ADDUCUL | CAGULADA

PEÑALOSA | SAMPAN
#HAZELNATION
 CONTENTS
DEFINITION & HISTORY
01 BY HAZEL MARIE CAGULADA

ELEMENTS & TYPES

02 BY CHERIZZA MAE SAMPAN

FAMOUS ARTISTS
03 BY LOREN AUBREY ADDUCUL

FAMOUS WORKS
04 BY ROCHELLE ANNE PEÑALOSA
 W H AT I S
M USIC?
 The word music comes from the Greek word mousike,
which means “Art of the Muses”.

 An art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions

in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody,
harmony, and color.
 MUSIC TIMELINE

PRE-HISTORIC GREECE BAROQUE ROMANTIC

MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC

ANCIENT RENAISSANCE CLASSIC

MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC MODERN
MUSIC
PRE-HISTORIC MUSIC
 The origin of music is unknown as it occurred
prior to recorded history. Some suggest that the
origin of music likely stems from naturally
occurring sounds and rhythms. Human music
may echo these phenomena using patterns,
repetition and tonality.

ANCIENT MUSIC
 The "oldest known song" was written in
cuneiform, dating to 3400 years ago from Ugarit
in Syria.
 GREECE MUSIC
 In ancient Greece, mixed-gender choruses performed for
entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments
included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument,
the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music was an
important part of education in ancient Greece, and boys were
taught music starting at age six.

RENAISSANCE MUSIC
 Approximately 1450-1600
 A more personal style emerged in this era with a greater focus on
Humanism, and a rebirth of learning and exploration. During this
"golden age of vocal music," the leading composers include
Josquin Desprez, Palestrina, and Weelkes.
 BAROQUE MUSIC
 Approximately 1600-1750
 This era—the last great age of aristocratic rule— is represented by
extremely ornate and elaborate approaches to the arts. This era saw
the rise of instrumental music, the invention of the modern violin
family and the creation of the first orchestras. Great composers of the
late Baroque include Vivaldi, Handel and JS Bach.

CLASSIC MUSIC
 Approximately 1750-1820
 The music of this politically turbulent era focused on structural unity,
clarity and balance. The new expressive and dramatic approaches to
composition and performance that were developed in this era became
the standards that all "Classical" music are judged by. Great
composers of the Classic era include Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
 ROMANTIC MUSIC
 Approximately 1820-1900
 This era witnessed an explosion of flamboyance, nationalism, the rise
of "superstar" performers, and concerts aimed at middle-class
"paying" audiences. Orchestral, theatrical and soloistic music grew to
spectacular heights of personal expression. Among the leading
Romantic composers are Berlioz, Chopin, Wagner.

MODERN MUSIC
 Approximately 1900-Present
 Since approximately 1900, art-music has been impacted by daring
experimentation and advances in musical technology, as well as
popular/non-Western influences. Leading composers of the early 20th
century were Debussy, Schoenberg and Stravinsky, while many of the
most prominent composers since 1950 have come from the US.
HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE MUSIC
from Gong Music Era to Present
 PHILIPPINE MUSIC TIMELINE

GONG HARANA &

MUSIC ERA KUNDIMAN ERA

RONDALLA OPM
MUSIC ERA
ERA
01 GONG MUSIC ERA
Philippine gong music can be divided into two types:
the flat gong commonly known as gangsà and
played by the groups in the Cordillera region and the
bossed gongs played among the Islam and animist
groups in the southern Philippines.

02 RONDALLA MUSIC ERA

The Rondalla is a traditional string orchestra
comprising two-string, mandolin-type instruments
such as the banduria and laud; a guitar; a double
bass; and often a drum for percussion. The rondalla
has its origins in the Iberian rondalla tradition, and is
used to accompany several Hispanic-influenced
song forms and dances.
03 HARANA & KUNDIMAN ERA
The Harana and Kundiman are popular lyrical songs
dating back to the Spanish period, and are customarily
used in courtship rituals. The Harana is rooted in the
Mexican-Spanish tradition and based on the rhythmic
patterns of the habanera. The Kundiman, meanwhile, has
pre-colonial origins from the Tagalophone parts of the
country, uses a triple meter rhythm, and is characterised
by beginning in a minor key and shifting to a major one in
the second half.

