To our beloved CE - China committed itself to the global economy in the

1980s, and steadily returned to its old role as a major

students, thank you for
REVIEWER IN trading post.
your support this election
CONTEMPORARY
2019, this is just the - Globalization can also be seen for example when a
WORLD
beginning of the joyous strong monsoon rains flooded much of Bangkok, the
LESSON 1: THE Honda Plant making some of the critical parts
moments we are about to
STRUCTURES OF temporarily ceased production which affected Honda –
build! Continue to soar USA
GLOBALIZATION
high! Good Luck!
Sydney – is a Steger – “ Globalization processes do not occur merely
- CE metropolis of at an objective , material level but they also involve the
DSC 2019 - 2020 families of subjective plane of human consciousness.
international Ex. People begin to feel that the world has
immigrants or become smaller, sending of email, etc.
foreigners working in industries that also sell their
products abroad. Globalism – is the widespread belief among powerful
people that the global integration of economic markets
- Globalization is experienced by different people in is beneficial for everyone, since it spreads freedom and
different ways. (Example, foreign investments leads to democracy across the world.
new factories which those poor who lives there were
evicted) Arjun Appadurai – Different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
TWO PREMISES OF GLOBALIZATION integration that he calls “scapes”
1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that occurs SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION
at multiple levels
1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people
2. It is uneven process that affects people differently
2. Mediascape – flow of culture
Globalization – integration of the national markets to a
wider global market signified by increased free trade 3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods and
software
Anti – globalization – it is a movement of 1990s, it
means resisting the trade deals among countries 4. Financescape – global circulation of money
facilitated by global organizations like the World Trade
Organization. 5. Ideoscape – Political ideas move around

Manfred Steger – described the process of LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD

