikut Hukum Lenz, P menjadi kutub selatan untuk menentang gerakan magnet increases.
masuk ke dalam solenoid.]
91
deflection (b) kekuatan magnet bertambah.
• When the bar magnet is moved into the solenoid, the galvanometer, G, shows a .
induced electromotive force the strength of the magnet increases.
• This shows that an is now present in the solenoid.
• The solenoid PQ becomes an electromagnet . laju gerakan relatif
(c) antara
• The end, P, now becomes the south pole of the electromagnet. magnet dan solenoid bertambah.
• Now, indicate clearly (on the diagram above) the direction of the induced current. speed of relative motion
oppose the between
• [Note: According to Lenz’s Law, P becomes the south pole so as to the motion of the magnet from
the magnet and solenoid increases.
entering the solenoid.]
Apabila gerakan relatif antara konduktor dan magnet dilakukan, konduktor akan memotong garis medan
magnet dan mengubah fluks magnet .
Whenever there is a relative motion between a conductor and a magnet, the conductor cuts across the magnetic lines of force
and changes the magnetic flux .
UNIT 3
10/11/13 4:08 PM
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
besi
bentuk-U yang sama tetapi pada
Iron yoke
laju berbeza.
3
Wayar kuprum
Copper wire
Magnet bar
Bar magnet
Konduktor
Conductor
Magnitud arus teraruh bergantung kepada laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor.
Inferens The magnitude of an induced current depends on the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and
Inference
magnet.
3 UNIT
Laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor bertambah (diukur melalui ketinggian
magnet di atas solenoid), maka magnitud arus teraruh bertambah.
Hipotesis
Hypothesis As the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet increases (indicated by height of the
magnet above the solenoid), the magnitude of the induced current also increases.
Mengkaji hubungan antara laju gerakan relatif antara magnet dan konduktor dengan magnitud arus
Tujuan
teraruh.
Aim of the
To investigate the relationship between the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet and the
experiment
magnitude of an induced current.
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan: Laju gerakan relatif antara konduktor dan magnet. Laju ini diwakili
oleh ketinggian magnet di atas solenoid, H, sebelum magnet dilepaskan.
Manipulated variable: The speed of the relative motion between the conductor and magnet. This speed is
Pemboleh ubah represented by the height, H, of the magnet above the solenoid, before it is released.
Variables in the
experiment Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Magnitud arus teraruh
Fixed variable: Number of turns of solenoid and the strength of the magnet
Senarai radas
dan bahan Galvanometer berpusat sifar yang sensitif, solenoid, magnet bar dan pembaris.
List of apparatus Sensitive zero-centre galvanometer, solenoid, bar magnet and ruler.
and materials
Magnet bar
Bar magnet
Pembaris Solenoid
Susunan radas Ruler Solenoid
Arrangement of the
apparatus
Penjadualan
data Ketinggian magnet / Height of magnet, H / cm 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
3
Analisis data
Analysis of the data
Ketinggian magnet
Height of magnet
0 H / cm
Penjana Arus Terus / D.C. Generator Penjana Arus Ulang-alik / A.C. Generator
Magnet kekal Putaran Putaran
Permanent magnet Magnet kekal
Rotation Rotation
Permanent magnet
C D C D
S S
N A N A
B B
Komutator Berus karbon Gegelung satah/angker
Gegelung satah/angker
}
Commutator Coil
}
Coil Carbon brush
Arus Litar luar Gelang gelincir Litar luar
Berus karbon Q P
Current External Galvanometer Slip rings External
Carbon brush
circuit Galvanometer circuit
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
A A B B A A A B A
A B A
Q A P A Q P A QQ B P AB Q P B QQ A P BA Q P
BA AB AB BA BA
A B A
B B A A
Q PQ QP PQ A QP A PQ QP PQ B QP B PQ P
B B A A A A B B
B B BB A A AA B B B B A A B B
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
B = 0 B d.g.e. =
d.g.e. A = 0 A d.g.e. =
d.g.e. B =0 B
d.g.e. B B d.g.e. = 0 A = A d.g.e. = 0
d.g.e. B = B d.g.e. = 0
d.g.e.
e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0 maksimum e.m.f. = 0
e.m.f. = e.m.f. = e.m.f. = e.m.f. =
maximum maximum maximum maximum
3
induced e.m.f. induced e.m.f.
UNIT
Bilangan
putaran Bilangan
Number of putaran
0 rotations 0 Number of
rotations
(a) Apabila angker/gegelung satah dalam keadaan (a) Bermula dengan gegelung satah/angker dalam
menegak , sisi BC dan AD bergerak selari keadaan menegak , sisi BC dan AD bergerak
tiada dalam keadaan selari dengan garis medan magnet.
dengan garis medan magnet. Maka,
Maka, tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet. Maka,
pemotongan garis medan magnet .
tiada arus aruhan dihasilkan.
Maka, tiada arus aruhan dihasilkan. vertical
Starting with the plane of the coil in the
When the plane of the coil is in a vertical
position, the position , the sides BC and AD move parallel with
sides BC and AD move parallel with the magnetic field lines. the magnetic field lines. There is no cutting of magnetic lines of
There is no cutting of magnetic lines of force . induced current
force. Therefore, no is produced.
Therefore, no induced current is produced. (b) Dalam keadaan mendatar, BC bergerak ke atas dan
mendatar AD bergerak ke bawah. Sisi BC dan AD memotong
(b) Dalam keadaan , BC bergerak ke
garis medan magnet pada sudut tegak.
atas dan AD bergerak ke bawah. Sisi BC dan AD
Oleh itu, arus teraruh dan d.g.e. teraruh yang
memotong garis medan magnet pada sudut maksimum dihasilkan.
tepat. Oleh itu, arus teraruh yang maksimum In the horizontal position, BC moves upwards and AD moves
dihasilkan serta d.g.e. maksimum diaruhkan. downwards. The sides BC and AD cut the magnetic
In the horizontal
position, BC moves upwards and AD field lines at right angles. Hence, the induced
moves downwards. The sides BC and AD cut the magnetic current produced is maximum and the induced e.m.f. is
field lines at right angles. Hence, the induced
maximum.
current produced is maximum and the induced
e.m.f. is maximum.
(c) Selepas keadaan ini, arus teraruh (d.g.e. teraruh) (c) Selepas keadaan ini, arus teraruh (d.g.e.
berkurangan sehingga ke sifar apabila angker/ teraruh) berkurangan sehingga ke sifar, apabila
gegelung satah dalam keadaan menegak semula keadaan menegak
angker/gegelung satah dalam
kerana tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet. semula kerana tiada pemotongan garis medan magnet.
After this position, the current starts to decrease After this position, the current starts to
until it is zero when the plane of the coil is in a vertical position decrease until it is zero when the plane of the coil is
because the magnetic field lines are not cut . vertical position
in a because the magnetic field lines
(d) Arah arus di dalam litar luar tidak berubah. are not cut.
direction current (d) Proses ini diulang.
The of the in the external
The process is repeated.
circuit does not change.
(e) Proses ini diulang. (e) Arah arus di dalam litar luar
The process is repeated. berubah-ubah setiap kali gegelung/angker
(f) Arus dalam litar luar ialah arus terus melepasi keadaan menegak.
(iaitu, arus yang mengalir dalam satu arah). The direction of the current in the
The current in the external circuit is a direct current external circuit changes each time the coil passes the
(that is, the current flows in one direction). vertical position.
(f) Arus dalam litar luar ialah arus ulang-alik .
The current in the external circuit is an
alternating current .
UNIT
3
Latihan / Exercise
Penerangan / Explanation
3
menegak
UNIT
The coil is rotated so that the coil becomes vertical
A J dan K sahaja / J and K only
B K dan L sahaja / K and L only
C J, K dan L / J, K and L
3 Rajah menunjukkan rod kuprum yang disambungkan kepada galvanometer Penyelesaian / Solution
dan diletakkan antara dua medan magnet kekal. Jawapan A / Answer A
The diagram below shows a copper rod which is connected to a galvanometer and
placed between two permanent magnets. Penerangan / Explanation
Menggunakan petua tangan
kanan Fleming didapati bahawa
Q ibu jari menunjukkan ke arah A.
Using Fleming’s right-hand rule, it
A B is found that the thumb points to the
P
C direction of A.
D
Apakah arah gerakan rod untuk menghasilkan arus yang mengalir melalui
rod dari hujung P ke Q?
What is the direction of the movement of the rod to produce a current that flows
through the rod from its end P to Q?
4 Rajah menunjukkan galvanomter berpusat sifar yang sensitif disambungkan Penyelesaian / Solution
kepada solenoid. Jawapan D / Answer D
The diagram shows a sensitive zero-centre galvanometer connected to a solenoid.
Penerangan / Explanation
Apakah yang berlaku pada penunjuk galvanometer apabila magnet Arus ulang-alik dihasilkan
digerakkan ke atas dan ke bawah di dalam solenoid itu? apabila magnet digerakkan ke
What happens to the pointer of the galvanometer when the magnet is moved up and dalam dari keluar dari solenoid.
down into the solenoid? An alternating current is produced
A Tidak dipengaruhi. / Unaffected. when the magnet is moved into and
B Terpesong ke kiri. / Deflects to the left. out of the solenoid.
C Terpesong ke kanan. / Deflects to the right.
D Terpesong ke kiri dan kemudian ke kanan.
Deflects to the left and then to the right.
5 Rajah menunjukkan magnet bar yang tergantung pada spring. Magnet Penyelesaian / Solution
disesarkan dan dibiar bergetar dalam solenoid pada arah ke atas dan ke Jawapan C / Answer C
bawah.
The diagram shows a bar magnet hung from a spring. The magnet is displaced and Penerangan / Explanation
then left to vibrate in and out of the solenoid.
UNIT
Spring / Spring
dalam dan keluar dari solenoid.
Getaran akan berhenti pada
akhirnya.
An alternating current is produced
when the magnet is moved into and
Solenoid out of the solenoid. The vibration will
eventually stop.
0 t t
0
B I D I
t t
0 0
Simbol
Symbol
Sumber a.u.
Sumber a.t.
a.c. source
d.c. source
Graf I/A
Graph
I/A
t/s IO
0
3
t/s
0
UNIT
Arus dari bateri
Current from battery
Ciri-ciri (a) Arus yang mengalir hanya dalam satu (a) Arah arus disongsangkan pada
Characteristics arah sela masa yang tetap.
.
A current that reverses its direction at
A current that flows in only one direction .
fixed time intervals.
(b) Arus terus boleh mengalir melalui
(b) Arus ulang-alik boleh mengalir melalui
perintang tetapi tidak boleh mengalir
kedua-dua perintang dan
melalui kapasitor .
kapasitor .
A direct current can flow through a
resistor An alternating current can flow through both a
but cannot flow through a
resistor and a capacitor .
capasitor .
(c) Magnitud arus berubah dengan masa (arus dari (c) Magnitud dan arah arus ulang-alik
penjana arus terus). berubah-ubah .
Magnitude of current changes with time (current from d.c.
The magnitude and direction of an alternating
generator).
current changes .
(d) Magnitud arus tidak berubah (arus dari
bateri).
Magnitude of current does not
change (current from battery).
Latihan / Exercise
5.0
t/s
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
–5.0
Menganalisis Transformer
3.4 Analysing Transformers
UNIT
3
Simbol 240 V 24 V
Symbol
3
• Medan magnet yang berubah-ubah juga wujud dalam magnitude and direction.
UNIT
gegelung sekunder. • Oleh itu, medan magnet
A varying magnetic field also occurs in the secondary coil. yang dihasilkan di
• Medan magnet yang berubah-ubah akan menghasilkan dalam teras besi lembut
arus aruhan d.g.e ulang-alik teraruh, Vs , mempunyai magnitud dan
dan
arah yang tetap.
dalam gegelung sekunder.
So the magnetic field produced
The varying magnetic field will produce an induced current and in the soft iron core has constant
alternating voltage, Vs in the secondary coil. magnitude and direction.
• Teras besi lembut tidak
membentuk garis medan
magnet berubah-ubah di
dalam gegelung sekunder.