04 OPM ERA
Original Pilipino music, now more commonly termed
original Pinoy music or OPM, originally referred only to
Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as those
popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila
sound of the late 1970s. Currently, OPM is used as a
catch-all term for popular music composed and performed
by Filipino musicians and singers.
ELEMENTS AND TYPES OF MUSIC
WHY ARE THE ELEMENTS OF
MUSIC IMPORTANT?
There are important for 2 reasons:
 Performing or Analyzing Music – An understanding of the
musical elements will enable you to understand any piece
of music, whether you are trying to perform the piece or
analyze it.

 Composing Music – The musical elements are your

“composer’s toolbox” – without a clear understanding of
the elements of a car you will never be able to build a car.
Without a clear grasp of the elements of music your ability
to write music will be seriously compromised and you will
not be able to reach your potential as a composer
(whatever style you are wanting to write in).
 ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
The essential ingredients of
music that, when combined,
TONE COLOR
cause music to sound particular,
unique, and idiosyncratic. Music OR TIMBRE
of different historic time periods
TEXTURE
and different cultures vary
according to the application of FORM

musical elements.
MUSIC
RHYTHM Without the key
DYNAMICS musical elements a
MELODY piece of music will
HARMONY no longer be music.
01 RHYTHM
Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in music. When you tap your foot to the music, you
are "keeping the beat" or following the structural rhythmic pulse of the music. There
are several important aspects of rhythm:

 DURATION: how long a sound (or silence) lasts.

 TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT.
(Note: Tempo indications are often designated by Italian terms):
Largo = "large" or labored (slow)
Adagio = slow
Andante = steady "walking" tempo
Moderato = moderate
Allegro = fast ("happy")
Presto = very fast Other basic terms relating to

Rhythm are:
 Syncopation: an "off-the-beat" accent (between the counted numbers)
 Ritardando: gradually SLOWING DOWN the tempo
 Accelerando: gradually SPEEDING UP the tempo
 Rubato: freely and expressively making subtle changes in the tempo. (a technique
commonly encountered in music of the Romantic era)
02 DYNAMICS
All musical aspects relating to the relative loudness (or quietness) of music fall under
the general element of DYNAMICS. The terms used to describe dynamic levels are
often in Italian:

 pianissimo [pp] = (very quiet)

 piano [p] = (quiet)
 mezzo-piano [mp] = (moderately quiet)
 mezzo-forte [mf ] = (moderately loud)
 forte [f ] = (loud)
 fortissimo [ff ] = (very loud)

Other basic terms relating to Dynamics are:

 Crescendo: gradually getting LOUDER
 Diminuendo (or decrescendo) : gradually getting QUIETER
 Accent: "punching" or "leaning into" a note harder to temporarily emphasize it
03 MELODY
Melody is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL presentation of pitch (the word used to describe
the highness or lowness of a musical sound).

Many famous musical compositions have a memorable melody or theme. Melodies

can be described as:
 CONJUNCT (smooth; easy to sing or play)
 DISJUNCT (disjointedly ragged or jumpy; difficult to sing or play).

04 HARMONY
Harmony is the VERTICALIZATION of pitch. Often, harmony is thought of as the art of
combining pitches into chords (several notes played simultaneously as a "block").

These chords are usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord
progressions. Harmony is often described in terms of its relative HARSHNESS:

 DISSONANCE: a harsh-sounding harmonic combination

 CONSONANCE: a smooth-sounding harmonic combination
05 TONE COLOR OR TIMBRE
Refers to quality of the sound being produced. For example, a violinist can change
the tone of the sound by using a different bowing technique.

06 TEXTURE
In music, texture is how the tempo, melodic, and harmonic materials are combined in
a composition, thus determining the overall quality of the sound in a piece.

 Monophonic: Literally meaning one voice, monophonic texture (monophony)

refers to a single melodic line, though it may be played by one or many
instruments. The voices may be in exact unison or in different octaves, as long as
the same notes and rhythms are played.