globalization as “the expansion and intensification of ECONOMICS
social relations and consciousness across world time
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – regards economic
and across world – space”
globalization as a historical process representing the
Expansion – creation of new social networks result of human innovation and technological progress.
and multiplication of existing connections that cut
Global GDP 42.1 % in 1980 to 62.1 % in 2007 – this is
across, traditional, political, economic, cultural and
the increase of GDP defined my IMF
geographic boundaries.
$ 57 Billion in 1982 to $1.76 trillion – amount of
Intensification – expansion, stretching and
foreign direct investments flowing across the world
acceleration of these networks. Global connections are
( United Nations Conference on Trade and
becoming more closely – knit. (ex. America and China)
Development (UNCTAD))
High Frequency Trading – supercomputers can execute
millions of stock purchases and sales between different
cities in a matter of seconds.
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS
Silk Road – the oldest known international trade route,
a network of pathways in ancient world that spanned
from CHINA to what is now the MIDDLE EAST AND
TO EUROPE
- The most profitable products traded through this
network was silk.
- Silk Road was used from 130 BCE when the Chinese
Han Dynasty opened trade to West until 1453 BCE,
when the Ottoman Empire closed it.
- Silk Road is INTERNATIONAL not GLOBAL
because it had no ocean routes that could reach the
American Continent.
Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez – age of
globalization began when “all important populated
continents began to exchange products continuously –
both with each other directly and indirectly via other
continents- and in values sufficient to generate crucial
impacts on all trading partners.
- Flynn and Giraldez traced this back to 1571 with the
establishment of galleon trade that connected Manila
and Acapulco in Mexico, the first time for Americas
connect to Asian routes
- Galleon Trade is part of the age of Mercantilism
Mercantilism – countries primarily in Europe
competed with one another to sell more goods as a
means to boost their country’s income.
- Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade to
other nations, restricted trade routes, subsidized its
exports.
Gold Standard – adopted by US following UK and
other European nations in a monetary conference in
Paris (1867)
- Goal of Gold Standard- create a common system that
would allow more efficient trade and prevent
isolationism of mercantilist era.
- Currency Prices and fixed exchange rate system are
all based on the value of gold.
- Gold Standard compelled countries to back their
currencies with fixed gold reserves
- During WORLD WAR 1, countries depleted their
golds to fund their armies, many abandon the Gold
Standard.
- Europe, having low gold reserves, adopted floating
currencies that were no longer redeemable in Gold
Great Depression – returning to a pure standard
became difficult this happened in 1920s to 1930s.
- worst and longest recession in Western World.
- Many believed that it was caused by the Gold
Standard, because it limited the amount of circulating
money and reduced demand and consumption.
Barry Eichengreen – argues that the recovery of the
United States really began when, having abandoned the
Gold Standard, the US government was able to free up
money to spend on reviving the economy
- Indirect versions of gold standard was used in 1970s
but never returned to this standard up to 20th century
Fiat Currencies – currencies that are not backed by
precious metals and whose value is determined by their
cost relative to other currencies.
Bretton Wood System – inaugurated in 1944 during the
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to
prevent catastrophes of the early decades.
John Maynard Keynes – his idea affects the Bretton
Wood System: “economic crises occur not when a
country does not have enough money, but when money
is not being and spend, and thereby; not moving “
Active Role of the Governments in managing spending
– anchor of Global Keynesianism.
- Its high point was in the 1940s to early 1970s
TWO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CREATED BY
BRETTON WOODS
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD, or World Bank) – responsible for
funding postwar reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global lender
of last resort to prevent individual countries from
spiraling into credit crises.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) –
various countries also committed themselves to further
global economic integration in 1947
Goal: reduce tariffs and hindrances to free trade.
NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS
- Some countries accept rise in prices because it is
accompanied with economic growth and reduced
employment (Japan ).
- Prices increased – companies would earn more –
would have more money to hire workers – trade off for
economic development
- In 1970’s – prices of oil rose sharply as a result of the
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OAPEC) imposition of embargo – response to the
decision of US and other countries to resupply the
Israeli Military with the needed arms during Yom
Kippur War.
OAPEC - the Arab member – countries of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC)
Embargo – was used by Arab Countries to stabilize
economies and growth
1973 – 1974 – stock markets crashed after US stopped
linking dollar to gold.
Stagflation – decline in economic growth and
employment
Inflation – sharp increase in prices
Stagnation- decline in economic growth
employment
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman – “government’s
practice of pouring money into their economies had
cause inflation by increasing demand for goods without
necessarily increasing supply” and “Government
Intervention in economies distort the proper
functioning of the market – this challenged
Keynesianism
Neoliberalism – from 1980’s onward , this was the
codified strategy of Unites States Treasury Deparment.,
World Bank, IMF, and World Trade Organization
World Trade Organization – founded in 1995 to
continue tariff reduction under GATT
Washington Consensus – policies they forwarded is
called Washington Consensus. It dominated global
economic policies from the 1980s until early 2000s
- advocates pushed for minimal government
spending to reduce government debt.
- called for privatization of government –
controlled services (water , power communication
,transport)
- pressured the government to reduce tariffs
and open up their economics, arguing it is the quickest
way to progress.
- NOTE of Washington Consensus – other
industries might die but this is necessary “shock –
therapy “ for long – term economic growth
US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher – justified their reduction
in government spending by comparing national
economies to household. They experienced success in
Neoliberalism.
Thatcher – promoted an image of herself as a mother,
who reined in overspending to reduce the national debt
- But Governments are not like households,
governments can print money while houses cannot, it
has a taxation system that gives them a steady flow of
money
and
Post – Communist Russia – experienced bad effects of
neoliberalism
1990s – communism collapsed, IMF called for
immediate privatization of all government industries.
GOAL : to pass on industries from corrupt bureaucrats
to more dynamic independent private investors
RESULT: Only Individuals and groups who had
accumulated wealth under the precious communist
order had the money to purchase these industries.
Oligarchy – practice which only rich individuals hold
on industries of the government (Globe Telecom,
Smart, San Miguel, SM)
THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND
CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM
Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 – recent
repudiation of neoliberalism
Global Financial Crisis f 2007 – 2008 – the world
experienced the greatest economic downturn since the
Great Depression.
Scaling of regulations continued until 2000s, paving
way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote the
free market, government authorities failed to regulate
bad investments occurring in the US housing market.
- Taking advantage of cheap housing loans, Americans
build houses beyond their financial capacities
Mortgage – Backed Securities – pooled mortgage
payments and sold by bank who lends houseowners’
money (The banks have the title of the property)
Sub – Prime Mortgages – High risk mortgages by
banks who extend loans to even those who have bad
credit records
- Since there are many mortgages in just one MBS ,
few failures would not ruin the entirety of investment
- Banks assumed that housing prices would continue to
increase,
2007 – home prices stopped increasing as supply
caught up with demand. Resulting to families not
paying their loans, and triggered the rapid selling of
MBS.
September 2008 – Lehman Brothers and other major
investment banks collapsed
Global Multiplier Effect – sent ripples over the world,
Ex. Iceland’s banks heavily depended on
foreign capital so when crisis hit them, they failed to
refinance their loans, as a result three of Iceland’s top
commercial banks defaulted. 2007 – 2008 Iceland’s
debt increased more than 7 fold
Spain and Greece – countries heavily indebted
Greece – forced by Germany and IMF to cut back on
its social and public spending ( Affecting pension,
health care, and various forms of social security)
President Barack Obama – pushed a large Keynesian –
Style Stimulus package, that’ why US recovered
quickly.
Marie Le Pen’s Font national In France – blames
immigrants for the woes, claiming that they steal jobs
and leech welfare.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY
- Solution to financial crisis as closing national
economies to world trade won’t work,
Exports – make the economies grown in the present
US, Japan, Member countries of European Union –
responsible for 65% of global exports.
OTHER COUNTRIES – responsible for 29% of export
2011 – Philippines , India, China, Argentina, Brazil,
and other developing countries was accounter for 51%
of global experts while advanced nations – had gone to
45%
Trade Liberalization – WTO – led reduction of trade
barriers.
According to IMF – global per capita GDP rose over 5
fold in the second half of 20 th century, this growth
created large Asian Economies ( Japan, China, Korea,
Hongkong, and Singapore)
Developed Countries are protectionists- they
implement laws to safeguard their primary products.
EXAMPLES OF PROTECTIONIST COUNTRIES
1. Japan – refused for rice imports into the country for
they believe that rice is “sacred”, its economic muscle
resists pressures to open its agricultural sector
2. United States – protects its sugar industry, forcing
consumers to pay higher prices instead of getting
cheaper sugar from plantations of Central America
Transnational Corporations (TNC) – beneficiaries of
global commerce. This TNCs are concerned more with
profits that with assisting the social program of the
governments
“Race to the Bottom” – refers to countries lowering
their labor standards, including the protection of
worker’s interests, to lure in foreign investor seeking
high profit margins at lowest cost possible.
- Government weakens environmental laws to
encourage foreign investments.
Walden Bello (Focus on the Global South) – us used
its power under the GATT system to prevent Philippine
importers from purchasing Philippine poultry and pork-
even it is sold meat to the Philippines,
Walden noted that the Philippines became a net food
importer under the GATT
1993 – coconut exports amounted to $l.9 billion, the
country had an agricultural trade surplus $292 million,
1997 – coconut exports amounted to $2.3 billion, the
country had an deficit of $764 million in agricultural
trade.
2000 – coonut exports amounted to $ 1.9 billion, deficit
of $794 million in agricultural trade
CONCLUSION
International Economic Integration - central tent of
globalization
Changes In the Economy – globalization is where
anchored.
LESSON 3 (A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS –
CREATING INTERNATIONAL ORDER)
Scholars are interested in the following political topics:
1. History of bureaucracy
2. Interaction between states, rather that internal
politics
3. Trade deals between states
4. International Relation - Political, Military, and
other diplomatic engagements.
Internationalization – deepening interactions between
states this is also a major part of globalization
Globalization – encompasses a multitude of
connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to
the ties between governments.
States / Governments – are key drivers of global
process
THE ATTRIBUTE’S OF TODAY’S GLOBAL
SYSTEM
Four Key Attributes of World Politics
1. There are countries or states that are independent and
govern themselves
2. These countries interact with each other through
diplomacy
3. There are international organizations like UN that
facilitate there interactions
4. Beyond simply facilitating meeting between states,
international organizations also take on lives of their
own.
Nation – State – relatively modern phenomenon in
human history, and people did not always ORGANIZE
themselves as COUNTRIES, people belonging to
nation-state see themselves as member of larger
political categories (Ex, Christendom (Chirstian
World)
- Not all states are nations and not all nations are states.
Ex, Scotland – has its own flag and national culture,
but still belongs to a state called UK
Bangsamoro – many believes that it is a separate nation
existing within the Philippines, but recognizes the
authority of Philippine State.
There are states, with multiple nations, there are single
nations with multiple states (Example, Nation of
Korea is divided into North and South Korea and
‘Chinese Nation refers to both the People’s Republic of
China (mainland) and Taiwan)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
State – refers to the country and its government
4 Attributes of State
1. Exercises authority over a specific population
(citizens)
2. It governs specific territory
3. A state has a structure of government (laws)
4. The state has sovereignty (Internal and External
Authority) over its territory
Internal Sovereignty – no people or groups can operate
In a given national territory by ignoring the state.
External Sovereignty – State’s policies and procedures
are independent of the intervention of other states.
Nation – According to Benedict Anderson is an
“imagined community”.
- Nation is limited because it does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”
- Nations limit themselves to people who have imbibed
a particular culture, speak a common language, and live
in a specific territory.
- Nation creates a feeling of connection (Cheering for a
Filipino Contestant on an international competition)
- Most nations strive to become a state.
- Nation builders feel a sense of fulfillment when that
national deal assumes an organizational form whose
authority and power are recognized and accepted by
“the people”
- Communities that are not states often seek some form
of autonomy within their “Mother states” (Ex. Quebec,
though belonging to the state of Canada, has different
laws of language (French for their citizens) )
Scotland – is a part of UK but has a strong
independence movement led by the Scottish Nationalist
party
Nationalism – facilitates state formation
Sovereignty – one of the fundamental principles of
modern state politics
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Treaty of Wesphalia – origin of the concept of
sovereignty, which was a set of agreements signed in
1648 to end the 30 years war between major
continental powers of Europe
After brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestans – Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden, and Dutch Republic designed a system that
would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the
treaty signers exercise COMPLETE control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other’s affairs.
Westphalian System - provided stability for the nations
of Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte – challenged Westphalian System
by believing in spreading the principles of French
Revolution – Liberty, Equality and Fraternity , thus
challenged the powers of KINGS, NOBILITY and
RELIGION in EUROPE.
Napeleonic Wars – lasted from 1803 – 1815 with
Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of
Europe.
Napoleonic Code – forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, promoted meritocracy
in government service. (This shocked monarchies)
Anglo and Prussian armies – defeated Napoleon in the
Battle of Waterloo in 1815
METTERNICH SYSTEM
- A system named after Austrian Diplomat , Klemens
von Metternich – system’s main architech)
- This lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World
War 1
Concert of Europe – Alliance of Great Powers (United
Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Prussia)
GOAL: sought to restore the world of
monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges, and to
restore the sovereignty of states.
- Up until now, “great powers’ have still significant
influence over world politics ( UN, security Council
has a 5 permanent member all having veto powers over
council’s decision – making process)
INTERNATIONALISM
- “Free Independent states would be the basis of an
equally free, cooperative international system.”
- He is a nationalist internationalist who believes that
free, unified nation – states should be the basis of
global cooperation

- this is defined as the desire for greater cooperation Woodrow Wilson – United States President who was
and unity among states and people (Desire to establish influenced by Mazzini.
a global government)
- He saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism

TWO BROAD CATEGORIS OF

INTERNATIONALISM
1. Liberal Internationalism – first thinker in 18 th
Century was German Philosopher Immanuel Kant.
- Kant likened states like people in a territory
- If people need laws to avoid lawlessness, states need
it as well.
- Without the form of world fovernment, the
international system would be chatotic.
Principle of Self- Determination – by Woodrow Wilson
- belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free,
and sovereign government..
Woodrow Wilson – became the most notable advocate
for the creation of the League of nations,
League of Nation – at the end of World War I, he
pushed to transform it into a venue for conciliation and
arbitration to prevent another war.