The magnet does not create a
changing magnetic flux in the
secondary coil.
Kuasa / Power
Dalam transformer unggul, tiada tenaga yang hilang
semasa proses pemindahan beza keupayaan.
In an ideal transformer, there is no energy loss during the process
of transforming the voltage.
Oleh itu, kuasa output = kuasa input
Hence, output power = input power
Is Vs = Ip Vp
Di mana / where,
Is = Arus sekunder / Secondary current
Ip = Arus primer / Primary current
Vs = Beza keupayaan sekunder / Secondary potential difference
Ciri-ciri Vp = Beza keupayaan primer / Primary potential difference
Characteristics
Kecekapan / Efficiency
Dalam transformer sebenar, sebahagian tenaga akan hilang akibat
dari:
In real transformers, some energy will be lost. This is due to:
(a) kesan pemanasan dalam gegelung dawai
heating effect in the coils
× 100%
Kecekapan = Kuasa output
Kuasa Input
× 100%
Output power
Efficiency =
Input power
Ns V
= s
Np Vp
Di mana / where
Gegelung Gegelung
Gegelung sekunder Gegelung sekunder
primer Secondary primer Secondary
Primary coil coil Primary coil coil
Vp Vs Vp Vs
3
daripada beza keupayaan daripada beza keupayaan
transformers
UNIT
input, Vp (menaikkan beza input Vp (menurunkan beza
keupayaan), keupayaan),
This transformer produces an This transformer produces an
output voltage, Vs , which is output voltage, Vs , which is
higher lower than the input
than the input
voltage, Vp , voltage, Vp ,
Vs > Vp iaitu/i.e. s
V <Vp
iaitu/i.e.
(b) Bilangan lilitan dalam
(b) Bilangan lilitan dalam gegelung sekunder
gegelung sekunder
lebih kecil daripada
lebih besar
bilangan lilitan gegelung
daripada bilangan lilitan primer.
gegelung primer. The number of turns in the
The number of turns in secondary coil is smaller
the secondary coil is than the number of turns in the
bigger than the primary coil.
number of turns in the primary Ns < Np
coil. iaitu/i.e.
iaitu/i.e.
Ns > Np
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kecekapan transformer dan cara untuk meningkatkan kecekapannya
(mengurangkan tenaga yang hilang)
Factors that affect the efficiency of a transformer and ways to improve the efficiency (minimise energy losses of a
transformer)
Kehilangan tenaga untuk memagnetkan dan kerana teras besi lembut boleh dimagnetkan dan
menyahmagnetkan teras dengan menggunakan arus ulang- dinyahmagnetkan dengan mudah.
3
alik di dalam gegelung primer. Tenaga haba dibebaskan. Soft iron core can be magnetised and
The hysterisis loss demagnetised easily. So the core requires small amount
The loss of energy due to magnetising and demagnetising the core by the energy to be magnitised and demagnitised.
alternating current in the primary coil. This produces heat energy.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Bilangan lilitan dalam gegelung primer dan gegelung sekunder pada transfomer masing-masing ialah 50 dan
250. Apakah beza keupayaan output apabila transformer menggunakan bekalan kuasa 12 V?
The number of turns in the primary and secondary coil of a transformer are 50 and 250 respectively. What is the output voltage
when the transformer is using a voltage of 12 V?
Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given Ns= 250 lilitan / turns, Np= 50 lilitan / turns, Vp = 12 V
Ns = Vs
Np Vp
Vs = Ns Vp
Np
250 lilitan / turns × 12 V
= = 60 V
50 lilitan / turns
240 V 12 V, 36 W 240 V 12 V, 48 W
Ns = 200
Berapakah bilangan lilitan gegelung sekunder?
What is the number of turns of the secondary coil? Hitungkan/Calculate
Penyelesaian / Solution (a) bilangan lilitan gegelung primer.
Diberi / Given Vs= 12 V, Vp= 240 V, the number of turns of the primary coil.
Np = 500 lilitan / turns (b) arus dalam gegelung sekunder.
the current in the secondary coil.
Ns = Vs (c) kecekapan transformer.
Np Vp
Ns the efficiency of the transformer.
= 12 V Penyelesaian / Solution
500 lilitan / turns 240 V
12 V × 500 lilitan / turns
Ns =
3
240 V Diberi / Given Vp = 240 V, Ns = 200 lilitan / turns,
UNIT
= 25 lilitan / turns
Vs = 12 V, Ip = 0.3 A
3 Transformer injak-turun disambungkan ke bekalan
(a) Ns = Vs
kuasa 240 V dan memberikan kuasa 90 W kepada Np Vp
komputer riba, 30 V. 200 lilitan / turns
[Andaikan transformer adalah unggul.] = 12 V
Np 240 V
240 V × 200 lilitan / turns
A step-down transformer connected to 240 V mains power
supply delivers 90 W of power at 30 V to a notebook Np =
computer. 12 V
[Assume that the transformer is ideal.] Np = 4 000 lilitan / turns
Hitungkan / Calculate
(a) arus dalam gegelung sekunder. (b) Vs = 12 V, Ps = 48 W
the current in the secondary circuit. Ps 48 W
\ Is = = = 4.0 A
(b) arus dalam gegelung primer. Vs 12 V
the current in the primary coil.
(c) Kuasa output / Output power = 48 W
Penyelesaian / Solution
Poutput
Diberi / Given Vp = 240 V, Poutput = 90 W, Vs = 30 V Kecekapan / Efficiency = × 100%
Pinput
(a) Poutput = Is Vs (b) Ip Vp = Is Vs
= 48 W × 100%
90 W = Is × 30 V Ip × 240 = 3 A × 30 V
Ip Vp
Ip = 90 W
48 W
0.3 A × 240 V
Is = 90 W = × 100%
30 V 240 V
Is = 3 A = 0.375 A = 66.67%
atau / or
Kuasa input = Kuasa output /
Input power = Output power
Jadi, / Therefore,
Ip Vp = 90 W
90 W
\ Ip =
240 V
Ip = 0.375 A
Pelbagai kaedah penghasilan tenaga elektrik dan kesan kepada persekitaran (kebaikan dan keburukan)
Various ways of generating electricity and their effects on the environment (advantages and disadvantages)
1 Stesen janakuasa terma / Thermal power stations (i) Boleh (i) Pencemaran udara :
Gas buangan panas
membangunkan Pembakaran bahan api
Hot waste gases Talian penghantaran sebuah menghasilkan asap, habuk dan asid
Transmission lines
Wap air panas Stim bertekanan bandar baru toksik di udara.
Hot water vapour tinggi pada 800oC
High pressure (menggunakan Air pollution :
Relau steam at 800oC
bagas Gegelung arang batu, Burning of fuels produces smoke, dust and
pemangun
Furnace Turbin petroleum) toxic acid in the air.
Turbines Stator coils
Can develop a new
(ii) Hujan asid :
Rotor
Rotor town (using coal,
petroleum) Pembakaran bahan api juga
Air penyejuk Pendandang Transformer injak naik menghasilkan gas berasid seperti
dibuang semula Boiler Pam Step-up transformer (ii) Bahan buangan
ke sungai atau
Pump
Penjana boleh dikitar sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen oksida.
laut
Cooling water
Pam Stim tekanan Generator
semula Gas ini larut dalam air dalam
Pump rendah dari Air penyejuk daripada sungai
discharged back
turbin atau laut (biojisim) atmosfera untuk membentuk asid
into river or sea Low pressure Cooling water from river or sea Can recycle the yang menyebabkan hujan asid.
steam from
turbines waste matter Acid rain :
(biomass) Burning of fuels also produce acidic gases
(a) Bahan api seperti arang batu, petroleum, gas asli (iii) Memerlukan such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
UNIT
dan uranium digunakan dalam stesen bahan radioaktif oxides. These gases dissolve in water in
janakuasa terma. yang kecil the atmosphere to form acids which results
3
Fuels such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and Small amount in acid rain.
uranium of radioactive is Kesan rumah hijau
are used in the thermal power stations. (iii) :
required
Tenaga haba karbon dioksida berlebihan di
(b) dihasilkan oleh pembakaran atmosfera menyebabkan suhu yang
arang batu atau minyak dalam relau atau dari lebih tinggi terhasil di persekitaran.
pembelahan nukleus uranium dalam teras reaktor Greenhouse effect
nuklear. :
Heat energy The excessive carbon dioxide in the
is produced by burning coal or atmosphere raises the temperature in the
oil in a furnace or from the fission of uranium nuclei in the environment.
core of a nuclear reactor.
(iv) Tidak boleh diperbaharui :
(c) Air menyerap tenaga haba di dalam relau
atau penukar haba dan bertukar menjadi bekalan terhad dan boleh habis.
Non-renewable :
stim pada tekanan tinggi .
Their supply is limited and they will
Water absorbs the heat energy in a boiler or heat-
eventually run out.
exchanger and is changed into steam at a
(v) Mahal / Expensive .
high pressure .
(d) Stim bertekanan tinggi menukarkan tenaga haba (vi) Kesan sinaran radioaktif
tenaga mekanikal yang merbahaya kepada manusia
kepada apabila ia
dan persekitaran.
memutarkan turbin.
Harmful effects of radioactive
The high-pressure steam converts heat energy into
mechanical energy radiation on humans
as it turns the turbine.
(e) Generator menukarkan tenaga mekanikal kepada and environment.
tenaga elektrik (vii) Berbau busuk :
.
The generator converts the mechanical energy into Satu bau busuk dilepaskan daripada
electrical energy biomass.
.
Bad odour (smell) :
(f) Kecekapan: 30% – 35% tenaga yang disimpan di
dalam bahan api ditukarkan kepada tenaga elektrik. A bad odour is released from the biomass.
Efficiency: 30% – 35% of the energy stored in the fuel is
transformed into electrical energy.
2 Stesen kuasa hidroelektrik/Hydroelectric power station (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Mengganggu
Talian penghantaran
Empangan Air simpanan membebaskan keseimbangan
Transmission lines Stored water
Dam bahan cemar ke ekosistem
persekitaran.
di persekitaran. Satu
Clean and does not
kawasan hutan yang
Penjana emit pollutants to
Generator
the environment.
besar perlu dimusnahkan
(ii) Boleh termasuk flora dan fauna.
diperbaharui. Disturbs the equilibrium of the
ecosystem
Renewable.
Turbin
Turbines (iii) Boleh in the environment. A large
Air area of forest land has to be
Water membangunkan
(a) Stesen hidroelektrik tidak perlu memanaskan stim. kawasan destroyed, including flora and
In hydroelectric stations, there is no need to heat steam at all. rekreasi. fauna.
(b) Air dikumpul dalam takungan (empangan) yang tinggi dan Can develop a (ii) Mengancam /
recreation area. menyesarkan
mempunyai tenaga keupayaan graviti yang tinggi .
(iv) Mengawal banjir. penduduk
Water is collected in a high reservoir and possesses
Control flood. tempatan
high gravitational potential energy . Threatens / Displaces local
(c) Apabila air itu mengalir melalui paip, tenaga keupayaan
population .
graviti ini bertukar kepada tenaga kinetik .
When the water flows through a pipe, its gravitational potential energy (iii) Perbelanjaan tinggi
is changed to kinetic energy . High cost
3
(d) Tenaga kinetik ditukar kepada tenaga elektrik semasa air
UNIT
yang mengalir memutarkan bilah turbin.
The kinetic energy of water is changed to electrical energy when the
water turns the blades of a turbine.
3 Tenaga solar boleh berubah kepada tenaga elektrik (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Memerlukan ruang
melalui dua kaedah: membebaskan yang besar untuk
Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by two methods: bahan cemar ke mengumpulkan cahaya
(i) Relau suria/Solar furnace persekitaran. matahari.
Titik fokus Clean and does not Requires a large area
Focal point
emit pollutants to
to collect the Sun’s rays.
Cahaya matahari the environment.