 Homophonic: is the most common texture in Western music, both classical and
popular. It is defined as having one voice, a melody, which stands out from
background accompaniment. • Polyphonic: involves multiple melodic voices, all of
equal importance, occurring simultaneously. This complex, dense texture is
typical of Renaissance and baroque music.
07 FORM
The architecture of the piece. The way in which different phrases are
arranged. The large-scale form of a musical composition can be projected via
any combination of the musical elements previously studied.
 TYPES OF MUSIC

POP CLASSICAL ROCK JAZZ

A type of music, usually Music written A type of music that Type of music that
played on electronic according to developed from rock developed in the late
instruments, that is popular standard European ’n’ roll and uses a 19th century in which
with many people because forms or structures heavy regular beat, there is a strong lively
it consists of short songs by people such as electric guitars, beat and the players
with a strong beat and Mozart and singing, and a tune often improvise (make
simple tunes that are easy Beethoven. that is easy to up the music as they
to remember. remember. play).
 TYPES OF MUSIC

ELECTRONIC COUNTRY BLUES HIPHOP

This is a kind of music A type of popular A type of slow and A type of music that
that’s distinguished by music based on the sad music that developed among African-
the usage of traditional music of developed from American musicians using
instruments. The most the southern U.S., the songs of black rap and samples (short
common tools are: usually containing slaves in the pieces of recorded music
synthesizers, theremin, singing, guitars, and southern U.S. or sound) that are
and electric guitar. violins. repeated and combined
with musical instruments.
FAMOUS LOCAL
ARTISTS
 ANTONIO J. MOLINA
 FIRST NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1973)
 One of the “Triumvirate of Filipino Composers” and “Dean of Filipino Composers”
 Molina’s first composition, “Matinal” (1912), is preserved in an unpublished volume called
Miniaturas, Vol. 1. According to the composer, they are called Miniaturas because they do
not seem to arrived at a category of serious musical works.
Other works:
 Misa Antoniana Grand Festival Mass (1964)
 Ang Batingaw (1972)
 “Hatinggabi” (1915)

LUCRECIA ROCES KASILAG

 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1989)
 She is particularly known for incorporating indigenous Filipino instruments into orchestral
productions.

Works:
 Ang Apoy ng mga Hayop (The Fire of Animals), musical tale (1986)
 Ang Pamana (The Heritage) (1966)
 Serendipity (1994)
 LUCIO D. SAN PEDRO
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1991)
 He was a prolific composer whose works included band music, concertos,
choral works, cantatas, chamber music, and songs for solo voice.
Works:
 “Simbang Gabi”
 “Lahing Kayumanggi”
 “Sa Mahal Kong Bayan”

LEVI CELERIO
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1997)
 Credited for writing more than 4,000 songs, many of which are dedicated to his wife and
children. He wrote Filipino folk, Christmas, and love songs and some of his songs were
used in feature films.
Works:
 Sa Ugoy ng duyan, sung by the then very young Lea Salonga, is an immortal Filipino
lullaby from Lucio D. San Pedro and Levi Celerio.
 "Ang Pasko ay Sumapit", officially title "Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon"
 "Ang Pipit"
 "Kahit Konting Pagtingin"
 JOSE MACEDA
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1997)
 As an ethnomusicologist, Maceda investigated various forms of music in
Southeast Asia, producing numerous papers and even composing his own
pieces for Southeast Asian instruments.
Works:
 Pagsamba for 116 instruments, 100 mixed and 25 male voices (1968)

ANDREA O. VENERACION
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1999)
 She was a lyric soprano soloist in various Oratorio works and in the Opera
Stage.
 Choirmaster of the Philippine Madrigal Singers.
Works:
 Bituing Marikit by Nicanor Abelardo
 HONORATA “ATANG” DE LA RAMA
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (1987)
 Became known for singing the song, Nabasag na Banga.
 Producer and the writer of plays such as Anak ni Eva and Bulaklak ng
Kabundukan.

