Sw [PL tg. Study Material Based on the GENERATOR tatest IESE syuams ‘SMART CLASSROOM. oe Ry) ‘SEEDHI BAAT Together with CHEMISTRY SALIENT FEATURES © Chapter at a Glance © Important Terms and Definitions © Solved and Practice Questions © Self-evaluation Tests (Level 1, 2and 3) © Answers to Practice Questions and Self-evaluation Tests © Practice Papers (4 Solved, 1 Unsolved) © Internal Assessment ae =F RACHNA SAGAR Based on the Latest Syllabus issued by ICSE Together with? Chemistry958 ES Based on the Latest Syllabus issued by ICSE Together with” Chemistry Author Anshu (Suri) Gulati MSc, BEd. & RACHNA SAGAR — EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS — Chemistry CLASS 10. First Edition 2004 Reprint: 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017 Latest Revised Edition 2019 PUBLISHED BY (7 RACHNA SAGAR PVT. 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In spite of this, some errs might have crept in. Any mistake, etor oF discrepancy noted may be brought to our nice which shal be laken car of nthe next ein. or binding mistakes, misprints or Tor sing pags, et. the publise’s ably ited to replacement widhin one month urchase by stil edition, Allexpensesin this connection are tobe boxe by he purchase Dedicated to the memory of my brother SANDEEP SURI who represented Delhi in under 15 years and under 19 years National Cricket Championship and also played cricket at the University level before he died in the spring time of life. Sandeep, whose abiding affection for me and my family still endears him to us.Dedicated to the memory of my brother SANDEEP SURI who represented Delhi in under 15 years and under 19 years National Cricket Championship and also played cricket at the University level before he died in the spring time of life. Sandeep, whose abiding affection for me and my family still endears him to us. a) Preface ‘This book has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus preseribed by ICSI f, The main emphasis of this book lies on the content and the rearrangement of the prescribed chapters in a logical sequence. ‘The salient features of the book: + The book comprises twelve chapters. Every chapter opens with the Chapter at a Glance followed by the condensed version which comprises Important Terms and Definitions including chemical reactions/formulae (wherever required) ‘quick and thorough revision of th to enable students to hav chapter + The condensed version is follawed by Solved Questions (created questions) including Previous Years’ Questions along with their solutions. + Practice Questions and ‘Self Evaluation order fo test the studlent’s learning and grasping power and to allow learn st” are given at the end of every chapter (Answers at the end of Part 1) in multiple ways of selE-assessment, * Carefully designed five ‘Practice Papers’ (4 solved, 1 unsolved ~ Answers available at gowebrachnasagarcom) which will ainly prepare the stuclent to face the eximination, + Internal Assessment of Practical Work of 20 marks has been given separately to provide the format of assignments’ project work. It is hoped that the book will help the LC.S.E. students to face their examination confidently and achieve success. Every constructive suggestion for further improvement of the book is most welcome and shall be gratefully acknowleda ACKNOWLEDG MENTS, The uuthor is highly indebted to the Principal, the learned teachers who provided me constant encouragement in the preparation of this book, I aso wish to record my sincere thanks to the staff of Rachna Sagar Pvt, Ltd, for taking all pain in brin commendab ng the book in the present form, The tedious job done by them in correcting and collecting of the proofs is My sincere thanks for their constant and crucial support. Finally, Lam grateful to my husband Mr. Gauray Gulati and my sister Ms, Shweta Suri for their kind co-operation and help. Special thanks to my mother Mrs, Nilam Suri and father Mr. H.L. Suri (Ex-Olympian) who are the source of my inspiration und motivation AuthorPreface ‘This book has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus prescribed by ICSE. The main emphasis of this book lies on the content and the rearrangement of the prescribed chapters in a logical sequence. ‘The + The book comprises twelve chapters. Every chapter opens with the Chapter at a Glanc version which comprises Important Terms and Definitions including chemical reactions/formulae (wherever required) ent features of the book: followed by the condensed to enable students to have a quick and thorough revision of the chapter, * The condensed version is followed by Solved Questions (created questions) including Previous Years’ Questions along with their solutions + Practice Questions and ‘Self Evaluation Test are given at the end of every chapter (Answers at the end of Part 1) in ler to test the student's learning sof self-assessment. ind grasping power and to allow learners multiple + Carefully designed five ‘Practice Papers’ (4 solved, 1 unsolved — Answers available at gowebrachnasagareon) which will certainly prepare the student to face the examination. + Internal Assessment of Practical Work of 20 marks has been given separately to provide the format of assignments’ proj It is hoped that the book will help the LC.S.E. students to face their examination confidently and achieve success. stion for further improvement ofthe book is most welcome and shall be gratefully acknowledged, et work, Every constructive su The author is highly indebted to the Principal, the learned teachers who provided me constant encouragement in the preparation of this book. | also wish to record my sincere thanks to the staif of Rachna Sagar Pvt, Ltd. for taking all pain in bringing the hook in the present form, The tedious job done by them in correcting and collecting of the proofs is commendable. My sincere thanks for their constant and crucial suppo Finally, Tam grateful to my husband Mr. Gauray Gi i for their kind co-operation and to my mother Mrs, Nilam Susi and father Me. H.L, Suri (Ex-Olympian) who are the source of my ati and my sister Ms, Shweta Si help. Special than inspiration and motivation Author o Syllabus ion of 80 marks and fuer There will be one paper of two hours” di Assessment of practical work canying 20 marks The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I (40 marks) and Section IE (40 marks). Section I (compulsory) will contain short answer questions on the entire syllabus Section II will contain six questions, Candidates will be required to answer any four of these six questions Note: All chemical