Sunlight (ii) Kecekapan penukaran
(ii) Boleh
diperbaharui. adalah agak rendah
Renewable. (kira-kira 5%) dan harga
Pemantul paraboloid cekung (iii) Percuma. untuk menghasilkan sel
Concave paraboloidal reflector Free. solar agak mahal .
(a) Pemantul parabola cekung digunakan untuk The efficiency of conversion
Penutup transkparensi
memfokus
Ke sistem pemanas air menumpukan
danTransparent cover tenaga haba is quite low (about
To domestic hot water system
dari matahari. Sinar matahari 5%) and the solar cells are
Sunlight
A concave paraboloidal reflector can be used to expensive to produce.
focus and concentrate the radiant (iii) Keamatan
Penebat Panel penyerap
Insulation Absorbing panel
heat
Air sejuk masuk energy from the sun. sinaran matahari yang
Cold water in Pam
(b) Tenaga haba digunakan
Pump untuk menghasilkan
dikumpulkan tidak
stim yang mempunyai tenaga konsisten , dan ini
Sinar matahari
Penutup kaca Sunlight
kinetik
Glass cover dan digunakan untuk memutarkan bergantung kepada cuaca
turbin
Sesentuh bagi penjana elektrik. dan masa.
grid logam Output intensity
The
Metal gridheat energy is used to produce
Output steam . The The of
contact
kinetic energy Sun’s rays collected is not
high of this steam is used to drive
Sentuhan logam consistent as this
the turbine of an electrical generator.
Metal contact
Silikon jenis-N Silikon jenis-P depends on the weather
N-type silicon P-type silicon
conditions and the time of day.
Penebat Permukaan
Pemantul penyerap
paraboloid cekung
Insulation haba hitam
Concave paraboloidal reflector
Air sejuk masuk Black heat-absorbing
Cold water in Pam surface
Pump
Ke sistem pemanas air Penutup transkparensi
To domestic hot water system Transparent cover
(c) Panel solar menggunakan tenaga matahari untuk
Sinar matahari
menjana tenaga terma Titik fokusSunlight
untuk memanaskan air di Focal point
rumah. Penebat Panel penyerap
Insulation Cahaya mataharipanel
sun energy to generate Sunlightthermal energy
Absorbing
Solar panels usemasuk
Air sejuk
to heat water at home.
Cold water in Pam
Pump
(ii) Sel solar/Solar cell
Sinar matahari
Penutup kaca Pemantul
Sunlightparaboloid cekung
Glass cover Concave paraboloidal reflector
Sesentuh
grid logam Output
Ke sistem pemanas Metal
air grid Penutup transkparensi
Output
To domestic hot watercontact
system Transparent cover
Sinar matahari
Sunlight Sentuhan logam
Metal contact
Silikon jenis-N Silikon jenis-P
Penebat Panel penyerap
P-type silicon
N-type silicon
Insulation Absorbing panel
(a)
AirSel
sejuk solar
masuk diperbuat daripada bahan semikonduktor yang
UNIT
kepada cahaya
Sinarmatahari.
matahari
Solar cells
Penutup are Sunlight
kaca made of semiconductor materials which develop
Glass cover
an e.m.f. when exposed to sunlight.
Sesentuh
(b) Sel solar digunakan dalam kalkulator,
grid logam Output lampu, jam
Metal grid Output
tangan,
contact pemanas air dan satelit.
Turbin angin
Solar cells are used in calculators,
Wind turbine lamps, wrist watches, water
Sentuhan logam
heaters and in satellites. Metal contact
Silikon jenis-N Silikon jenis-P
N-type silicon P-type silicon
4 Tenaga angin / Wind energy (i) Bersih (i) Memerlukan
dan tidak kawasan luas
membebaskan
untuk membina turbin
bahan cemar ke
angin.
persekitaran.
Clean Requires a large area
to construct a wind
and does not emit
turbine.
Turbin angin pollutants to the
(ii) Kelajuan putaran
Wind turbine environment.
pemutar turbin
Tenaga kinetik (ii) Boleh
angin memutarkan bilah yang tidak konsisten ,
dihubungkan kepada pemutar penjana elektrik untuk diperbaharui
bergantung kepada
Renewable
menghasilkan tenaga elektrik . keadaan.
kinetic energy (iii) Percuma The speed of rotation
The of wind rotates blades connected to the rotor of the rotor is
electrical energy Free
of an electrical generator to produce the . not consistent ,
depending on weather
conditions.
(iii) Membebaskan
bunyi bising .
Produces noise .
5 Tenaga ombak / Wave energy (i) Bersih dan tidak (i) Memerlukan kos tinggi
Permukaan ledakan membebaskan untuk membina dan
Keseimbangan apungan
Boom
Balancing float bahan cemar ke mengekalkan generator
Ombak persekitaran. gelombang.
Waves
Clean and does not Needs high cost
emit pollutants to the to build and maintain the wave
Gerakan berombak environment. generators.
Rocking motion
(ii) Boleh (ii) Sangat mudah rosak dan
diperbaharui.
susah dipertahan.
Renewable.
(iii) Percuma. Very vulnerable and
Free. difficult to protect
from damage.
3
forth as the waves strikes it. This rocking motion can be used to
UNIT
drive a turbine and generates electricity . The whole wave
energy generator has a row of ducks lined up facing the on coming
waves.
(i) Tenaga elektrik dihantar pada beza keupayaan yang tinggi dan menggunakan arus ulang-alik.
Electrical energy is transmitted at a high voltage and uses an alternating current.
(ii) Transformer injak naik yang menaikkan beza keupayaan pada voltan lampau tinggi iaitu 110 000 V
atau 132 000 V. Beza keupayaan yang ditingkatkan akan menyebabkan penghantaran kuasa dengan
arus kecil .
A step-up transformer which increases the voltage to as high a voltage as 110 000 V or 132 000 V. The high voltage
will cause the power to be transmitted with a small current .
(iii) Transformer injak turun digunakan untuk menurunkan beza keupayaan sebelum dihantar kepada
pengguna.
Step-down transformers are used to lower the voltage before delivering to the consumers.
3
3 Mengurangkan kos penjanaan Danger of being struck by light
UNIT
Penghantaran voltan lampau tinggi boleh aircraft
mengurangkan kuasa yang hilang dalam kabel (i) Lampu dan penanda khas
penghantaran. Kos penghasilan elektrik dapat mesti dipasang pada
dikurangkan. menara kawat elektrik itu.
Reducing cost of generation Lights and special markers
must be attached to the pylons.
High voltage transmission can reduce the power loss in
transmission cables. The cost of production is reduced.
Latihan / Exercise
1 Stesen kuasa menjana 40 kW kuasa elektrik menggunakan rangkaian penghantaran tenaga berintangan
8 Ω. Berapakah kehilangan kuasa semasa penghantaran akibat rintangan kabel jika tenaga elektrik dihantar
pada
A power station generates 40 kW of electric power using a power transmission line with resistance of 8 Ωv. What is the power
wasted due to the resistance of the transmission cables when the current is transmitted at
(a) 5 000 V (b) 20 kV
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Hitungkan nilai arus dalam kabel, I (b) P = I V
40 × 103 W = I × (20 × 103) V
40 × 103 W
Calculate value of current in the cable, I
20 × 103 V
Kuasa dihantar melalui kabel, P = IV I =
The power transmitted by the cable, P = I V
40 × 10 W = I × 5 000 V = 2 A
40 × 10 W
3
3
I = Maka, kuasa yang hilang disebabkan rintangan,
5 000 V So, the power loss due to the resistance,
= 8 A P = I 2R
Maka, kuasa yang hilang disebabkan rintangan, = (2 A)2 × 8 Ω
So, the power loss due to the resistance, = 32 W
P = I 2R
= (8 A)2 × 8 Ω
= 512 W
UNIT
2 Stesen kuasa menjana 80 MW kuasa elektrik pada beza keupayaan 80 kV a.u. melalui rintangan kabel 5 Ω.
3
A power station generates 80 MW of electric power at a voltage 80 kV through a cable of resistance 5 Ω. Determine:
(a) kuasa yang hilang semasa penghantaran tenaga melalui kabel.
the power loss in the transmission cable.
(b) peratus kuasa yang hilang. / the percentages of the power loss.
(c) kecekapan penghantaran kuasa. / the efficiency of the power transmission.
(d) pengurangan beza keupayaan di dalam kabel. / the voltage drop in the cable.
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) Hitungkan nilai arus dalam kabel, I (c) Tenaga dihantar = Kuasa dibekal – Kuasa hilang
Calculate value of current in the cable, I Power transmitted = Power supply – Power loss
= 80 × 10 6 W - 5 × 10 6 W
= 75 × 10 6 W
Kuasa yang dihantar oleh kabel, P = IV
75 × 10 6 W
The power transmitted by the cable, P = IV
80 × 10 6 W = I × (80 × 103 V) × 100%
80 × 10 6 W 80 × 10 6 W
Kecekapan/So, efficiency =
80 × 10 3 V
I =
= 93.75 %
= 1 000 A
(d) Pengurangan voltan/Voltage drop = IR
Oleh itu, kuasa hilang akibat rintangan, = 1 000 A × 5 Ω
So, the power loss due to the resistance = 5 000 V
P = I 2R
= (1 000 A)2 × 5 Ω
= 5 × 10 6 W
5 × 10 6 W
Percentage of power loss
× 100%
80 × 10 6 W
=
= 6.25%
UNIT
4 Elektronik
Electronics
4.1 Memahami kegunaan Osiloskop Sinar Katod (O.S.K.)
Understanding the uses of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.)
4
• Menghuraikan diod semikonduktor.
UNIT
Describe semiconductor diodes.
• Menghuraikan fungsi diod.
Describe the function of diodes.
• Menghuraikan kegunaan diod sebagai rektifier.
Describe the use of diodes as rectifiers.
• Menghuraikan kegunaan kapasitor sebagai perata arus output dan voltan output dalam litar rektifier.
Describe the use of capacitors to smooth out output current and output voltage in a rectifier circuit.
• Menyatakan get logik sebagai litar suis dalam komputer dan sistem elektronik yang lain.
State that logic gates are switching circuits in computers and other electronic systems.
• Menyenaraikan dan melukis simbol bagi setiap get logik. Menyatakan juga get-get logik ini dalam jadual kebenaran.
List and draw symbols for the following logic gates. Also state the action of these logic gates in a truth table.
i. DAN / AND
ii. ATAU / OR
iii. TAK / NOT
iv. TAK-DAN / NAND
v. TAK-ATAU / NOR
• Membina jadual kebenaran bagi get logik dalam gabungan maksimum 2 input.
Build truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs.
• Menghuraikan aplikasi sistem-sistem kawalan get logik.
Describe applications of logic gate control systems.
• Elektron tidak dapat melepasi permukaan logam • Elektron yang mendapat tenaga kinetik yang cukup tinggi
kerana ia ditarik dengan daya tarikan oleh akan dapat melepasi permukaan filamen tungsten.
nukleus atom. Electrons that gain sufficiently high kinetic energy will be able to
escape from the surface of the tungsten filament.
The electrons cannot escape from the surface because they
• Elektron dipancarkan dan dipecutkan kepada anod
are held back by the attractive force of the atomic
dengan beza keupayaan yang tinggi antara
nucleus.
suhu yang katod dan anod.
• Jika logam dipanaskan pada
The electrons emitted are accelerated towards the anode
tinggi , beberapa elektron bebas akan
by the high potential difference between the
mendapat tenaga yang cukup, mampu untuk
melepasi permukaan logam. cathode and anode .
If the metal is heated at a high temperature , some
of the free electrons may gain sufficient energy to
escape from the metal surface.
Dengan prinsip keabadian tenaga, bagi setiap elektron, / From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron,
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik / Electrical potential energy = Tenaga kinetik / Kinetic energy
eV =
1 mv2
2
4
Apabila suhu meningkat , maka kadar pancaran termion juga meningkat .
UNIT
Suhu katod
Temperature of the cathode The rate of thermionic emission increases as the temperature increases .
Luas permukaan katod Jika luas permukaan bertambah , kadar pancaran termion juga akan meningkat .