- Kant imagined a form of global government Nobel Peace Prize (1919) – awarded to Woodrow
Wilson
- establish a continuously growing state consisting of
various nations which will ultimately include the - The United Nations was not able to join the league
nations of the world (RETRIBUTIVISM, due to strong opposition of the Senate.
CATEGORICAL)
- The League failed to hinder World War II
2. Social Internationalism -
TWO POWERS OF WORLD WAR II
- Jeremy Bentham- British Phiospoher coined
‘international’ in 1780 1. Axis Powers – Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy,
and Hirohito’s Japan. – ultra nationalists that had an
- advocated the creation of “international law” instinctive disdain for internationalism and preferred
violently impose their dominance over nation
- propose the legislation that would create “ the greatest
happiness of all nations taken together” 2. Allied Powers – United States, United Kingdom,
(UTILITARIANISM) France, Holland, Belgium.

Giuseppe Mazzini – was the 19 th century Italian INSTITUTIONS RESULTING FROM THE LEAGUE
patriot . First thinker to reconcile nationalism with
liberal internationalism 1. World Health Organizaion (WHO)

- He was a major critic of the Metternich system 2. International Labour Organization (ILO)

- He believed wit Republican government (without League of Nations – was the concretization of the
kings, queens , hereditary succession) concepts of liberal internationalism, democracy, self –
determination, and republic ideas of other great
thinkers (Kant, Wilson, Mazzini)
Karl Marx – German Socialist, Philosopher one of the
biggest critics of Mazzini
- Was also an internationalist but he did not believe in
nationalism.
Communist party – present call for Bolsheviks
Communist International (Comintern) –established by
Lenin in 1919 – central body in directing Communist
parties around the world.

- According to him “Any true form of internationalism - Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers in 1941
should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted
people in domestic concerns instead of global ones” Joseph Stalin – Lenin Successor dissolved Comintern

REASON: Nationalism prevents workers to unite Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) –

because of this they remain workers of capitalist class reestablishment of comintern

OUTCOME : Soviet Union took over the countries of

- Karl Marx placed a premium on economic equality.
TWO DIVISIONS OF COUNTRIES (KARL MARX)
1. Capitalist Class – business owners
2. Proletariat Class – workers of capitalists
Marx and Friedrich Engels – a socialist revolution
seeing to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the
proletariat “had no nation”
FAMOUS BATTLE CRY of Proletariat class
“Workers of the world, UNITE!, You have nothing to
lose but your chains”
Eastern Europe when US , the Soviet Union, Great
Britain divided the war – torn Europe into their sphere
of influences.
1991 – Soviet Union collapsed
1951 – SI was reestablished – but its influenced
remained only in Europe
- Liberal Internationalism is still be ascendant, evident
to this is the rise of the United Nations as the center of
global governance

Socialist International (SI) – followers of Karl max

established , was a European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris in 1889

SI ACHIEVEMENTS

1. Declaration of May 1 Labor Day

2. Creation of Internation Women’s Day

3. Successfully campaigned for 8-hour work day

- SI collapsed in World War I

Russian Revolution (1917) – Czar Nicholas II was

replaced by revolutionary government led by Bolshevik
Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – the new