RYAN CAYABYAB
 NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC (2018)
 His works range from commissioned full-length ballets, theater musicals, choral
pieces, a Mass set to unaccompanied chorus, and orchestral pieces, to
commercial recordings of popular music, film scores and television specials.
Works:
 Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika
 "Kumukutikutitap"
 FRANCIS MAGALONA
 Released the album Yo!, the first commercially released Filipino rap album.
 Featured politically conscious and thought-provoking rhymes in both English and Tagalog
 Released Rap Is Francis M, with tracks addressing the various cultural and social
problems that plagued his country.
Works:
 "Mga Kababayan"
 "Mga Praning" – drug addiction
 "Halalan" – political instability
 "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy" - detrimental effects of a colonial mentality

LEA SALONGA
 Best known for her roles in musical theatre, for supplying the singing voices of
two Disney Princesses (Jasmine and Mulan), and as a recording artist and
television performer.
 Originated the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon
Works:
 The journey by Julie Gold
 GREATEST
LOCAL HITS
OF ALL TIME
 Bayan Ko, 1928. It was composed for the zarzuela Walang Sugat with music by
Constancio de Guzman and words by the great poet Jose Corazon de Jesus.

 Ugoy Ng Duyan, 1956, by Lucio San Pedro and Levi Celerio. This later became a
popular choral piece for the Philippine Madrigal Singers.

 Bakit (Kung Liligaya Ka Sa Piling Ng Iba), 1974, composed by George Canseco and
recorded by Imelda Papin.

 Bonggahan, 1977, composed by Gary Perez and Sampaguita.

 Kay Ganda Ng Ating Musika, 1978, words and music by Ryan Cayabyab.

 Anak, 1978, composed and recorded by Freddie Aguilar.

 Tayo’y Mga Pinoy, 1978, music and lyrics by Heber Bartolome.

 Pangarap Na Bituin, 21. Bituing Walang Ningning 22. Sana’y Wala Na’ng Wakas,
The Sharon Trilogy, 1984 to 1987, composed by Willy Cruz.

 Christmas In Our Hearts, 1990, with words and music by Jose Mari Chan.
 FAMOUS
INTERNATIONAL
ARTISTS
 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
 Composed in all the main genres of classical music, including symphonies, concertos,
string quartets, piano sonatas and one opera.
 The "Early" period - "Viennese" style.
 The "Middle" or "Heroic" period - struggle and heroism
 Beethoven's "Late" period - intense, personal expression and an emotional and
intellectual profundity.
Works:
 "Moonlight Sonata"
 "Für Elise"

JOHANNES SEBASTIAN BACH

 Composed Latin church music, Passions, oratorios, and motets.
 He often adopted Lutheran hymns, not only in his larger vocal works, but for
instance also in his four-part chorales and sacred songs.

Works:
 Toccata and Fugue in D Minor
 WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
 Wrote in all the musical genres of his day and excelled in every one.
 Clarity, balance, and transparency are the hallmarks of his work, but simplistic
notions of its delicacy mask the exceptional power of his finest masterpieces.

Works:
 Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491
 The Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550
 Serenade in G major, K. 525

GUIDO D’ AREZZO
 Credited with the invention of the Guidonian hand, a widely used mnemonic
system where note names are mapped to parts of the human hand.
 Developed new techniques for teaching, such as staff notation and the use of
the "ut–re–mi–fa–so–la" (do–re–mi–fa–so–la) mnemonic (solmization).
Works:
 Ut queant laxis
 LOUIS ARMSTRONG
 Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice as well as his trumpet
playing.
 Enjoyed many types of music, from blues, to Latin American folksongs, to
classical symphonies and opera.

Works:
 What a Wonderful World

MICHAEL JACKSON
 Explored genres including pop, soul, rhythm and blues, funk, rock, disco, post-
disco, dance-pop and new jack swing.
 Off the Wall - vocabulary of grunts, squeals, hiccups, moans, and asides
Works:
 Billie Jean
 Thriller
 THE BEATLES
 Highlights key features of their music: the sound imagination, the persistence of
tuneful melody, and the close coordination between words and music. It
represents a new category of song – more sophisticated than pop ... and
uniquely innovative.
Works:
 Hey Jude
 Let It Be

BOB MARLEY
 One of the pioneers of reggae,
 His musical career was marked by blending elements of reggae, ska, and
rocksteady, as well as forging a smooth and distinctive vocal and songwriting
style.
Works:
 No Woman, No Cry
 MADONNA
Works:
 Like a Prayer - different genres of music, including dance, funk, R&B and
gospel music.
 Ray of Light - electronic music
 Like a Virgin

ELVIS PRESLEY
 Pioneer of rockabilly, an up tempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country music and
rhythm and blues.