Surface area of the cathode increases increases
The rate of thermionic emission as the surface area .
PQR : Katod ke Anod dan skrin Tenaga keupayaan elektrik Tenaga kinetik
Cathode to anode and screen Electric potential energy Kinetic energy
Ciri-ciri sinar katod dikaji dengan menggunakan tiub palang Maltese dan tiub pesongan.
The characteristics of cathode rays are investigated by using the Maltese cross tube and deflection tube.
Bayang
Shadow
Skrin berpendarfluor
3 kV Fluoresecent screen
Sekarang bekalan Bayang Bayang palang dihasilkan Sinar katod bergerak dalam
kuasa 3 kV palang berwarna oleh sinar katod . garis lurus .
4
disambungkan hijau dibentukkan . The shadow is formed by the Sinar katod menyebabkan kesan
UNIT
antara katod dan Ia sama saiz dan sama cathode rays berpendarfluor
. .
anod. kedudukan dengan
Now, a 3 kV power Sinar katod membawa tenaga
bayang yang dihasilkan
supply is connected kinetik yang ditukarkan
oleh cahaya tadi.
between the cathode
and anode. A green shadow of kepada tenaga cahaya apabila ia
the cross is seen. It is the menghentam skrin.
same size and at the same Cathode rays travel in a straight line .
position as the shadow
Cathode rays cause fluorescence .
formed by the light earlier.
Cathode rays carry kinetic energy which is
converted to light energy when they hit
the screen.
Kutub utara Bayang sinar katod Daya saling tindakan Sinar katod boleh dipesongkan oleh
magnet bar dibawa bergerak dan / Daya lastik medan magnet . Peraturan tangan
berdekatan dengan tersesar dihasilkan kerana kiri Fleming digunakan untuk menentukan
sinar katod ke
sinar katod membawa arah gerakan sinar.
The North pole of a bawah. deflected
cas negatif . Cathode rays can be by a
bar magnet is brought The cathode ray shadow
close to the cathode moved A catapult force is magnetic field . The Fleming’s left-hand rule
is and
rays. produced because the cathode is used to determine the direction of motion.
deflected downward.
rays carry a negative charge . [Perhatian / Note:
Arah sinar katod adalah bertentangan
N dengan arah arus. / The direction of the
S cathode rays is opposite to that of the electric
current.]
Tiub pesongan
Deflection tube
0 – 1 000 V
3 kV
Skrin berpendarfluor
Fluoresecent screen
bekalan kuasa 3 kV
di antara kedua-dua plat.
disambungkan dan Sinar katod bercas
Electric field
4
Contoh / Example
1 Beza keupayaan antara anod dan katod dalam 2 Dalam tiub gambar set televisyen, beza keupayaan
senapang elektron ialah 5 kV. Hitungkan tenaga 20 kV merentasi anod dan katod memecutkan
kinetik elektron. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C] sinar elektron. Cas satu elektron ialah 1.6 × 10–19 C.
The potential difference between the anode and cathode Berapakah tenaga keupayaan setiap elektron
in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of yang menghentam skrin?
the electrons. [e = 1.6 × 10–19 C] In a picture tube of a television set, a potential difference of
Penyelesaian / Solution 20 kV is applied across the anode and the cathode to
accelerate the electron beam. The charge of each electron is
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik =Tenaga kinetik
1.6 × 10 –19 C. What is the kinetic energy of each electron
Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy
striking on the screen?
eV = E
Penyelesaian / Solution
(1.6 × 10 –19C) × (5 × 10 3V) =E E = eV
E = 8.0 × 10 –16 J = (1.6 × 10 –19C) × (20 × 103V)
= 32 × 10 –16
= 3.2 × 10 –15 J
4
Struktur dan fungsi bahagian-bahagian yang penting dalam Osiloskop Sinaran Katod (O.S.K.)
UNIT
Structure and functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( C.R.O.)
Filamen Katod
screen to the Earth
• membekalkan • memancarkan elektron Vakum
Dasar Vacuum
haba kepada katod apabila dipanaskan masa
Filament Cathode Terminal y-input Time
• supply heat to the • emit electrons when base
cathode Y-input terminal
heated Skrin berpendafluor
Plat-X • untuk menghasilkan
Anod memecut • untuk memesongkan sinar tompok yang cerah apabila
• memecutkan elektron katod secara mendatar dihentam oleh sinar katod
Accelerating anode X-plates Flourescent screen
• to accelerate electrons • to deflect cathode rays • to produce bright spot
horizontally when hit by cathode rays
1 1
Vr.m.s. = × Vp Vp.m.k.d. = × Vp Vp 4V
2 2 Vr.m.s. = =
2 2
[ ]
Vr.m.s. = Vroot mean square
Vp.m.k.d. = Vpunca min kuasa dua = 2.83 V
= 0.01 s cm × 4 cm = 0.04 s
Oleh itu, tempoh, T –1
So, period, T
1
Frekuensi / Frequency, f =
T
1
f = = 25 Hz
0.04 s
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang yang 2 Rajah menunjukkan bentuk gelombang dihasilkan
terhasil daripada bekalan kuasa arus ulang-alik pada skrin O.S.K. di radar stesen lapangan terbang.
yang disambungkan kepada input-Y pada O.S.K. Titik X dan Y menunjukkan masa penghantaran
[Gandaan-Y disetkan = 20 V cm–1 dan kawalan isyarat ke kapal terbang dan masa penerimaan
dasar masa = 5 ms cm-1] pantulan isyarat melalui radar tersebut.
The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. [Kawalan dasar masa pada O.S.K. = 50 ms cm–1]
power supply connected to Y-input of a C.R.O. The diagram shows a waveform obtained on the screen of
[Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 and time-base control setting = a C.R.O. at an airport radar station. The points X and Y
5 ms cm–1] indicate the time of transmission to an aeroplane and the
time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station.
[Time-base control setting of the C.R.O. = 50 ms cm–1]
Y
X
Tentukan, / Determine, 8 cm
(a) tempoh isyarat yang ditunjukkan Hitung
the period of the signal Calculate
(b) frekuensi isyarat (a) masa isyarat radar dari X ke Y.
the frequency of the signal the time travels of the radar from X to Y.
(c) beza keupayaan puncak ke puncak (b) jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang.
the peak to peak voltage [Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1]
(d) beza keupayaan voltan puncak the distance between the radar station and the
the peak voltage aeroplane.
Penyelesaian / Solution [Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
4 UNIT
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar-masa O.S.K.
Time-base control setting of the C.R.O.
8 cm = 50 ms cm–1
d = 14 cm Masa penghantaraan isyarat radar,
Time travels of the radar,
(a) Ketetapan kawalan dasar masa T = 50 ms cm–1 × 8 cm = 400 ms
Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm–1 = 0.4 s
Tempoh / Period, T = 5 ms cm–1 × 14 cm
= 70 ms (b) Halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1
= 7.0 × 10–2 s Speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
(b) Frekuensi / Frequency, f = 1 Menggunakan formula, 2D = vt
T Using formula, 2D = vt
1 Jarak antara stesen radar dan kapal terbang
=
7.0 × 10–2 s Distance between the radar station and the
= 14.29 Hz aeroplane,
(c) Ketetapan gandaan-Y
D = vt
Y-gain setting = 20 V cm–1 2
Voltan puncak ke puncak (3 × 108 m s–1 ) × (0.4 s)
=
Peak to peak voltage, Vpp = 20 V cm–1 × 8 cm 2
= 160 V = 6.0 × 107 m
(d) Vp = Vpp
2
160 V
= 2
= 80 V
• Pendopan ialah proses menambahkan bilangan bendasing yang tertentu ke dalam atom
semikonduktor tulen (semikonduktor intrinsik) untuk meningkatkan kekonduksian.
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities into the pure semiconductor atoms
Proses
(intrinsic semiconductor) to increase its conductivity .
pendopan
Doping process • Proses pendopan menghasilkan dua jenis semikonduktor.
Doping process produces two types of semiconductors.
• Dua jenis semikonduktor ini ialah semikonduktor jenis-n dan semikonduktor jenis-p .
These two types of semiconductors are the n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor .
Semikonduktor jenis-n
n-type semiconductors
• Atom silikon (mempunyai empat elektron valens) didopkan dengan atom-atom pentavalen
(mempunyai lima elektron valens) seperti antimoni, fosforus atau arsenik untuk
meningkatkan bilangan elektron-elektron bebas.
Silicon atoms (with four valence electrons) doped with pentavalent atoms (which have five valence
electrons) such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic increases the number of free electrons.
• Atom pentavalen akan menggantikan beberapa atom silikon, kemudian tiap-tiap satu daripada atom
pentavalen akan mempunyai empat ikatan kovalen dan satu elektron bebas lebihan.
The pentavalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, then each of the pentavalent atoms will have
four covalent bonds and one extra free electron.
• Oleh kerana atom pentavalen menderma lebihan elektron, ia dinamakan atom penderma .
Since a pentavalent atom donates an extra electron, it is called donor atom.
• Dalam keadaan ini, terdapat lebih banyak elektron bebas berbanding lohong, oleh itu elektron
adalah pembawa cas majoriti dan lohong adalah pembawa cas minoriti ,
Semikonduktor
jenis-n maka ia dinamakan semikonduktor jenis-n .
Type-n In this case, there are more free electrons than holes. Therefore, the electrons are the majority charge-
semiconductors minority n-type semiconductor
carriers and the holes are the charge-carriers and is thus known as an .
4
• Elektron bebas yang berlebihan menjadi pembawa cas negatif dalam semikonduktor jenis-n.
UNIT
The excess free electrons become the negative charge-carriers in an n-type semiconductor.
Si As Si
Ikatan kovalen
Covalent bond
Si Si Si
Semikonduktor jenis-p
p-type semiconductors
• Silikon yang didopkan dengan atom trivalen (mempunyai tiga elektron valens) seperti
boron, indium atau galium akan meningkatkan bilangan lohong.
Silicon doped with trivalent atoms (which have three valence electrons) such as
boron, indium or gallium increase the number holes.
• Atom trivalen akan menggantikan beberapa atom silikon, menyebabkan silikon kehilangan satu
elektron daripada empat ikatan kovalen.
The trivalent atoms will replace some of the silicon atoms, resulting in one electron missing from one of the four
covalent bonds.
• Atom trivalen akan menerima satu elektron, maka ia dinamakan atom penerima .
Since a trivalent atom accepts an electron, it is called the acceptor atom.
• Atom trivalen ini menghasilkan semikonduktor jenis-p dengan membentuk kekurangan
elektron valens yang dinamakan lohong .
These trivalent atoms produce p-type semiconductors by creating a shortage of valence electrons called
holes .
Semikonduktor
jenis-p • Dalam keadaan ini, terdapat lebih banyak lohong terhasil, oleh itu lohong adalah pembawa cas
Type-p majoriti dan elektron adalah pembawa cas minoriti , semikonduktor ini
semiconductors dinamakan semikonduktor jenis-p .
In this case there are more holes. Therefore, the holes are the majority charge-carriers and the electrons are
the minority charge-carriers and is thus known as p-type semiconductors .
• Lohong berlebihan ini menjadi pembawa cas positif dalam semikonduktor jenis-p.
The excess holes become the positive charge charge-carriers in the p-type semiconductors.
Si In Si
4
Si Si Si
• Apabila bahan semikonduktor jenis-p bercantum dengan bahan semikonduktor jenis-n, ini akan
membentukkan di tengah-tengahnya satu lapisan yang dinamakan lapisan susutan . Pada
lapisan ini, elektron dari bahan jenis-n menghanyut merentasi simpang untuk mengisi
lohong dalam bahan jenis-p. Lohong dari bahan jenis-p menghanyut dalam
arah bertentangan ke bahan jenis-n. Hasilnya, lapisan susutan yang nipis terbentuk.
Ia adalah kawasan sempit yang kehilangan semua elektron bebas dan lohong dan bersifat seperti
silikon tulen yang mempunyai kerintangan tinggi . Pengaliran cas seterusnya yang
merentasi sempadan lapisan susutan akan ditolak oleh cas di dalam lapisan tersebut.