formed party

Bolsheviks – did not believe in obtaining power for the

working class through elections, instead they lead
parties to revolution.
 REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
LESSON 5: AWORLD OF REGIONS
Way of coping with challenges of globalization
(Governments, associations, societies, and groups) –
form regional organizations and/or networks as a way
Globalization – made people aware of the world in
general, but made Filipinos more cognizant of specific
areas such as Southeast Asia.
Regionalism – political and economic phenomenon,
= can be examined in relation to identities, ethics,
religion, ecological sustainability, and health.
- a process ; emergent socially constituted phenomenon
Regions – are not natural or given, they are constructed
and defined by policymakers, economic actors, and
even social movements.
Edward D. Mansfield & Helen V. Milner – state that
a.) economic and political definitions vary and basic
features of regions are:
1. a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area.
2. an amalgamation of two regions or a
combination of more than two regions
3. organized to regulate and oversee flows and
policy changes.
b.) Regionalization and regionalism should not be
interchanged
Regionalization – regional concentration of
economic flows
Regionalism – political process characterized
by economic policy cooperation and coordination
among countries
Countries that respond economically and politically
in Globalization
1. China – offer cheap and huge workforce to attract
foreign businesses (e.g. Huawei (Chinese
Achievement))
2. Singapore & Switzerland – make use of their small
size, turned themselves into financial and banking hubs
a.) Singapore – developed its harbor facilities
and made them a first- class transit port for ships
carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe,
and Middle East and Mainland Southeast Asia
- There is some cases that countries form regional
alliances
REASONS TO FORM REGIONAL ALLIANCES
1.) Military Defense –
a.) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) LESSON 1: THE STRUCTURES OF
GLOBALIZATION
Sydney – is a metropolis of families of international
immigrants or foreigners working in industries that
also sell their products abroad.
- Globalization is experienced by different people in
different ways. (Example, foreign investments leads
to new factories which those poor who lives there
were evicted)
TWO PREMISES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization is a complex phenomenon that
occurs at multiple levels
2. It is uneven process that affects people differently
Globalization – integration of the national markets
to a wider global market signified by increased free
trade
Anti – globalization – it is a movement of 1990s, it
means resisting the trade deals among countries
facilitated by global organizations like the World
Trade Organization.
Manfred Steger – described the process of
globalization as “the expansion and intensification
of social relations and consciousness across world
time and across world – space”
Expansion – creation of new social networks
and multiplication of existing connections that cut
across, traditional, political, economic, cultural and
geographic boundaries.
 Intensification – expansion, stretching and
acceleration of these networks. Global connections
are becoming more closely – knit. (ex. America and
China)
- China committed itself to the global economy in
the 1980s, and steadily returned to its old role as a
major trading post.
- Globalization can also be seen for example when a
strong monsoon rains flooded much of Bangkok, the
Honda Plant making some of the critical parts
temporarily ceased production which affected
Honda – USA
Steger – “ Globalization processes do not occur
merely at an objective , material level but they also
involve the subjective plane of human
consciousness.
Ex. People begin to feel that the world has
become smaller, sending of email, etc.
Globalism – is the widespread belief among
powerful people that the global integration of
economic markets is beneficial for everyone, since it
spreads freedom and democracy across the world.
Arjun Appadurai – Different kinds of globalization
occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes”
SCAPES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Ethnoscape – global movement of people
2. Mediascape – flow of culture
3. Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods
and software
4. Financescape – global circulation of money
5. Ideoscape – Political ideas move around
LESSON 2: THE GLOBALIZATION OF WORLD
ECONOMICS
International Monetary Fund (IMF) – regards
economic globalization as a historical process
representing the result of human innovation and
technological progress.
Global GDP 42.1 % in 1980 to 62.1 % in 2007 – this
is the increase of GDP defined my IMF
$ 57 Billion in 1982 to $1.76 trillion – amount of
foreign direct investments flowing across the world
( United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD))
High Frequency Trading – supercomputers can
execute millions of stock purchases and sales
between different cities in a matter of seconds.
INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEMS
Silk Road – the oldest known international trade
route, a network of pathways in ancient world that
spanned from CHINA to what is now the MIDDLE
EAST AND TO EUROPE
- The most profitable products traded through this
network was silk.
- Silk Road was used from 130 BCE when the
Chinese Han Dynasty opened trade to West until
1453 BCE, when the Ottoman Empire closed it.
- Silk Road is INTERNATIONAL not GLOBAL
because it had no ocean routes that could reach the
American Continent.
Dennis O Flynn and Arturo Giraldez – age of
globalization began when “all important populated
continents began to exchange products continuously
– both with each other directly and indirectly via
other continents- and in values sufficient to generate
crucial impacts on all trading partners.
- Flynn and Giraldez traced this back to 1571 with
the establishment of galleon trade that connected
Manila and Acapulco in Mexico, the first time for
Americas connect to Asian routes
- Galleon Trade is part of the age of Mercantilism
Mercantilism – countries primarily in Europe
competed with one another to sell more goods as a
means to boost their country’s income.
- Imposed high tariffs, forbade colonies to trade to
other nations, restricted trade routes, subsidized its
exports.
Gold Standard – adopted by US following UK and
other European nations in a monetary conference in
Paris (1867)
- Goal of Gold Standard- create a common system
that would allow more efficient trade and prevent
isolationism of mercantilist era.
- Currency Prices and fixed exchange rate system
are all based on the value of gold.
- Gold Standard compelled countries to back their
currencies with fixed gold reserves
- During WORLD WAR 1, countries depleted their
golds to fund their armies, many abandon the Gold
Standard.
- Europe, having low gold reserves, adopted floating
currencies that were no longer redeemable in Gold
Great Depression – returning to a pure standard
became difficult this happened in 1920s to 1930s.
- worst and longest recession in Western World.
- Many believed that it was caused by the Gold
Standard, because it limited the amount of
circulating money and reduced demand and
consumption.
Barry Eichengreen – argues that the recovery of the
United States really began when, having abandoned
the Gold Standard, the US government was able to
free up money to spend on reviving the economy
- Indirect versions of gold standard was used in
1970s but never returned to this standard up to 20th
century
Fiat Currencies – currencies that are not backed by
precious metals and whose value is determined by
their cost relative to other currencies.
Bretton Wood System – inaugurated in 1944 during
the United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent catastrophes of the early
decades.
John Maynard Keynes – his idea affects the Bretton
Wood System: “economic crises occur not when a
country does not have enough money, but when
money is not being and spend, and thereby; not
moving “
Active Role of the Governments in managing
spending – anchor of Global Keynesianism.
- Its high point was in the 1940s to early 1970s
TWO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS CREATED
BY BRETTON WOODS
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD, or World Bank) – responsible
for funding postwar reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global
lender of last resort to prevent individual countries
from spiraling into credit crises.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) –
various countries also committed themselves to
further global economic integration in 1947
Goal: reduce tariffs and hindrances to free trade.
NEOLIBERALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS
- Some countries accept rise in prices because it is
accompanied with economic growth and reduced
employment (Japan ).
- Prices increased – companies would earn more –
would have more money to hire workers – trade off
for economic development
- In 1970’s – prices of oil rose sharply as a result of
the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC) imposition of embargo –
response to the decision of US and other countries
to resupply the Israeli Military with the needed
arms during Yom Kippur War.
OAPEC - the Arab member – countries of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC)
Embargo – was used by Arab Countries to stabilize
economies and growth
1973 – 1974 – stock markets crashed after US
stopped linking dollar to gold.
Stagflation – decline in economic growth and
employment
Inflation – sharp increase in prices
Stagnation- decline in economic growth and
employment
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman –
“government’s practice of pouring money into their
economies had cause inflation by increasing demand
for goods without necessarily increasing supply”
and “Government Intervention in economies distort
the proper functioning of the market – this
challenged Keynesianism
Neoliberalism – from 1980’s onward , this was the
codified strategy of Unites States Treasury
Deparment., World Bank, IMF, and World Trade
Organization
World Trade Organization – founded in 1995 to
continue tariff reduction under GATT
Washington Consensus – policies they forwarded is
called Washington Consensus. It dominated global
economic policies from the 1980s until early 2000s
- advocates pushed for minimal government
spending to reduce government debt.
- called for privatization of government –
controlled services (water , power communication
,transport)
- pressured the government to reduce tariffs
and open up their economics, arguing it is the
quickest way to progress.
- NOTE of Washington Consensus – other