Works:
 Can’t Help Falling In Love
 GREATEST
INTERNATIONAL
HITS OF ALL
TIME
 Bohemian Rhapsody (1975) by Queen

 Stairway to Heaven (1971) by Led Zeppelin

 Imagine (1971) by John Lennon

 Smells Like Teen Spirit (1991) by Nirvana

 One (1988) by Metallica

 Hotel California (1976) by Eagles

 Comfortably Numb (1979) by Pink Floyd

 Sweet Child of Mine (1987) by Guns N' Roses

 Hey Jude (1968) by The Beatles

 Lose Yourself (2002) by Eminem

QUIZ
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. This era is represented by extremely ornate and elaborate approaches
to the arts. This era saw the rise of instrumental music, the invention of
the modern violin family and the creation of the first orchestras.

A. Baroque Music
B. Classic Music
C. Romantic Music
D. Modern Music

2. This Philippine music era is a traditional string orchestra comprising two-

string, mandolin-type instruments such as the banduria and laud; a guitar; a
double bass; and often a drum for percussion.

A. Gong Music Era

B. OPM era
C. Rondalla Music Era
D. Classic Music Era
3. This element of Music is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL presentation of pitch
(the word used to describe the highness or lowness of a musical sound).

A. Dynamics
B. Pitch
C. Rhythm
D. Melody

4. This element refers Refers to quality of the sound being produced.

A. Tone Color/Timbre
B. Texture
C. Form
D. Harmony
5. This era witnessed an explosion of flamboyance, nationalism, the rise of
"superstar" performers, and concerts aimed at middle-class "paying"
audiences.

A. Baroque Music Era

B. Modern Music Era
C. Romantic Music Era
D. Gong Music Era

6. It is a Type of music that developed in the late 19th century in which there
is a strong lively beat and the players often improvise (make up the music
as they play).

A. Rock Music
B. Jazz Music
C. Pop Music
D. Classic Music
7. This is a kind of music that’s distinguished by the usage of instruments.
The most common tools are: synthesizers, theremin, and electric guitar.

A. Electronic Music
B. Classic Music
C. Pop Music
D. Jazz Music

8. She is known for her roles in musical theatre, for supplying the singing
voices of 2 disney princesses (Jasmine and Mulan) and as a recording artist
and television performer.

A. Andrea Veneracion
B. Levi Celerio
C. Ryan Cayabyab
D. Lea Salonga
9. He Explored genres including pop, soul, rhythm and blues, funk, rock,
disco, post-disco, dance-pop and new jack swing. He is also known for his
famous songs titled Billie Jeans and Thriller.

A. Michael Jackson
B. Bob Marley
C. The Beatles
D. Louis Armstrong

10. His works range from commissioned full-length ballets, theater musicals,
choral pieces, a Mass set to unaccompanied chorus, and orchestral pieces,
to commercial recordings of popular music, film scores and television
specials. One of hos works was the song 'Kay ganda ng ating musika'.

A. Louis Armstrong
B. Ryan Cayabyab
C. Michael Jackson
D. Lucio San Pedro
II. TRUE OR FALSE
1. The word music comes from the Greek word Mouse, which means “Art
of the Muses”.

2. The "oldest known song" was written in cuneiform, dating to 3400 years
ago from Ugarit in Syria.

3. An understanding of the musical elements will enable you to understand

any piece of music, whether you are trying to perform the piece or
analyze it.

4. Texture is The architecture of the piece. The way in which different

phrases are arranged. The large-scale form of a musical composition
can be projected via any combination of the musical elements previously
studied.
5. Pop music is A type of music, usually played on electronic instruments,
that is popular with many people because it consists of short songs with a
strong beat and simple tunes that are easy to remember.

6. Pianissimo means very quiet.

7. Dissonance is a harsh-sounding harmonic combination.

8. Elvis Presley sang the song 'Can't help falling in love‘.

9. Lucio San Pedro composed the lullaby "sa ugoy ng duyan" together with
Levi Celerio.

10. Greece Music Era is A more personal style emerged in this era with a
greater focus on Humanism, and a rebirth of learning and exploration.
III. ENUMERATION
1-2. Music Eras in the Philippines

3-5. Elements of Music

6-7. Known Local Artists in the Philippines

8. Known Foreign Artists

9-10. Types of Music