When a p-type semiconductor material is in contact with an n-type semiconductor material, a layer called
the depletion layer is formed in the middle. At this junction, electrons from n-type semiconductor drifts
across the junction to fill in the holes in the p-type semiconductor. The holes from the p-type
semiconductor drift in the opposite direction to the n-type semiconductor. As a result, a depletion layer is produced.
It is a very narrow region which has lost all its available free electrons and holes and thus behaves almost
like a pure silicon, with high resistivity . Any further movement of charges across the boundry in the
depletion layer will be repelled by the charges in the layer.
4
p-n junction dalam bahan jenis-n akan menghalang pembawa cas majoriti dari bahan jenis-p (lohong) daripada
UNIT
works merentasi sempadan dalam arah bertentangan. Ini menyebabkan suatu beza keupayaan
yang bertindak dari bahan jenis-n ke bahan jenis-p. Beza keupayaan merentasi simpang ini
dinamakan voltan simpang . Tiada arus mengalir melalui simpang p-n
semasa cas berada dalam keseimbangan .
The layer of the negative charge in the p-type region will prevent the majority charge carriers from the n-type
region (the electrons) from crossing the boundary. Similarly, the positive charge layer in the n-type region
will prevent the majority charge carriers from the p-type region (the holes) from crossing the boundry in the opposite
direction. This will result in a potential difference acting from the n-type material to the p-type material
across the junction. This potential difference is known as the junction voltage . In its normal state, a p-n
junction delivers no current since the charges are in equilibrium .
• Kesan voltan simpang ialah untuk menghalang pembawa cas daripada menghanyut
merentasi simpang. Anggaran voltan simpang bagi germanium dan silikon ialah 0.1 V dan 0.6 V
masing-masing.
This junction voltage prevents charge carriers from drifting across the junction. The junction voltages for
germanium and silicon are approximately 0.1 V and 0.6 V respectively.
Simbol diod
semikonduktor p n Anod (+) Katod (–)
Symbol of a Struktur Anode (+) Cathode (–)
Structure
semiconductor
diode
Simbol
Symbol
Pincang ke depan
Forward-biased
• Untuk membenarkan arus elektrik mengalir melalui diod, beza keupayaan merentasi diod mesti
melebihi voltan simpang.
In order for an electric current to flow through the diode, the voltage applied across the diode must exceed
the junction voltage.
• Dalam susunan pincang ke depan, beza keupayaan sel lebih besar daripada voltan simpang.
Lapisan susutan menjadi nipis , rintangan diod berkurang . Oleh itu
arus yang besar mengalir melalui diod.
In a forward-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is greater than the junction voltage. The depletion layer
becomes narrow , the resistance of diode decreases . Hence a large current flows through
the diode.
Voltan simpang
Junction voltage
Rintangan rendah
Rintangan rendah / Low resistance Low resistance
Semikonduktor jenis-p Semikonduktor jenis-n p n
p-type semiconductor n-type semiconductor
Arus mengalir
Current flow
Lapisan susutan nipis
Fungsi diod + –
Narrow depletion layer
Pincang ke depan
Function of
UNIT
Forward-biased
diodes Beza keupayaan sel
4
Cell voltage
• Diod mengalirkan arus kerana lohong dari semikonduktor jenis-p dan elektron
dari semikonduktor jenis-n berupaya merentasi simpang . Mentol akan menyala .
The diode conducts current because the holes from the p-type semiconductor and
electrons from the n-type semiconductor are able to cross over the junction . The bulb will
light up .
• Fungsi diod membenarkan arus mengalir dalam satu arah sahaja .
The function of a diode is to allow current to flow in one direction only .
Pincang songsang
Reverse-biased
• Dalam susunan pincang songsang, beza keupayaan sel lebih rendah daripada voltan
simpang. Lapisan susutan menjadi besar dan rintangan diod meningkat. Oleh itu, tiada
arus mengalir melalui diod.
In a reverse-biased arrangement, the cell voltage is lower than the junction voltage. The depletion layer is
wide and the resistance of diode increases. Hence, no current flows through the diode.
Voltan simpang
Junction voltage
Rintangan sangat tinggi
Rintangan tinggi / High resistance
Very high resistance
p n
Bahan Bahan
jenis-p jenis-n Tiada arus
p-type n-type No current
material material
Lapisan susutan lebar
– +
Wide depletion layer
Pincang songsang Lukis litar in dengan
Reverse-biased
menggunakan simbol.
Draw this circuit by using symbols.
Beza keupayaan sel
Cell voltage
Graf arus lawan beza keupayaan bagi simpang p-n dalam diod silikon dan diod germanium
Graph of current against voltage for the p-n junction in a silicon and germanium diode
Diod
germanium
Germanium
I / mA diode Diod silikon
Silicon diode
Graf
Graph
4 UNIT
V / Volt
0 0.1 0.6
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Rektifier Ialah peranti elektrik yang menukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada arus terus
Rectifier Is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current
Rektifikasi Ialah proses untuk menukarkan arus ulang-alik kepada arus terus dengan menggunakan diod
Rectification Is the process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using diode
Diod ialah peranti yang membenarkan arus mengalir melalui satu arah sahaja. Ia juga dikenali sebagai
rektifier . Proses yang menukarkan a.u kepada a.t dikenali sebagai rektifikasi .
A diode is a device that allows current to flow through it in one direction only. It is also called a rectifier . The
process that changes a.c. into d.c. is called rectification .
Jenis
rektifikasi Rajah litar Lakaran graf Penerangan
Types of Diagram of the circuit Sketch of graph Explanation
rectification
Diod Vin = beza keupayaan input (a.u.) Proses di mana hanya separuh
Ke O.S.K.
Diode
To C.R.O.
Vin = Input voltage (a.c. current) kitar pertama arus ulang-alik,
Vin dibenarkan mengalir dalam
satu arah .
a.c R V
A process where only half of every
t/s cycle of alternating current is made to
0
flow in one direction .
Dalam separuh kitar pertama,
Rektifikasi diod dipincang ke depan
separuh mengalir
VR dan arus dapat .
gelombang
In the first half cycle, the diode is
Half-wave
Rectification forward-biased and current
t/s can flow .
0
Arus dihalang mengalir
menerusi diod dalam separuh
VR = beza keupayaan output kitar kedua apabila diod
melalui O.S.K. dipincang songsang .
Rectified voltage which shows
in the C.R.O. The current cannot flow through the
diode in the second half-cycle when the
UNIT
diode is reverse-biased .
4
4
adalah sama .
UNIT
The direction of alternating current
passing through the resistor R
for each half of the cycle is the
same .
(a) Transistor p-n-p • Transistor mempunyai tiga elektrod yang bersambung kepada pengeluar (E) ,
p-n-p transistor tapak (B) pengumpul (C)
dan .
C (Pengumpul / C (Pengumpul /
A transistor has three leads connected to the emitter (E) , base (B) and
Collector) Collector)
collector (C) .
p • Pengeluar memancarkan atau menghantar pembawa cas melalui lapisan tapak yang
B (Tapak / B (Tapak / nipis untuk dikumpulkan oleh pengumpul .
n
Base) Base) The emitter emits or sends charge carries through the thin base layer to be collected by the
p
collector .
• Arah pada pengeluar menunjukkan arah aliran arus .
E (Pengeluar / E (Pengeluar /
Emitter) Emitter) The arrow on the emitter shows the direction of the current flow .
• Dalam transistor p-n-p, pengeluar jenis-p menghantar lohong bercas positif kepada
131
Rumus pengumpul.
transistor In p-n-p transistor, the p-type emitter sends positive holes to the collector.
Formula of • Transistor p-n-p terdiri daripada lapisan semikonduktor jenis-n yang dilapisi dengan dua lapisan
transistor semikonduktor jenis-p.
IE = IB + IC A p-n-p transistor consists of a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched by two layers of p-type semiconductor.
(b) Transistor n-p-n • Dalam transistor n-p-n, pengeluar jenis-n menghantar elektron bercas negatif kepada
n-p-n transistor pengumpul.
C (Pengumpul / C (Pengumpul / In an n-p-n transistor, the n-type emitter sends negative electrons to the collector.
Collector) Collector)
• Arah dalam pengeluar menunjukkan arah arus mengalir .
n The arrow on the emitter shows the direction of the current flow .
• Transistor n-p-n terdiri daripada lapisan semikonduktor jenis-p yang nipis dan dilapisi dengan dua
B (Tapak / B (Tapak / p lapisan semikonduktor jenis-n.
Base) Base) An n-p-n transistor consists of a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched by two layers of n-type semiconductor.
n
E (Pengeluar / E (Pengeluar /
Emitter) Emitter)
UNIT 4
10/11/13 6:06 PM
4 UNIT
Litar transistor I (memerlukan dua sel 1 Nilai arus tapak sangat kecil (μA) berbanding nilai arus pengumpul (mA) . ( Ib <<< Ic )
kering) Ic
Transistor circuit I (two dry cells are needed) Ib
Pembesaran arus =
R2 Current amplification = Ib
Ic 2 Kenaikan kecil dalam arus tapak akan menyebabkan kenaikan yang besar dalam arus
C
R1 B E2 pengumpul. (∆Ib <<< ∆Ic )
132
circuit
Litar transistor II (memerlukan satu sel) Rx dan RY : Pembahagi voltan
Transistor circuit II (one cell is needed) RX and RY : Voltage divider
1 Apabila RY = 0, voltan tapak VR = 0. Arus tapak tidak mengalir menyebabkan arus pengumpul
Voltan Y
10/11/13 6:06 PM
3 Dari prinsip kerja di atas, boleh disimpulkan bahawa transistor berfungsi sebagai suis automatik .
Oleh itu, transistor boleh dihidupkan atau dipadamkan.
Ry Ic
VB =
Ry + Rx
×V IGain =
Ib
133
transistor The transistor as an amplifier
Uses of a
transistor 1 Apabila seseorang bercakap melalui mikrofon, gelombang bunyi ditukarkan kepada
arus ulang-alik .
When a person speaks through a microphone, the sound waves are converted into an alternating current .
Pembesar 2 Perubahan yang kecil kepada arus tapak , menyebabkan perubahan yang besar kepada
suara
Loudspeaker arus pengumpul .
C small change base current big change collector current
A in , will cause a in the .
B
3 Alat pembesar suara menerima arus ulang-alik yang besar daripada litar pengumpul dan
E bunyi yang kuat
menukarkannya kepada gelombang .
Mikrofon large alternating current
Microphone The loudspeaker thus receives a from the collector circuit and converts it into a
loud sound .
4 Kapasitor menghalang arus mantap (arus terus) daripada mengalir ke dalam transistor dan
mikrofon .
The capacitor blocks a steady current (direct current) from flowing into the transistor and microphone .
UNIT 4
10/11/13 6:06 PM
4 UNIT
134
Transistor sebagai suis kawalan cahaya
The transistor as a light controlled switch
Litar memadamkan mentol pada waktu malam dan menyala pada siang hari secara automatik.
C Circuit switches off the bulb at night and switches on the bulb at day time automatically.
B 1 Pada siang hari, perintang peka cahaya (PPC) mempunyai rintangan yang kecil. Oleh itu,
beza keupayaan merentasi PPC rendah tetapi beza keupayaan merentasi
E
R rintangan R tinggi
adalah . Arus tapak, IB mengalir menyebabkan arus pengumpul ,
10/11/13 6:06 PM
2 Pada waktu malam, PPC mempunyai rintangan yang sangat tinggi . Oleh itu, beza keupayaan merentasi
The base current does not flow and cause the collector current does not flow. The bulb does not light up .
Litar menyalakan mentol pada waktu malam dan dipadamkan pada siang hari secara automatik
Mentol
Circuit switches on the bulb at night and switches off the bulb at day time automatically
Bulb
R1
C 1 Di siang hari, PPC (R) mempunyai rintangan yang rendah seperti R1. Voltan tapak
A B 9V arus tapak tidak mengalir
adalah rendah menyebabkan dan arus pengumpul juga tidak mengalir,
Cahaya
Light E IB = 0, Ic = 0. Transistor terpadam . Mentol tidak menyala .