industries might die but this is necessary “shock –
therapy “ for long – term economic growth
US President Ronald Reagan and British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher – justified their
reduction in government spending by comparing
national economies to household. They experienced
success in Neoliberalism.
Thatcher – promoted an image of herself as a
mother, who reined in overspending to reduce the
national debt
- But Governments are not like households,
governments can print money while houses cannot,
it has a taxation system that gives them a steady
flow of money
Post – Communist Russia – experienced bad effects
of neoliberalism
1990s – communism collapsed, IMF called for
immediate privatization of all government
industries.
GOAL : to pass on industries from corrupt
bureaucrats to more dynamic independent private
investors
RESULT: Only Individuals and groups who had
accumulated wealth under the precious communist
order had the money to purchase these industries.
Oligarchy – practice which only rich individuals
hold on industries of the government (Globe
Telecom, Smart, San Miguel, SM)
THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND
CHALLENGE TO NEOLIBERALISM
Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 – recent
repudiation of neoliberalism
Global Financial Crisis f 2007 – 2008 – the world
experienced the greatest economic downturn since
the Great Depression.
Scaling of regulations continued until 2000s, paving
way for brewing crisis. In their attempt to promote
the free market, government authorities failed to
regulate bad investments occurring in the US
housing market.
- Taking advantage of cheap housing loans,
Americans build houses beyond their financial
capacities
Mortgage – Backed Securities – pooled mortgage
payments and sold by bank who lends houseowners’
money (The banks have the title of the property)
Sub – Prime Mortgages – High risk mortgages by
banks who extend loans to even those who have bad
credit records
- Since there are many mortgages in just one MBS ,
few failures would not ruin the entirety of
investment
- Banks assumed that housing prices would continue
to increase,
2007 – home prices stopped increasing as supply
caught up with demand. Resulting to families not
paying their loans, and triggered the rapid selling of
MBS.
September 2008 – Lehman Brothers and other
major investment banks collapsed
Global Multiplier Effect – sent ripples over the
world,
Ex. Iceland’s banks heavily depended on
foreign capital so when crisis hit them, they failed to
refinance their loans, as a result three of Iceland’s
top commercial banks defaulted. 2007 – 2008
Iceland’s debt increased more than 7 fold
Spain and Greece – countries heavily indebted
Greece – forced by Germany and IMF to cut back
on its social and public spending ( Affecting
pension, health care, and various forms of social
security)
President Barack Obama – pushed a large
Keynesian – Style Stimulus package, that’ why US
recovered quickly.
Marie Le Pen’s Font national In France – blames
immigrants for the woes, claiming that they steal
jobs and leech welfare.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY
- Solution to financial crisis as closing national
economies to world trade won’t work,
Exports – make the economies grown in the present
US, Japan, Member countries of European Union –
responsible for 65% of global exports.
OTHER COUNTRIES – responsible for 29% of
export
2011 – Philippines , India, China, Argentina, Brazil,
and other developing countries was accounter for
51% of global experts while advanced nations – had
gone to 45%
Trade Liberalization – WTO – led reduction of
trade barriers.
According to IMF – global per capita GDP rose
over 5 fold in the second half of 20 th century, this
growth created large Asian Economies ( Japan,
China, Korea, Hongkong, and Singapore)
Developed Countries are protectionists- they
implement laws to safeguard their primary
products.
EXAMPLES OF PROTECTIONIST COUNTRIES
1. Japan – refused for rice imports into the country
for they believe that rice is “sacred”, its economic
muscle resists pressures to open its agricultural
sector
2. United States – protects its sugar industry,
forcing consumers to pay higher prices instead of
getting cheaper sugar from plantations of Central
America
Transnational Corporations (TNC) – beneficiaries
of global commerce. This TNCs are concerned more
with profits that with assisting the social program of
the governments
“Race to the Bottom” – refers to countries lowering
their labor standards, including the protection of
worker’s interests, to lure in foreign investor
seeking high profit margins at lowest cost possible.
- Government weakens environmental laws to
encourage foreign investments.
Walden Bello (Focus on the Global South) – us used
its power under the GATT system to prevent
Philippine importers from purchasing Philippine
poultry and pork- even it is sold meat to the
Philippines,
Walden noted that the Philippines became a net
food importer under the GATT
1993 – coconut exports amounted to $l.9 billion, the
country had an agricultural trade surplus $292
million,
1997 – coconut exports amounted to $2.3 billion, the
country had an deficit of $764 million in
agricultural trade.
2000 – coonut exports amounted to $ 1.9 billion,
deficit of $794 million in agricultural trade
CONCLUSION
International Economic Integration - central tent of
globalization
Changes In the Economy – globalization is where
anchored.
LESSON 3 (A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS
– CREATING INTERNATIONAL ORDER)
Scholars are interested in the following political
topics:
1. History of bureaucracy
2. Interaction between states, rather that internal
politics
3. Trade deals between states
4. International Relation - Political, Military, and
other diplomatic engagements.
Internationalization – deepening interactions
between states this is also a major part of
globalization
Globalization – encompasses a multitude of
connections and interactions that cannot be reduced
to the ties between governments.
States / Governments – are key drivers of global
process
THE ATTRIBUTE’S OF TODAY’S GLOBAL
SYSTEM
Four Key Attributes of World Politics
1. There are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves
2. These countries interact with each other through
diplomacy
3. There are international organizations like UN
that facilitate there interactions
4. Beyond simply facilitating meeting between
states, international organizations also take on lives
of their own.
Nation – State – relatively modern phenomenon in
human history, and people did not always
ORGANIZE themselves as COUNTRIES, people
belonging to nation-state see themselves as member
of larger political categories (Ex, Christendom
(Chirstian World)
- Not all states are nations and not all nations are
states.
Ex, Scotland – has its own flag and national culture,
but still belongs to a state called UK
Bangsamoro – many believes that it is a separate
nation existing within the Philippines, but
recognizes the authority of Philippine State.
There are states, with multiple nations, there are
single nations with multiple states (Example,
Nation of Korea is divided into North and South
Korea and ‘Chinese Nation refers to both the
People’s Republic of China (mainland) and Taiwan)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION AND STATE
State – refers to the country and its government
4 Attributes of State
1. Exercises authority over a specific population
(citizens)
2. It governs specific territory
3. A state has a structure of government (laws)
4. The state has sovereignty (Internal and External
Authority) over its territory
Internal Sovereignty – no people or groups can
operate In a given national territory by ignoring the
state.
External Sovereignty – State’s policies and
procedures are independent of the intervention of
other states.
Nation – According to Benedict Anderson is an
“imagined community”.
- Nation is limited because it does not go beyond a
given “official boundary”
- Nations limit themselves to people who have
imbibed a particular culture, speak a common
language, and live in a specific territory.
- Nation creates a feeling of connection (Cheering
for a Filipino Contestant on an international
competition)
- Most nations strive to become a state.
- Nation builders feel a sense of fulfillment when
that national deal assumes an organizational form
whose authority and power are recognized and
accepted by “the people”
- Communities that are not states often seek some
form of autonomy within their “Mother states” (Ex.
Quebec, though belonging to the state of Canada,
has different laws of language (French for their
citizens) )
Scotland – is a part of UK but has a strong
independence movement led by the Scottish
Nationalist party
Nationalism – facilitates state formation
Sovereignty – one of the fundamental principles of
modern state politics
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Treaty of Wesphalia – origin of the concept of
sovereignty, which was a set of agreements signed in
1648 to end the 30 years war between major
continental powers of Europe
After brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestans – Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden, and Dutch Republic designed a system that
would avert wars in the future by recognizing that
the treaty signers exercise COMPLETE control
over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle
in each other’s affairs.
Westphalian System - provided stability for the
nations of Europe
Napoleon Bonaparte – challenged Westphalian
System by believing in spreading the principles of
French Revolution – Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity , thus challenged the powers of KINGS,
NOBILITY and RELIGION in EUROPE.
Napeleonic Wars – lasted from 1803 – 1815 with
Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of
Europe.
Napoleonic Code – forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, promoted
meritocracy in government service. (This shocked
monarchies)
Anglo and Prussian armies – defeated Napoleon in
the Battle of Waterloo in 1815
METTERNICH SYSTEM
- A system named after Austrian Diplomat ,
Klemens von Metternich – system’s main architech)
- This lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of
World War 1
Concert of Europe – Alliance of Great Powers
(United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, Prussia)
GOAL: sought to restore the world of
monarchial, hereditary, religious privileges, and to
restore the sovereignty of states.
- Up until now, “great powers’ have still significant
influence over world politics ( UN, security Council
has a 5 permanent member all having veto powers
over council’s decision – making process)
INTERNATIONALISM
- this is defined as the desire for greater cooperation
and unity among states and people