R low
In daylight, the LDR (R) has a very low resistance as compared to R1. The base voltage is too . The
135
base current does not flow and the collector current also does not flow ,
adalah rendah .
In darkness, the LDR has a very high resistance , the potential difference across the LDR is high
enough to switch the transistor on and hence the potential difference across resistor R is low .
1
3 Beza keupayaan tapak adalah tinggi , arus tapak , I , mengalir dan menyebabkan arus
B
UNIT 4
10/11/13 6:06 PM
4 UNIT
Suis kawalan haba atau penggera suhu tinggi / Heat-controlled switch or high temperature alarm
1 Termistor ialah perintang yang mana rintangan berubah apabila suhu berubah.
Suis geganti
RB
E Penggera resistance
10 kΩ R Alarm
The of the thermistor falls as the temperature rises.
3 Termistor dan perintang R dalam rajah menghasilkan pembahagi keupayaan merentasi bekalan kuasa,
6 V.
4 Pada suhu bilik, termistor mempunyai rintangan yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan R.
At room temperature, the thermistor has a high resistance as compared to R.
5 Oleh itu, beza keupayaan merentasi tapak transistor adalah rendah dan tidak
mencukupi untuk menghidupkan suis transistor.
Therefore, the potential difference across the base of the transistor is too low and not enough to switch the transistor
on.
6 Apabila suhu meningkat, rintangan termistor berkurang Rintangan termistor menjadi sangat
kecil berbanding dengan rintangan R.
resistance decreases
136
When the temperature rises, the of the thermistor significantly. The resistance of
the thermistor is very small as compared to the resistance of R.
7 Maka, beza keupayaan merentasi R adalah tinggi . Beza keupayaan tapak adalah tinggi dan
arus tapak yang mengalir, IB, adalah cukup tinggi untuk menghasilkan arus pengumpul ,
Ic yang besar. Ic adalah cukup besar untuk menghidupkan transistor dan mengalir melalui gegelung geganti.
Suis geganti ditutup (suis geganti dihidupkan) dan menyebabkan penggera berbunyi .
Hence, the potential difference across R is high
. The base voltage is high ; and the base current
8 Diod dalam litar kawalan haba adalah untuk melindungi transistor dari rosak oleh
d.g.e yang besar dalam gegelung geganti apabila arus pengumpul Ic menurun ke
sifar .
Diode in the heat-controlled circuit is to protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f.
10/11/13 6:06 PM
MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
Latihan / Exercise
1 Rajah menunjukkan litar transistor. Perintang P 2 Rajah menunujukkan simbol rintangan n-p-n.
mempunyai rintangan 10 kΩ. Untuk menyalakan The diagram shows the symbol of an n-p-n transistor.
mentol, beza keupayaan merentasi perintang P
mestilah sekurang-kurangnya 2 V. 120 mA
The diagram shows a transistor circuit. Resistor P has C
a resistance of 10 kΩ. In order to light up the bulb, the 5 mA
potential difference across resistor P must be at least 2 V. B
E
X
Ie
S
Y
T Apakah nilai Ie?
12 V
What is the value of Ie?
P
Z Penyelesaian
Solution
Apakah nilai tertinggi perintang S apabila mentol IE = IB + Ic
menyala?
= 5 mA + 120 mA
What is the maximum value of resistor S when the bulb
lights up? = 125 mA
Penyelesaian
Solution
Vp = Rp
VXZ Rp + Rs
2 V = 10 k Ω
12 V 10 k Ω + Rs
10 k Ω + Rs = 60 k Ω
Rs = 50 k Ω
4 UNIT
3 M
S
Q
R
6V Y
Suis
P
geganti
Vp Relay
switch 240 V a.u.
Z 240 V a.c.
... 2.0 V = 10 k Ω
6.0 V 10 k Ω + Rs
... 10 k Ω + Rs = 30 k Ω
... R = 20 k Ωs
Penyelesaian / Solution
R1 5 kΩ
B (a) (i) Termistor / Thermistor
R2 (ii)
A 10 V
C
UNIT
X
4
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Get logik Satu litar elektronik yang mempunyai satu input atau lebih dan satu output.
Logic gate An electronic circuit with one or more inputs and a single output.
Jadual kebenaran Jadual yang menyenaraikan semua kemungkinan input dan output get logik.
Truth table A table that summarises all the possible inputs and outputs of a logic gate.
Algebra Boolean Ungkapan Boole ialah suatu bentuk ungkapan yang boleh meringkaskan operasi logik suatu
Boolean algebra get logik.
The Boolean algebra is one form of expression which can be used to summarise the logic operation of a
logic gate.
1 Get logik ialah litar yang mempunyai satu atau lebih isyarat input tetapi hanya satu isyarat output.
A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.
2 Setiap input dan output boleh sama ada tinggi (logik 1) atau rendah (logik 0).
Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0)
3 Sistem binari "0" mewakili 0 V dan binari "1" mewakili voltan bukan sifar.
A binary "0" represents 0 V, and a binary "1" represents a non-zero voltage.
4 Jadual kebenaran menyenaraikan kemungkinan semua input dan output yang sepadan.
A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.
4
TAK / NOT
UNIT
Input / Input Output / Output
A X
X=A
0 1
A X
1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
UNIT
Latihan / Exercise
4
P
X
Q
Penyelesaian
Input Output
Solution
P Q X
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
X = 1111 101
2 Rajah menunjukkan dua isyarat yang menghubungkan input A dan B dalam suatu get OR.
The diagram shows two signals connected to the inputs A and B of an OR gate.
A
A
Input X
Input B
B
Penyelesaian
Solution
A
Input
Input
Output
Output
X
3 Rajah menunjukkan gabungan get logik dengan input A dan input B. Jika input A = 0011 dan input B = 0101,
apakah output X?
The diagram shows the combination of logic gates with inputs A and B. If the input A = 0011 and the input B = 0101, what is
4
the output X?
UNIT
A
B
X
Penyelesaian
Solution
0011 0001
A 1110
B
0101 1110
X
0101
0011 1110
X = 1110
Aktif
0 1
Activated
UNIT
Aktif
1 0
Activated
4
Aktif
1 1
Activated
Pengesan
Input / Input Output / Output
asap Pengesan Alat
Smoke detector Alat Pengesan Penggera
asap Pemadam api
pemadam api haba kebakaran
Fire extinguisher Smoke Fire
Pengesan Heat detector Fire alarm
haba detector extinguisher
Heat detector Penggera
0 0 0 0
kebakaran
Fire alam
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
4
0 1 0
UNIT
1 0 1
1 1 1
Latihan / Exercise
A
L C
B
(b) Get logik L disambung dengan get logik M dan N seperti ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
Logic gate L is connected to logic gates M and N as shown in the diagram below.
X
N Z
M
Y
X Y Z
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) (i) get ATAU / OR gate (ii) output C
(b) (i)
0011
X
0011 0111 Input Output
L X Y Z
0101 0110
N Z 0 0 0
0011
Y
M 0 1 1
1110
0101 0101 1 0 1
(ii) Z=A+B 1 1 0
2 Rajah menunjukkan litar yang digunakan sebagai sistem keselamatan di dalam rumah.
The diagram shows a circuit being used as a safety system in a house.
L Pintu
R
Door
Suis utama
Main switch
A M Pintu pagar
S
B Gate
Suis tersembunyi
Hidden switch
4
State the Boolean algebra to relate L, A and B.
UNIT
(iii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada pintu dan pintu pagar apabila suis utama ditutup?
What happens to the door and the gate when the main switch is closed?
Penyelesaian
Solution
(a) get DAN / AND gate
(b)
(c) (i) A B L M
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
(ii) A . (A + B)
(iii) Kedua-dua pintu dan pagar terbuka.
Both the door and the gate are open.
UNIT
5 Keradioaktifan
Radioactivity
5.1 Memahami nukleus atom / Understanding the nucleus of an atom
• Mendefinisikan unit jisim atom (u.j.a.). / Define atomic mass unit (a.m.u.).
• Menghuraikan pelakuran nuklear. / Describe nuclear fission.
• Memberikan contoh pelakuran nuklear. / Give examples of nuclear fission.
• Menghuraikan tindak balas berantai. / Describe chain reactions.
• Menghuraikan pelakuran nuklear. / Describe nuclear fusion.
• Memberikan contoh pelakuran nuklear. / Give examples of nuclear fusion.
• Menghubungkaitkan pelepasan tenaga tindak balas nuklear dengan perubahan jisim berdasarkan persamaan
• E = mc2.
Relate the release of energy in a nuclear reaction with change of mass according to the equation E = mc2.
• Menghuraikan penjanaan elektrik dari pelakuran nuklear. / Describe the generation of electricity from nuclear fission.
• Memberi alasan kuat untuk penggunaan pelakuran nuklear dalam penjanaan elektrik.
Justify the use of nuclear fission in the generation of electricity.
• Menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan tenaga nuklear. / Solve problems involving nuclear energy.
• Menghuraikan kesan buruk bahan radioaktif. / Describe the negative effects of radioactive substances.
• Menghuraikan langkah-langkah keselamatan yang diperlukan dalam pengendalian bahan radioaktif.
Describe safety precautions needed in the handling of radioactive substances.
• Menghuraikan pengurusan buangan radioaktif. / Describe the management of radioactive waste.
5 UNIT
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Nuklid Nuklid ialah struktur atom yang tertentu yang mempunyai nombor nukleon dan nombor proton
Nuclide tersendiri. / A nuclide is an atom of a particular structure, having its own particular nucleon number and
proton number.
X
A
Z
Isotop ialah struktur atom yang mempunyai nombor proton yang sama tetapi
Isotop
nombor nukleon yang berbeza.
Isotope
Isotopes are atoms which have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers.
C
12
(b)
6
(i) Nombor proton bagi atom C ialah 6 . / The proton number of C is 6 .
(ii) Nombor nukleon bagi atom C ialah 12 . / The nucleon number of C is 12 .
(iii) Bilangan neutron dalam atom C ialah 6 .
The number of neutrons in C nucleus is 6 .
Kr
84
(c)
36
(i) Berapakah bilangan neutron dalam nukleus atom kripton?
What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of krypton?
84 – 36 = 48
(ii) Nukleus bagi kripton lain mempunyai dua neutron yang berlebihan. Tuliskan simbol dalam bentuk
X bagi atom kripton ini.
A
Z
Another nuclide of krypton has two extra neutrons. Write the nuclide notation for this nuclide.
Bilangan neutron = 48 + 2 = 50
Nombor proton kekal sama dengan 36 memandangkan ianya elemen yang sama
Nombor nukleon = 36 + 50 = 86
Kr
86
Simbol bagi isotop kripton ini ialah 36
Number of neutrons = 48 + 2 = 50
The proton number remains at 36 since it is the same element
Nucleon number = 36 + 50 = 86
Kr
86
Symbol for this isotope of krypton is 36
2 Isotop suatu unsur mempunyai bilangan proton dan bilangan elektron yang sama.
UNIT
Isotopes of an element contain the same number of protons and the same number of electrons .
3 Kripton-84 dan Kripton-86 dikenali sebagai isotop bagi kripton. Jadi, isotop mempunyai ciri-ciri
5
kimia yang sama kerana tindak balas kimia melibatkan elektron dalam atom tersebut.
Krypton-84 and Krypton-86 are known as isotopes of krypton. So, isotopes have the same chemical properties because
chemical reactions involve the electrons in an atom.
4 Seterusnya, isotop mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang berbeza kerana jisimnya berbeza.
Therefore, isotopes have different physical properties because their mass is different.
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Keradioaktifan Keradioaktifan adalah penyusutan secara spontan nukleus yang tidak stabil
Radioactivity stabil zarah bertenaga
menjadi nukleus yang lebih dengan memancarkan
(sinaran radioaktif) atau foton.
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus into a
more stable nucleus accompanied by the emission of energetic particles (radioactive rays) or
photons.