- formed during Cold War (Formed by Western
European Countries and U.S)
GOAL : to protect Europe against threat of
Soviet Union
b.) Warsaw Pact – created by Soviet Union
(Eastern European Countries) Soviet imploded in
December 1991
2.) Pool their resources, get better returns for their
export, and expand their leverage against trading
partners
a.) Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) – established in 1960 (Iraq, Iran,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela) flexed its
muscles in 1970s
- its success convinced 9 other oil producing
countries to join it
3.) Protect their independence from the pressures of
superpower politics –
a.) Non – Aligned Movement (NAM) –
(Egypt , Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia)
formed in 1961. At its peak, it has 120 m embers
GOAL : pursue world peace and international
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial
and national equality, non – intervention, and peaceful
conflict resolution
- Non Aligned because they refuse to side with eother
First World Capitalist democracies (Western Europe,
North America) or Communist states (Eastern Europe)
4.) Economic Crisis compels countries to come
together –
a.) Thai Economy Collapsed (1996) – rapid
withdrawal of foreign investments bankrupted Thai
economy. IMF tried to reverse the crisis after ASEAN
countries (China, Japan, and South Korea) agreed to
establish emergency fund
- After the Vietnam war, SEAS continued to act as a
military alliance to isolate Vietnam after it invaded
Cambodia.
NON - STATE REGIONALISIM
New Regionalism – tiny associations that include no
more than a few actors and focus on single issue
- huge continental unions that address a multitude of
common problems from TERRITORIAL DEFENSE to
FOOD SECURITY
- identified with reformists who share the same
“values, norms, institutions and system that exist
outside of the traditional, established mainstream
institutions and system”
Organizations representing “ New Regionalism” –
rely on the power of individuals, NGO’s, associations
to link up one another in pursuit of particular goal
STRATEGIES OF ORGANIZATIONS
1.) Partner with government to initiate social
change – ex, LGBT, equality, and HUMAN RIGHTS
2.) Participate in institutional mechanisms that
afford some civil society groups voice and influence
in technocratic policy – making processes
a.) Human Rights Declaration – ASEAN
established in 2009 to pressure governments to pass
laws and regulations to protect human rights. But
countries may apply it where they see it is FIT
 b.) South America–left wing governments
support Hemispheric Social Alliances’ opposition to
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
c.) Roundtable of National Associations and
Networks and NGO’s in Latin America and the
Caribbean – participate in forums, summits and
dialogues wit presidents and ministers
d.) Citizen Diplomacy Forum – tries to
influence the policies and programs of Organization of
American States
e.) ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human
Rights - prevent discrimination, uphold political
freedom, and promote democracy and human rights
throughout the region
f.) Rainforest Foundation - protect
indigenous peoples and the rainforests in Brazil,
Guyana, Panama, and Peru where CANNIBALISM is
active.
g.) Regional Interfaith Youth Networks –
(Africa Asia, Middle East, Americas, and the
Caribbean) – conflict prevention, resolution, peace
education, and sustainable development
h.) Migrant Forum – (Asia) protecting and
promoting the rights and welfare of migrant workers.
- Most of the above mentioned organizations are poorly
financed, therefore, their impact on global politics is
limited
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW REGIONALISM
AND STATE – TO – STATE REGIONALISM
1. Identifying Problems
a.) States – treat poverty as technical or
economic issues that can be resolved by
1. refining existing programs of state agencies
2. minor changes in economic policies
3. creating new offices
b.) New Regionalism – ex. Global Forum see issues as
reflections of flawed economic development and
environmental models
Flawed – market based, profit driven,
concerned with social welfare
CHALLENGES OF NEW REGIONALISM
1.) Discord –
a.) Issues like gender and religion, pro – choice
NGOs breaking from religious civil society groups that
side with the church,
b.) Governments opposed to reproductive
rights and other pro – women policies
2.) Government may not be welcoming to this new
trend and set up one obstacle after another –
a.) Migrant Forum Asia & Coordination of
Action Research on AIDS (CARAM) – defend
migrant labor rights, their program action slowed down
once countries like Malaysia Singapore and Thailand
refused to recognize undocumented migrant workers
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO
REGIONALISM
1.) Resurgence of Militant nationalism and
populism – the most serious problem
- anti – NATO – rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in
Russia - resulted from the refusal to dismantle NATO
after Soviet Union collapsed
European Union – the most crisis ridden regional
organization because of financial crisis forcing
countries like Greece to leave the union for more
flexible economic policy
2.) Sovereignty of countries for Regional Stabilty
ASEAN disagreed over how to relate to China –
with the PH unable to get the other countries support
regarding West Philippine Sea
Cambodia & Laos – led the opposition favoring
diplomacy over confrontation –
 Real reason: increase investments and
economic aid of China in these countries
Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand- demanded that
other countries democratized adopt a more open
attitude toward foreign criticism
3.) Differing Visions of What Regionalism should be
for –
Western Governments – may see regional
organization not simply as economy formations but
also as instrument for POLITICAL
DEMOCRATIZATION
Non – Western and Developing Society – see
globalization in different way
Singapore, China, and Russia – see
democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and
deepening of economic globalizations because of in
need for constant public inquiry
Asia Pacific Economic Council (APEC) – comprises
the 37% of world population in 2007
LESSON 6: THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
RELIGION VS GLOBALISM
Globalism – is the widespread belief of powerful
countries that the spread of economic markets is
beneficial to everyone
1. Religion: Concerned with the Sacred
s Globalism: Value on Material Wealth
2. Religion: follows Divine Commadments
s Globalism: follows Human – made laws
3. Religion: possibility of communication between
human and transcendent, God, Allah, Yahweh defines
Good Vs. Bad
Globalism: Human Action that will lead to highest
material satisfaction and subsequent wisdom that this
new status produces
4. Religion: less concerned with wealth
s Globalism: less worried whether they end up in
heaven or hell
5. Religion: They are ascetics, main duty is to live a
virtuous, sin-less life, so that he is assured in some
place in heaven s
Globalism: skills that aim to enrich themselves, if has a
strong conscience, sees his work as contributing to the
community
6. Religion: inspires to become a saint
s Globalism: trains to be a shrewd businessperson
7. Religion: Detest power and politics – human
weaknesses s
Globalism: values both power and politics
8. Religion: Spreading the Holy Ideas s
Globalism: Spreading good and services
BOTTOM LINE:
Religion Evangelization – is itself a form of
globalization
- Religion regards identities of globalism (Citizenship,
language and race) as inferior and narrow because they
are earthly categories
- Being a member of a religious org., or cult is a
superior affiliation (ex. Being a Filipino is less than
being a Christian)
- This is why there are some religion groups who flee
from the city to make sanctuaries w/out the control of
the authority
Ex. Dalai Lama – Established Tibet, Buddhist
devote into monasteries for PRAYER AND
CONTEMPLATION, Rizalistas of Mt. Banahaw,
Essenes, Mormons of Utah
BELIEF: Living among “non-believers’ will
push them to become sinners as well
- state seeks to destroy religion
s
Priestesses and Monks : led the first revolts against
colonialism in Asia and Africa
Peter Berger – “contemporary world is.. furuiously
religions. In most of the world, there are veritable
explosions of religious fervor.
Religion: Foundation of modern republics (ex.
Malaysian Governement)
Malaysian System : “Islam is the religion of the
Federation”, rulers of each state is the head of religion
of Islam
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini – Bragged about the
superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counterpart –
- All ideologies are the same – they were flawed.
Islamic Rule - is the superior form of government
because it was Spiritual
Iran – calls itself as Republic – connected with secular
Nahdlatul Ulama – Moderate muslim association in
Indonesia has Islamic Schools where students are not
only taught about Islam but other subjects as well
(sciences, banking, pluralism, democracy, etc.)
Pesantren – Islamic Schools
- Religion can be a caused of CHANGE IN STATE
POLICY
Ex. Church of England
King Henry VIII – broke away from Roman
Catholicism, and established his own church
United States – Religion and law were fused together
to build “ Modern Secular Society”
Alexis de Tocqueville – 1800’s a French historian
“Americans practice religion not only out of self –
interest”
Jose Casanova – “religion very center of all political
conflicts “(ex. Christian Right to Republican Party)
Christianity and Islam – old world religions, sees
globalization less as an obstacle and more of an
opportunity to expand their reach all over the world
Globalization – freed community from the contratis of
the nation state,
Religion - take place to these broken traditional ties
- it is not a regressive force, it is a pro – active
force.
- it may dislike materialism, but it still uses the
range modern communication and organization
(English Language, modern management of marketing)
- ISIS (Daesh in Iraq and Syria) and Born –
Again are not defense against materialism but a result
of globalization
- Islam sees globalization (communism, liberalism, and
secularism) as a threat that will displace Islam
World Council of Churches – an association of
different protestant congregations – criticized
globalizations negative effects economically
Catholic Church and Pope Francis – opposes
globalization in its “throw-away culture”
Lutheran World Federation 10th Assembly – 292 page
declaration message , sharing the voices of the
member of church who were affected by globalization
- warns us “Our world is split asunder by
forces we often do not understand”
World Bank – 1998, brought religious leaders in
discussing of global poverty leading to muted, cautious
and qualified collaboration in 2000
- supported faith – based anti- poverty
projects in Kenya and Ethiopia
Iran – challenged superiority of religious autocracy
stopped freedom of expression, distorted democratic
rituals like elections, and tainted opposition
BOTTOM LINE: It is odd to say that globalization is teen
to have a very little to do with religion
Peter Bayer and Lori Beaman – Outside looking at