Atau / Or
Adalah reputan secara spontan
dan rawak satu nukleus yang tidak stabil kepada nukleus
yang stabil dengan memancarkan zarah alfa , beta atau sinar gama .
Is the spontaneous and random decay of an unstable nucleus into a more stable nucleus with emissions
of alpha , beta or gamma radiation.
Proses spontan Merujuk kepada proses yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar seperti suhu ,
Spontaneous process tekanan medan elektrik medan magnet
, dan .
Refers to a process that is not triggered by any external factors such as temperature ,
pressure , electric fields or magnetic fields .
Sinaran elektromagnet Ialah gelombang elektromagnet yang terdiri daripada kumpulan tenaga kecil yang dipanggil
Electromagnetic radiation foton .
Is electromagnetic waves that consist of small energy packets called photons .
Pancaran radioaktif Juga dikenali sebagai zarah yang bertenaga atau foton , seperti zarah alfa,
Radioactive emission zarah beta dan sinar gama.
Also known as energetic particles or photons , such as alpha particle, beta particle and
gamma ray.
Reputan radioaktif atau Proses yang mana nukleus yang tidak stabil berubah kepada nukleus yang lebih stabil dengan
penyusutan radioaktif memancarkan sinar radioaktif.
5
Radioactive decay or Is the process in which an unstable nucleus changes into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiation.
UNIT
radioactive disintegration
Sinaran
radioaktif Zarah alfa, α Zarah beta, β Sinar gama,
Radioactive Alpha particle, α Beta particle, β Gamma ray, γ
emissions
Elektron berhalaju tinggi
Nukleus helium / Helium nuclei Gelombang elektromagnet
Semulajadi Electrons with high velocity
He Electromagnetic Wave
4
Nature
2 0
–1
e
Kuasa
Rendah / Low Sederhana Sangat tinggi / Very high
penembusan
Medium
Penetrating power
Pengionan atom menghasilkan ion-ion (a) Sinar radioaktif yang mempunyai (a) Pesongan zarah beta lebih
UNIT
positif negatif kuasa pengionan yang paling besar dari zarah alfa
dan ion-ion
tinggi akan mempunyai
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(d) Zarah alfa menghasilkan banyak (c) Zarah alfa kehilangan tenaga Medan elektrik
pasangan ion dalam medium. sangat cepat semasa bergerak Electric field
Alpha particles produce the most ion melalui medium. zarah-α
pairs in a medium. energy Sumber radioaktif α-particles
Alpha particles lose very sinar-γ
quickly as they move through a medium. Radioactive source
γ-rays
zarah-β
(d) Oleh itu, zarah alfa β-particles
mempunyai kuasa penembusan
yang paling rendah . Medan magnet
Zarah alfa alpha Magnetic field
Alpha particle So particles have the
lowest Zarah alfa dan zarah beta
penetrating power.
Beta akan terpesong apabila mereka
(a) Zarah beta yang sangat melepasi medan magnet tetapi
laju mempunyai runut yang
zarah α sinaran gama tidak dipesongkan .
nipis dan lurus α-particles
The faster beta particle has Alpha particles and beta
thin straight zarah β particles are deflected when they
tracks
β-particles
(b) Zarah beta yang lebih perlahan pass through a magnetic field while gamma
mempunyai runut yang sinar γ rays are not deflected .
γ-rays γ γ
pendek dan tebal
melengkung ke arah rawak. α α
The slower beta particles have
Sehelai Aluminium Plumbum
short and thick tracks kertas (beberapa (beberapa β
A sheet mm) cm) β
which curve in random directions.
of paper Aluminium Lead
(A few mm) (A few cm)
α, β, γ α, β, γ
Petunjuk / Key:
Medan magnet ke
dalam kertas
Magnetic field into
Zarah beta the paper
Beta particle
Gama / Gamma
Sinaran gama tidak menghasilkan
runut yang tebal, jelas dan
5 UNIT
berterusan kerana
kuasa pengionan yang paling rendah.
The gamma rays do not produce thick, clear
and continuous tracks due to
their low ionising power.
Sinaran gama
Gamma ray
Reputan radioaktif:
Radioactive decay:
1 Apabila nukleus radioaktif mereput, nukleus akan pecah dan memancarkan zarah alfa atau
zarah beta dan tenaga . Ia menghasilkan atom baru bagi unsur yang berbeza.
When a radioactive nucleus decays, its nucleus break up and emits an alpha or beta particle and
energy . It forms a new atom of a different element.
2 Selepas reputan radioaktif, bilangan proton dan neutron dalam nukleus akan berubah.
After radioactive decay, the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei will change.
(a) Reputan alfa / Alpha decay
Persamaan bagi reputan alfa: / The general equation of alpha decay is:
X Y + He + Tenaga X Y + He + Energy
A A–4 4 A A–4 4
Z Z–2 2 Z Z–2 2
Nukleus Nukleus Zarah Parent Daughter Beta
Induk anak beta nuclide nuclide particle
Dalam reputan alfa, nukleus yang tidak stabil memancarkan zarah alfa .
In alpha decay, the unstable parent nuclide emits an alpha particle.
Contoh / Example
U Th + He Po Pb +
238 4 210 206
(a) 92 2
(b) 84 82
Penyelesaian / Solution
Th
234
(a) 90
He
4
(b) 2
X Y + e + Tenaga X Y + e + Energy
A A 0 A A 0
Z Z+1 –1 Z Z+1 –1
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Apabila nukleus mereput dengan memancarkan zarah beta , maka nombor proton Z
ditambah sebanyak 1 tetapi nombor nukleon , A, tidak berubah.
When a nuclide decays by emitting a beta particle, its proton number Z increases by 1 and its
nukleon number, A does not change.
Contoh / Example
Sr Y+ e
90 0
(a) 38 –1
K Ca +
40 40
(b) 19 20
Penyelesaian / Solution
Y
90
(a) 39
e
0
(b) –1
X X+γ X X+γ
A A A A
Z Z Z Z
Tenaga Tenaga Higher Lower
tinggi rendah energy energy
(ii)
Dalam reputan gama, nukleus dalam keadaan teruja (paras tenaga yang lebih tinggi) memancarkan
sinar γ untuk menukar kepada paras tenaga yang lebih rendah.
In gamma decay, a nucleus in an excited state (higher energy state) emits a γ-ray to change to a lower energy state.
(iii) Sinar gama dipancarkan sama ada bersama dengan zarah alfa atau beta dalam masa yang
sama.
Gamma rays are emitted at the same time together with either alpha or beta particles.
(iv) Tiada perubahan dalam nombor nukleon dan nombor proton .
There is no change in the nucleon number and proton number.
Contoh / Example
Co Co + g
60
(a)
5
27
UNIT
Bi Po + e + g
214 0
(b) 84
83
(c)
Th Pb + He + e+g
232 208 4 0
90 82 2 –1
Th mereput menjadi Pb ?
232 208
Berapakah zarah alfa dan zarah beta yang dipancarkan apabila 90 82
Th decays into Pb ?
232 208
How many alpha particles and beta particles are emitted when 90 82
Penyelesaian / Solution
(a) A = 60
Z = 27
Bi, e
214 0
(b) 83 –1
Th → Pb + 6 He + 4 e + g
232 208 4 0
(c) 90 82 2 –1
Siri Reputan
A decay series
Kadangkala nukleus anak (nukleus baru) bagi unsur radioaktif, masih lagi tidak stabil. Ianya akan mereput kepada
nukleus lain yang juga tidak stabil. Proses ini berterusan dan dikenali sebagai siri pereputan radioaktif
sehingga menghasilkan nukleus yang stabil .
Sometimes the daughter nuclide of a radioactive nucleus is still unstable. It will eventually decay into another nuclide which is also
unstable. This process continues and it is called a radioactive decay series until a stable nuclide is produced.
U Th Pa
238 α 234 β 234
92 90 91
Contoh / Example
U Th Pa U Ra
238 234 234 234 226
92 90 91 92 88
U Th + He
238 234 4
(i) 92 90 2
(ii) Semasa reputan alfa, nombor proton akan berkurang sebanyak 2 dan nombor neutron juga akan
berkurang sebanyak 2 atau nombor nukleon berkurang sebanyak 4.
During the alpha decay, the number of protons decreases by 2 and the number of neutrons also decreases by 2, that is,
the nucleon number decreases by 4.
(iii) 3 zarah alfa dan 2 zarah beta.
3 alpha particles and 2 beta particles.
UNIT
Nombor nukleon, A
Nucleon number (A)
238
I
III
234
II
230
226
Namakan zarah atau sinaran radioaktif yang dipancarkan dalam bahagian I, II dan III.
Name the particles or radiations emitted at parts I, II and III.
Penyelesaian / Solution
I : Zarah alfa / Alpha particle
II : Zarah beta / Beta particle
III : Zarah beta / Beta particle
Setengah hayat
Half-life
Setengah hayat bagi unsur radioaktif ialah masa yang diambil
untuk atom yang tidak stabil mereput menjadi
setengah daripada nilai asal atau setengah hayat ialah masa yang diambil untuk keaktifannya
berkurang menjadi setengah daripada nilai asalnya.
The half-life of a radioactive element is the time taken for the unstable atoms to decay to half of its original value or,
half-life is the time taken for its activity to fall to half of its original value.
Contoh / Example
1 Setengah hayat unsur radioaktif yang berjisim 40 g ialah 2 jam. Tentukan jisim unsur radioaktif yang sudah
mereput selepas 6 jam.
The half-life of a radioactive material of mass 40 g is 2 hours. Determine the mass of the radioactive material that has decayed
after 6 hours.
Penyelesaian
Solution
2 jam / hours 2 jam / hours 2 jam / hours
40 g 20 g 10 g 5g
Selepas 6 jam, 35 g sudah mereput
So after 6 hours, 35 g has decayed
2 Setengah hayat untuk Natrium-24 ialah 16 jam. Berapakah masa yang diambil untuk Natrium-24 untuk
menyusut dari 0.64 g kepada 0.04 g?
The half-life of Sodium-24 is 16 hours. What is the time taken for Sodium-24 to shrink from 0.64 g to 0.04 g?
Penyelesaian
Solution
5
16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours 16 jam / hours
UNIT
0.64 g 0.32 g 0.16 g 0.08 g 0.04 g
Penyelesaian / Solution
12 s 1 12 s 1 12 s 1 12 s 1
1 unit unit unit unit unit
2 4 8 16
1
Masa untuk berkurang kepada unit = 12 s × 4 = 48 s
16
1
The time taken to be reduced to 16 unit = 12 s × 4 = 48 s
4 Rajah menunjukkan graf aktiviti lawan masa untuk suatu bahan radioaktif.
The diagram shows the graph of activity against time for a radioactive material.
Aktiviti / bilangan minit–1
Activity / counts minute–1
120
60
Masa / minit
0 20 70 Time / minutes
Berdasarkan graf di atas, tentukan setengah hayat bagi unsur radioaktif tersebut.
Based on the graph above, determine the half-life of the radioactive material.
Penyelesaian / Solution
Masa yang diambil oleh bahan radioaktif untuk menjadi setengah dari aktiviti 120 bilangan per minit kepada 60
bilangan per minit
= 70 minit – 20 minit = 50 minit
The time taken for the radioactive material to become half of its activity from 120 counts per minute to 60 counts per minute
= 70 minutes – 20 minutes = 50 minutes
Oleh itu, setengah hayat, T 1 = 50 minit
2
5 Pelajar menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar reputan dan masa.
Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan graf aktiviti lawan masa dalam rajah di bawah.
A student carries out an experiment to find out the relationship between decay rate and time. The result of the experiment is
shown in the graph of activity against time at the diagram below.
UNIT
400
300
200
100
Masa/jam
0 1 2 3 4 5 Time/hour
(a) Aktiviti No boleh didapatkan dari pintasan aktiviti. Tunjukkan pada graf, bagaimana untuk menentukan No
dan nyatakan nilai tersebut di dalam ruang di bawah.
Activity No can be obtained from activity intercept. Show on the graph how you would determine No and state the value
at the space given below.