globalization as problem or potential
Samuel Huntington – defenders of globalization in this
book The Clash of Civilization – civilizations can be held
together by religious worldviews
Max Weber – correlation between religion and
capitalism
Calvanism – branch of Protestantism, God had already
decided who would and would not be saved
William McKinley – after a night of prayer and soul –
searching, he had concluded that it was the duty of US
to educate Filipinos and civilize, Christianize them.
 LESSON 7: MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION – involves spread of ideas (LGBT
equality)
- involves the spread of various culture (Psy Gangnam
Style)
- Globalization relies on media as its main conduit for
the spread of global culture and ideas.
Jack Lule – asked “Could global trade evolved without
a flow of information on markers, prices, commodities,
and more?.. etc. “
- Lule describe media as “ a means of
conveying something, such as a channel of
communication”
Person’s voice – is itself a medium (singular of media)
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEDIA
1. Print Media – books, magazines and newspapers
2. Broadcast Media – radio, film and television
3. Digital Media – internet and mobile mass
communication
4. Internet media – e-mail, internet sites, social media,
internet – based video and audio
Marshall McLuhan – declared that the medium is the
message.
EFFECTS OF TELEVISION TO SOCIETIES
Television – was introduced in 1960’s
- shapes the social behaviors of users and reorient
family behavior. (Family in dinner – telling stories,
family in living room –watching and munching their
food)
- drawn away people from other meaningful activities
such as playing games and reading books
EFFECT OF SMARTPHONES
1. Communication – there is no way for couples not to
get in touch
2. Expand people’s senses because they provide the
capability to talk to more people instantaneously and
simultaneously
McLuhan – further stated that media simultaneously
extend and amputate human senses.
EX. OF AMPUTATION OF HUMAN SENSES
1. May expand the reach of communication, but dull
the user’s communicative capacities
2. Invention of paper in Egypt dulled people’s capacity
to remember.
3. Mobile phones make users easily distractible and
more prone to multitasking
McLuhan – new media nether inherently good nor
bad. He made examination of electronic media in
1960’s
- declared that television was turning the
world into a “global village” (listening to television
daily may contract the perception of the world)
- McLuhan and other scholars thought global
media had a tendency to homogenize culture –
(spread of global media make people read, listen, and
watch the same things
Cultural Imperialism – happened when America’s
power became world’s cultural heavyweight,
- media globalization coupled with American
Hegemony created cultural imperialism
- American culture and traditions will
overwhelm others
Herbert Schiller – 1976 – argued the spread of
American capitalist values like consumerism
John Tomlinson – a simply euphemism for “Western
Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes “
Homogenized , westernized, consumer culture”
- these critiques neglected the other global flows of
information that the media can enable
 CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
1. Media messages are not just made by producers,
they are also consumed by audience
- people view media texts in their own cultural lenses
Ien Ang – Indonesian cultural critic – studied watchers
of Dallas in Netherlands
- she noted that viewers put a lot of emotional
energy into the process
Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes – texts are received
differently by varied interpretive communities because
they derived diff. meaning and pleasures from this
texts.
Russians - suspicious of Dallas’s content
Americans – Dallas was primarily about the lives of the
rich
2. Renewed strength of regional trends in
globalization process
- Ex. Hello Kitty & Mario (Tokyo, Korean Pop
(Korea), sushi, Philippine’s Jollibee chain in Brunei,
Korean telenovelas
- globalization does NOT overwhelming of foreign
cultures over local ones
- globalization remains as an uneven process but
promotes cultural change & dynamism
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CREATION OF CYBER GHETOES
- globalization of ideas and culture can move in
different directions
BENEFITS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
1. It has a democratized access – free access
Ex. Uprisings of 2011 (Arab Spring) – opposing
the authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libta, used
twitter to disseminate information,
- women’s march against Donald Trump
started from a tweet of an Hawaii lawyer.
2. Users can be consumers and producers of
information simultaneously
DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
1.Splinternet – and the phenomenon of
cyberalkankanization
Cyberalkanization – various bubbles people
place themselves in when they are online
Ex. Democratic Party read liberal sites,
Republican Party read conservative websites.
2. Social Media makes people more partisan and
closed minded.
3. Social Media Bubbles can produce herd mentality -
Herd Mentality – reads on what ones believe is true
and its group believes as well
- used by politician for a cheap political
propaganda
Ex. Vladimir Putin hired armies of social media to
manipulate public opinion through fake news
- By spreading fake news, Putin helped Trump
to win the election.
4. Fake Information can spread easily through social
media.
Alternative facts – term of Trump’s senior advisers for
FAKE NEWS
LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY
Globalization is SPATIAL:
1. It occurs in physical places – foreign investments,
capital move through a city, skyscrapers, purchase of
condominium units by Filipinos
2. It is spatial because what makes it move is the fact
that is based in places –
Los Angeles – Home of the Hollywood, where
films are made for global consumption
Tokyo – Headquarters of Sony, where the
company coordinates it sales across the world
 City – mediums of globalization
Rate of People living in urban Areas:
1950 – 30 % 2014 – 54% 2050 – 66%
DEFINING GLOBAL CITY
Saskia Sassen – popularized the term “global city” in
the 1990s.
- She identifies three global cities : New York, London
and Tokyo
New York, London, & Tokyo – hubs of global
finance and capitalism and home of world’s top stock
exchanges
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) – New York
Financial Times Stock Exchange ( FTSE ) – London
Nikkei – Tokyo
$19,300 Billion – amount of shares of NYSE
$231.3 Billion – amount of shares of Philippine Stock
Exchange
Big Apple - New York
Home of the most powerful internet companies
(Facebook, Twitter, and Google ) – San Francisco
Growth of Chinese Economy – turned cities like
Shanghai, Beijing ,and Guangzhou into centers of
trade and finance
Shanghai Stock Exchange – was reopened in late
1990s, it became the 5th largest stock market in the
world
Sydney – commands the greatest proportion of capital
in Australia
Melbourne – Sydney’s rival “global city”
- magazines referred to as the most “livable
city”- good transpo, thriving cultural scene, easy pace
of life
INDICIATORS OF GLOBALITY
1. Economic Power
New York – greatest stock market In the world
Tokyo – houses the most number of corporate
headquarters (613 of Tokyo V.S. 217 of N.Y.)
Shanghai – plays a critical role in global
economic supply chain
- Busiest container port in the world (33
million container units in 2013)
China – manufacturing center of the world.
San Francisco Bay Area – IT programmers and
engineers from Asia preferred place
- significant figure in Silicon Valley’s Tech.
Boom
London – preferred destination of Filipino Nurses
2. Global Cities are centers of authority
Washington D.C- not as wealthy as New York, seat of
American state power.
Major Landmarks of Washington: Congress, Lincoln
Memorial, Washington Monument, Supreme court,
Canberra – not wealthy as Sydney and Melbourne,
Australia’s political capital
3. Centers of Political Influence –
Headquarters of:
a.) UN – New York
b.) European Union – Brussels
c.) ASEAN – Jakarta, Indonesia
d.) European Central Bank – Frankfurt, Germany
4. Centers of higher learning and culture – city’s
intellectual influence can be seen in its publishing
industry
- most articles people read are published in places like
New York, London, and Paris (ex. New York Times)
Boston – Home of Harvard University
Australia – English – language universities there is
what teenagers’ reason in moving in cities
- Education is 3rd largest export – it made
$19.2 billion dollars ($14 Billion USD) in education
Copenhagen – can be toured with a bike in 30m,
capital of Denmark
- Culinary capitals of the world – birthplace of
“New Cordic” cuisine
Manchester, England – home of post- punk and New
Wave bands – Joy Division, Smiths, and Happy
Mondays
Singapore – houses the region’s top television stations
and news organization (MTV Southeast Asia and
Channel News Asia)
SONGS ABOUT NEW YORK
1. Empire State of Mind – Jay Z and Alicia Keys
2. New York, New York – Simon and Garfunkel
Berlin and Tokyo –offer some of the best Turkish food
outside Turkey
Manila – is not very global because of foreign
residents
Singapore – yes it is a global because it has foreign
population of 38%
CRITERIAS OF CITY ECONOMIC
COMPETITIVENESS
- prescribed by the Economist Intelligence Unit
1. Market Size 3. Size of Middle Class
2. Purchasing power of citizens 4. Potential for growth
Singapore – Asia’s most competitive city
THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITY
- can produce great inequality, poverty, and
tremendous violence
PATHOLOGIES OF THE GLOBAL CITY
- based on the research of the Chicago Council on
Global Affairs
1. Cities can be sustainable because of their density
Richard Florida – ecologists have found that
by concentrating populations in smaller areas, it
decrease human encroachment on natural habitats.
Ex. Denser settlement patters yields to energy
savings. (Efficient transportation tend to drive less and
cut carbon emission)
New York – lowest per capita carbon footprint in U.S.
Los Angeles – are urban sprawls, with massive
freeways that force residents to spend money on cars
and gas
Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai – although dense,
lack of efficient transpo., made them polluted.
City – consume only 2% of world’s land mass, but
consumes 78% of global energy
Vertical Farms – technique that used abandoned
building for farms in N.Y.
2. Cities especially those with global influence are
obvious targets of terrorists
Ex. 9/11 attack of Twin Towers of World
Trade Center in New York
- November 2015 coordinated attacks in paris
by zealots of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(ISIL)
- Trump towers may be subject to terrorism it
is in Istanbul and Manila.
THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
Scandinavia – found ways to mitigate inequality
through state – led social redistribution programs.
Manila, Mumbai and Jakarta – where it is common
to find gleaming buildings alongside massive
shantytowns
Outside N.Y. and San Francisco – poor enclaves
occupied by African –American and immigrant
families
Gentrifications – driving out the poor in favor of
newer wealthier residents