No =
(b) Nyatakan hubungan antara aktiviti dan masa. / State the relationship between activity and time.
(c) Dari graf, / From the graph,
(i) tentukan setengah hayat, T 1 bagi unsur radioaktif. Tunjukkan di dalam graf bagaimana untuk
2
menentukan T 1 .
2
determine the half-life, T 1 , of the radioactive element. Show on the graph how you determine T 1 .
2 2
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5.3 Understanding the Uses of Radioisotopes
UNIT
Terminologi Penerangan
Terminology Explanation
Radioisotop adalah isotop yang tidak stabil yang mana nukleus yang tidak stabilnya
Radioisotop mereput dan memancarkan sinar radioaktif seperti a, b, g.
Radioisotope Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes with unstable nuclei which decay and emit radioactive emissions
like α, β, and γ.
Bidang Jenis
Field radioisotop Penggunaan radioisotop
Type of Uses of the radioisotope
radioisotope
yang diterima.
The gamma rays emitted are studied using a gamma camera which produces a
5
picture of patient’s lungs from the gamma radiation each one receives.
• Pesakit kemudiannya akan menghembus keluar semua xenon dan
hanya menerima sinaran dari dos yang kecil.
The patient soon breathes out all the xenon and receives only a tiny dose of
radiation.
5
atau cas pada pakaian.
UNIT
It has a half-life of 140 days . It emits alpha radiation. It is used to
Polonium-210
neutralise static charges in photographic plates or charges on clothes.
Polonium-210
• Zarah alfa mengionkan zarah-zarah udara kepada ion positif
dan ion negatif yang mana ia meneutralkan plat fotografi atau pakaian.
The alpha particles ionise the air particles into positive and negative ions
which neutralise the photographic plates or the clothes.
mengurangkan kerugian.
Radiation treatment kill these pests and reduces the losses.
5
• Satu unit jisim atom (u.j.a.) ialah jisim bagi satu per dua belas
Unit jisim atom (u.j.a.) 12
daripada jisim satu atom karbon-12, 6C.
Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.)
One atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) is 1 of the mass of the carbon-12 atom, 6C.
12
12
Tindak balas berantai • Tindak balas berantai ialah proses tindak balas pengekalan yang mana
Chain reactions hasil tindak balas ini boleh memulakan tindak balas seterusnya
Neutron yang serupa
Neutrons . (proses pembelahan nukleus yang berterusan)
A chain reaction is a self-sustaining reaction in which the
U-235
nukleus products of a reaction can initiate another similar reaction .
nucleus • Dalam tindak balas berantai, pembelahan yang seterusnya bergantung
U-235
kepada penghasilan nukleus baru dan hentaman neutron .
In nuclear chain reactions the succession depends on the production and
capture of neutrons .
• Satu neutron menghentam nukleus uranium maka 2 atau
Pembelahan
spontan 3 neutron dihasilkan.
Spontaneous neutron uranium nucleus
fission A bombards a and 2 or 3 neutrons are
Lebih banyak
5
produced.
pembelahan terhasil
UNIT
daripada hentaman • Neutron yang dihasilkan ini akan berlanggar dengan nukleus uranium
beberapa neutron yang lain.
More fission triggered by
neutrons These neutrons produced will bombard another uranium nucleus .
• Untuk setiap tindak balas, lebih banyak neutron terhasil dan
menyebabkan berlakunya tindak balas berantai , sehingga jisim
nukleus uranium mencapai jisim genting .
For each reaction, more neutrons are produced causing a chain reaction
Pelakuran nukleus • Pelakuran nukleus adalah percantuman dua nukleus yang ringan
Nuclear fusion lebih berat
menjadi nukleus yang dengan membebaskan
Nukleus tenaga
Deutrium yang sangat besar.
Deuterium Nuclear fusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier
nucleus energy
nucleus with the release of large amount of .
• Matahari mendapat tenaganya dari pelakuran nukleus hidrogen.
2 2 3 1 The Sun get its energy from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei.
H + H H + 0n + Tenaga
1
Energy
1 2
• Apabila dua isotop hidrogen-2 nukleus berlanggar dengan halaju
Deutrium Nukleus
Deuterium Helium yang tinggi , ia boleh bercantum dan menghasilkan nukleus yang
Helium
nucleus lebih berat. Tenaga yang besar dibebaskan.
When two hydrogen-2 nuclei moving at high speed collide , they combine
together to produce a heavier nucleus. A large amount of energy is released.
• Suhu gas mesti tinggi supaya nukleus-nukleus
yang ringan mempunyai tenaga kinetik purata yang tinggi.
Disebabkan keperluan suhu yang tinggi, pelakuran nukleus juga dikenali
sebagai tindak balas termonuklear .
The temperature of a gas must be high , giving a high
average kinetic energy . Due to the requirement of high temperature, nuclear
fusion is also known as a thermonuclear reaction .
UNIT
Tenaga nuklear
5
Nuclear Energy
1 Kedua-dua pembelahan nukleus dan pelakuran nukleus membebaskan tenaga yang sangat besar.
Both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release a large amount of energy .
2 Sumber tenaga ini adalah daripada jisim yang hilang dalam tindak balas nuklear.
The source of this energy is from the loss of mass in nuclear reactions.
3 Jumlah jisim zarah sebelum tindak balas adalah lebih daripada jumlah jisim zarah selepas
tindak balas.
Cacat jisim (jisim yang hilang) = jumlah jisim sebelum tindak balas – jumlah jisim selepas tindak balas
The sum of the masses of the particles before the reaction is more than the sum of the
masses of the particles after the reaction.
Mass defect = sum of the masses before the reaction – sum of the masses after the reaction
4 Jisim yang hilang (cacat jisim) dalam tindak balas berantai bermaksud bahawa jisim tersebut telah berubah
menjadi tenaga .
A loss of mass (or mass defect) in a nuclear reaction means that the mass has been changed to energy .
5 Menurut Albert Einstein, hubungan antara jisim dan tenaga diberikan oleh persamaan:
According to Albert Einstein, the relationship between the mass and the energy is given by the equation:
E = mc2
Di mana E = tenaga dibebaskan / Where E = energy released
m = jisim yang hilang atau cacat jisim / m = loss of mass or mass defect
c = halaju cahaya = 3 × 108 m s–1 / c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m s–1
Latihan / Exercise
1 Polonium-210 mengalami reputan alfa untuk menjadi plumbum-206. Persamaan reputan ialah
Polonium-210 undergoes alpha decay to become plumbum-206. The equation for the decay is:
210 206 4
82
Po 84
Pb + 2 He + Energy
Maklumat tambahan: / Additional information:
210 210
Jisim Po
82
/ Mass 82 Po = 209.982 a.m.u.
206 206
Jisim Pb
84
/ Mass 84 Pb = 205.969 a.m.u.
4 4
Jisim He
2 / Mass 2 He = 4.004 a.m.u.
1 a.m.u. = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Menggunakan persamaan dan maklumat di atas, kirakan
Using the equation and the information above, calculate
(a) cacat jisim / the mass defect
(b) tenaga dibebaskan / the energy released
Penyelesaian / Solution
210 206 4
(a) Cacat jisim / Mass defect = Jisim / Mass Po
82
– (Jisim / Mass Pb
84
+ Jisim / Mass He)
2
= 209.982 a.m.u. – ( 205.969 a.m.u. + 4.004 a.m.u.)
= 0.009 a.m.u.
(b) E = mc2
5
= (0.009 × 1.66 × 10–27) kg × (3 × 108 m s-1)2
UNIT
= 0.1345 × 10–11 J
= 1.345 × 10–12 J
2 Dalam ujian letupan nuklear, 0.5 g uranium telah ditukar kepada tenaga dalam masa 0.05 µs. Berapakah
kuasa dalam letupan nuklear?
[Halaju cahaya = 3.0 × 108 m s–1]
In a test of nuclear explosion, 0.5 g of uranium has been converted to energy in 0.05 µs. What is the power of the nuclear
explosion?
[Velocity of light = 3.0 × 108 m s–1]
Penyelesaian / Solution
E
Kuasa / Power, P =
t
mc2
=
t
(0.5 × 10–3) kg × (3.0 × 108 m s-1)2
(0.05 × 10–6) s
=
= 9 × 10 W20
Kelebihan Kekurangan
Advantages Disadvantages
• Kos menggunakan kuasa nuklear sama seperti arang, • Kos permulaan untuk membentuk dan membina stesen
jadi ianya tidak mahal . kuasa nuklear adalah sangat tinggi .
Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it is The initial cost to design and build a nuclear power station is
not expensive . very high .
People who work in the nuclear power station and those living
• Menghasilkan radioisotop yang berguna yang exposed to excessive radiation
nearby may be
boleh digunakan dalam perindustrian, perubatan,
.
pertanian dan kajian.
Produces useful radioisotopes as by products that can be
used in industry, medicine, agriculture and research.
• Langkah-langkah keselamatan dalam pengurusan
reaktor nuklear adalah maju dan selamat.
Safety procedures in the administration of nuclear reactors are
very advanced and safe.
Cadangan Penerangan
Suggestions Explanation
• Gunakan forsep atau robot kawalan jauh. Jarak antara sumber dan
badan mestilah jauh.
Use forceps or remote control robot. Maintain a safe distance from the source.
• Pakai penutup muka untuk melindungi mata daripada terdedah
Peralatan yang digunakan dalam kepada pemancaran.
menguruskan sumber radioaktif. Wear a mask to protect the eyes from radiation exposure.
The equipment to be used in handling a
radioactive source. • Pakai kot yang kalis pemancaran supaya pemancaran tidak akan
menembusi badan.
Wear a radiation-proof coat so that the radiation cannot penetrate the body.
• Pakai lencana filem untuk mengesan kadar radiasi yang terdedah.
Wear a film badge to detect amount of radiation exposed.
Langkah berjaga-jaga yang diperlukan • Pastikan masa pendedahan adalah dalam jangka masa yang
apabila mengendalikan sumber radioaktif. singkat.
Other precautions that need to be taken when Keep exposure time as short as possible.
handling a radioactive source.
5 UNIT
Catatan / Remarks
UNIT
5
dalam nyata
2 v2 = u2 + 2as 17 n= dalam ketara
1 2 real depth
3 s = ut + at = apparent depth
2
1 1 1
4 Momentum = mv 18 f = u + v
5 F = ma 19 Pembesaran linear v
m=
Linear magnification u
6 Tenaga kinetik 1
= mv2 20 v = ƒλ
Kinetic energy 2
ax
7 Tenaga keupayaan graviti 21 λ= D
= mgh
Gravitational potential energy
22 Q = It
8 Tenaga keupayaan kenyal 1
= Fx
Elastic potential energy 2
23 E = VQ
tenaga
9 Kuasa, P =
masa 24 V = IR
energy
Power, P =
time
25 Kuasa / Power, P = IV
m
10 ρ=
V
26 g = 10 m s-2
F
11 Tekanan / Pressure, p =
A
NS VS
27 NP = VP
12 Tekanan / Pressure, p = hρg
28 Kecekapan / Efficiency
13 Haba / Heat, Q = mcƟ IS VS
= I V × 100%
P P
14 Haba / Heat, Q = mL
29 E = mc2
pV
15 = pemalar / constant
T 30 c = 3.0 × 108 m s-1
A TAN
TINGK
Edisi Guru Dw
5ibahasa
Modul PDP yang berkesan memudahkan dan mempercepatkan
pengajaran guru.
T A N
Edisi Guru TING K A
5
Menggunakan kaedah pengurusan grafik yang memudahkan pelajar
memahami dan mengingati konsep-konsep fizik dalam Ingatan Jangka
Panjang.
Dw
ringkas, lengkap dan padat menyerupai format SPM.
FIZIK
C
Mengikut Sukatan Pelajaran Tingkatan 5 yang terkini.
ibaha s
M
Tajuk-tajuk dalam siri ini:
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CM
Matapelajaran Tingkatan 1 2 3 4 5 SPM
TINGKATAN 5
MY
Chemistry
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K
Matematik Tambahan
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