France – poor Muslim Migrans are forced out of Paris

and have clustered around ethnic enclaves known as
banlieue

- Middle class is thinning out, for high income earners

hire unskilled labor force (hotel cleaners, nannies,
maids, waitresses), meanwhile , middle – income jobs
in manufacturing and business (call center) are moving
to other countries
 REVIEWER IN CONTEMPORARY WORLD
LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Demography – is a complex discipline that requires
the integration of carious social scientific data.
Will a child be an economic asset or burden to the
family?
Farm & small by – the – street corner enterprises –
more children the better it will be
Urbanized, professional and educated families –
desire just one or two progenies because they are
committed with their respective professions and has
sights of long – term savings plans
Rural Families – view multiple children and large
kinship networks as CRITICAL INVESTMENTS
- regions that rely on agriculture tend to maintain high
levels of population growth
1980 UN report – “these areas contained 85% of the
wold rural population in 1975 and are projected to
contain 90 % by the end of 20th century “
– global agricultural population ( GAP ) DECLINED
from 50% (1980) to 37 % (2011) of world’s total
population
“Nourishing the Planet” – a blog site that stated that
GAP raised from 2.2 billion (1980) to 2.6 billion
(2011)
Migration – one of the reasons why urban population
raised
st
- by the 21 century, the world has been 44% URBAN,
for developed countries are 52% to 75%
International Migration – also a reason for the
increase of urban population
-191 million people live in countries other than
their own
UN – projected that 2.2 million will move from the
developing world to the first world countries
PERILS OF OVEPOPULATION
Thomas Malthus – who warned in his 1798 “An
Essay on the Principle of Population “ that population
growth will inevitably exhaust WORLD FOOD
SUPPLY
Paul R. Ehrlich & Anne Ehrlich – wrote The
Population Bomb in 1960
The Population Bomb – argued overpopulation in the
1970s and 1980s will bring about global environmental
disasters that would lead to FOOD SHORTAGE and
MASS STARVATION
RECOMMENDATIONS OF US IN GLOBAL
POPULATION CONTROL
1. Bizarre – chemical castration
2. Policy – Oriented – taxing an additional child and
luxury taxes on child – related products
3. Monetary Incentives – paying off men who would
agree to be sterilized after 2 children
4. Institution – Building – a powerful Deparment off
Population Environment
1.8 % - 2.06% - growth rate from 1955 to 1975
Philippines, China and India – in mid – 20th century
sought to lower birth rates.
Widespread Poverty, Mass Hunger, and Political
Instablity – results of overpopulation
Foreign Affairs – 1958 American Policy Journal that
advocated “contraception and sterilization”
May 2009 – American Billionaires warned of how a
“nightmarish” explosion of people can result to
ENVIRONEMNTAL, SOCIAL AND INTRUSTRIAL
threat
Puerto Rico – Reproductive health supporters regard
their work as the task of transforming their “poor
country” into modern nation
- Governments determine “birth – control “ programs
Irresponsible Fecundity – Egyptias’ reason for run on
in population growth
Libidinal Tendencies – Iranian’s reason for population
growth
India – from 1920 onwards, the Indian Government “
Marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as
hypersexual and hyper fecund
China – sterilization for those violators of one – child
policy
Vietnam and Mexico – conducted coervice mass
sterilization
IT’S THE ECONOMY NOT THE BABIES
Betsy Hartmann – disagrees with the advocates of neo
– Malthusian theory and accused governments of using
population control
- Many pointed that growth in population of many
countries in 1960s aided economic development
- there is a shift in population ( from rural to urban
areas ) - 52% TO 75 % in developing world
Median Age – 29 .4 years (Females) , 30.9 (males) in
the cities means a young working population
- There are some assumptions that having a baby boom,
can mean that there will be more workers per
dependents and production will increase relative to
consumption – GDP then will receive a boost.
East Asia – productive capacities of this generation are
high
Infant Mortality – 183 to 34 per 1000 births between
1950 and 2000
Fertility Rate – 2 to 6 children per woman
- this both decrease and increase in mortality and
fertility rate, resulted to a baby – boom generation
- Growth of working – age population grew nearly four
times faster than the dependent population
Green Revolution – create high – yielding varieties of
rice and other cereals.
- in 1950 to 1984, global grain production increased by
over 250 %
- If governments push through birth control programs
they must also include inclusive growth and greener
economic growth
POPULATION GROWTH AND FOOD SECURITY
World Population – 7.4 Billion (today ), predicted to
be 9.5 Billion (2050), 11.2 billion (2100)
Median Age – 30.1(overall), 29.4 (Male), 30.9
(Female)
- 90% of population growth will happen in the
developing countries
- In developed countries, population is stable in general
- In most advanced countries, population is declining
(Singapore and Japan)
- by 2050 the population will stabilize at 9 billion
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) – warns
that in order for countries to mitigate impact of
population growth, food production must increase by
70%
1. Annual Cereal production – must rise to 3
billion tons from 2.1 billion tons
2. Annual Meat Production – must rise 470
million tons from 200 million tons
- FAO recommends that countries increase their
investments in AGRICULTURE, craft LONG –TERM
POLICIES, and RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT
- FAO suggests that governments must keep their
markets open
LESSON 10: GLOBAL MIGRATION
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
1. Internal Migration – refers to people moving from
one are to another within one country
2. International Migration – people cross borders of
one country to another
a.) Immigrants – who move permanently to
another country
b.) workers who stay in a country for fixed
period (at least 6 mos. In a year)
c.) Illegal Immigrants
d.) Migrants whose families have petitioned
them to move to the destination country
 e.) Refugees – also known as asylum – seekers
247 Million – no. of people currently living outside the
countries of birth
50% of global migrants – moved from the developing
countries to the developed zones of the world and
contribute from 40% to 80% of their labor force
McKinsey Global Institute – first – generation
immigrants constitute 13 percent of the population in
Western Europe, 15% in North America, 48% in the
GCC countries
Percentage of Migrants in Cities – 92% in US, 95%
in UK, 99% in Australia
COUNTRY CONTRIBUTION % OF GDP
U.S $ 2 trillion 11%
U.K $390 billion 14%
Germany $550 billion 17%
Canada $ 320 billion 21%
Australia $330 billion 25%
President Donald Trump & UK Prime Minister
Theresa May – reverse the existing pro – immigration
and refugee sympathetic policies of their states
Harvard Business School – 2011, concluded that
“likelihood and magnitude of adverse labor market
effects for native from immigration are substantially
weaker that often perceived
Organization for Economic Co – Operation and
Development (OECD) – report on 2013, shows that
native- born citizens still receive higher support
compared to immigrants
International Monetary Fund – predicted that the
flow of refugees feeling the war in Syria and Iraq
would actually grow Europe’s GDP
LESSON 11: ENVIONEMNTAL CRISIS AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
THE WORLD’S LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
Conserve Energy Future - a website that listed the
following environmental challenges
1. The depredation caused by industrial and
transportation toxins and plastic in the ground ( Acid
Rain, defiling of the sea, water beds by oil spills,
dumping of urban waste)
2. Changes in Global Weather Patterns
3. Overpopulation
4. Exhaustion of the world’s natural non – renewable
resources from oil reserves to minerals to potable water
5. Waste Disposal catastrophe due to excessive amount
of waste; dumping of nuclear waste
6. Destruction of million – year old ecosystems and
loss of biodiversity ( destruction of the coral reefs and
massive deforestation)
7. Reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere because of deforestation,
resulted in rice in ocean acidity
8. Depletion of ozone layer
9. Deadly acid rain as result of fossil fuel combustion,
toxic chemicals from volcanoes, massive rotting
vegetables
10. Water pollution arising from industrial and
community waste
11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city
turns into a megalopolis destroying farmlands
12. Pandemics and other threats to punlic health arising
from wastes mixing with drinking water
13. Radical alteration of food systems because of
genetic modifications in food production
US Geological Survey – Kilauea has been releasing
more than twice the amount of noxious sulfur dioxide
gas as the single dirties power plant on the US
mainland
15 Million tons – of sulfur dioxide released by Mt.
Pinatubo that eruped on June 15, 2001 created a hay
layer of aerosol particles, that brought down global
temp. by 0.6 degrees Celcius for the next 15 mos.
University of Hawaii – 15 to 20 megaton of sulfur
dioxide release in the stratosphere by Mt. Pinatubo
severely impact the ozone budget