processireactions should be studied with reference to the reactants, products, conditions, observation, the (balanced) equation and 1, Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties ~ Physical and Chemical (Periodic properties and their va < and periods. Definitions ancl trends ofthe following periodic properties in groups and periods should be studied: ionisation potential ‘+ non-metallic char © electron aftii # electronegativity (Gi) Periodicity on the basis of atomic number for elements. ‘© The study of modem periodic table up to period. but no questions will be asked on e studonis to be exposed to the complete modern periodic able sntents beyond period 3—Argon), ‘© Periodicity and other related properties to be explained on the basis of nuclear charge and shells (net orbitals) (Special reference tothe alkali metals and halogen groups). ‘Chemical Bonding Electrovalent covalent Wi coordinate bonding, structures of various compounds, Electron dot structure4) Syllabus There will be one paper of oso hours? duration of 80 marks and Internal Assessment of practical work canying 20 marks. The paper will be divided into two sections, Section 1 (40 marks) and Section IF (40 marks). Section I (compulsory) will contain shore answer questions on the entire syllabus. Section II will contain six questions, Candidates will be required to answer any four of these six questions. Note: All chemical process/reactions should be studied with reference to the reactants, products, conditions, observation, the (balanced) equation and diagrams. 1. Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties ~ Physical and Chemical (Periodic properties and their variations in groups and periods. Definitions and trends ofthe following periodic properties in groups and periods should be suuied: = atomic size metallic cha ionisation potential ‘* non-metallic character clectron affinity = lect (di) Periodicity on the basis of © The study of modem peviodie table up to period 3 (students 10 be € megativity posed 10 he complete modern periodic table but no questions will be asked! on elements beyond period 3—Argon) © Periodicity and other related properties to be explained on the basis of nuclear charge and shells (not orbitals) (Special reference to the alkali metals and halogen groups). Chemical Bonding Electrovalent, covatent and coordinate bonding, structures of various compounds, Electron dot structure. (@) Electrovatent bondin, ‘= Electron dot structure of Electrovalent compounds NaCl, MgCl, CaO. © Characteristic properties of electrovalentcompounds—state of existence, melting and boiling points, conductivity (heat and electricity), dissociation in solution and in molten state to be linked with electrolysis, (b) Covalent Bonding: © Eleciron dot structure of covalent molecules on the basis of dupfer and octet of elecirons (example: hyd chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, methane.) ‘* Polar Covalent compounds ~ based on difference in electronegativity: Eexamples ~ HCl and 0 including structures. ‘© Characieristic properies of Covalens compounds: state of existence, melting and boiling poiras, conductivity (heat and electricity, ionisation in solution, ingen Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent compounds: (©) Coordinate Bonding: © Definition ‘© The lone pair effect of the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule to explain the formation of H,0* and OFF ions in water and NH} ion, The meaning of lone pair; the formation of hydvonitun ion and aanmonium ion must be explained with the help of electron dot diagrams 6) 3. Study of Acids, (0 Simple definitions in terms of the molecules and their characteristic properties, Wes and Salts Gi) Tons present in mineral acids, alkalis and salts and their solutions; use of litmus and pH paper to test for acidity and alkalinity «Examples with equation for he ionisationidissociation of ions of acids, bases and salt ‘© Acids form hydronium ions (only positive ions) which turn blue litmus red, alkalis form hydroxyl ions (only iegative ions) with water which nuns red litmus blue. ‘© Salts are formed by partial or complete replacement of the lydrogen ion of an acid by a metal. (To be explained With suitable examples) © Iniroduction to pH scale to west for acidiey, newralty and alkalinity by using pH paper or universal indicator (iil) Definition of salt; types of salts. pes of salts: normal salts, acid sal, baste sal, definition and examples (iv) Action of dilute acids on salts. © Decomposition of hydrogen carbonates, carbonates, sulphites and sulphides by appropriate acids with heaaing if necessary, (Relevant laboratory work must be (©) Methods of preparation of Normal salts with relev equations. (Det ails of apparatus or procedures not required). Methods included aretn ae chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, methane.) ‘© Polar Covalent compounds ~ based on difference in electronegativit examples ~ HCL and H.O including sructures. istic properties of Covalent compounds: state of existence, melting and boiling points, conductivity (heat and electricity), ionisation in solution Comparison of Electrovalent and Covalent compounds. () Coord © Definition ‘©The lone pair effect of the oxygen atom of the water molecule and the nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule to explain the formation of H,O* and OHT ions in water and NH} ion, The meaning of lone pair; the formation of hydronium ion and ammonium ion must be explained with the help of ‘electron dor diagrams. = Char fe Bond 3. Study of Acids, Bases and Salts (Simple definitions in terms of the molecules and their characteristic properties. Gi) Ions present in mineral acids, alkalis and salts and their solutions; use of litmus and pH paper to test for acidity andl alkalinity © Examples with equation for the ionisationidissociation of tons of acids, bases anal salts Acids form Iydronium ions (only positive fons) wiiich sum biue liemus red, alkalis form hydroxyl ions (onty negative ions) with water which nums red litmus blue © Salts are formed by partial or complete replacement of the hydrogen ion of an acid by a metal. (To be explained with suitable examples). © Introduction to pH scale to test for acidity, neutrality and alkalinity by using pH paper or universal indicator (iH) Definition of sate ty Types of salts: normal sats, acid salt, basic salt, definition and examples (i) Action of dilute acids on salts, © Decomposition of hydrogen carbonates, carbonates, su sof: es and sulphides by appropriate acids with heating if necessary. (Relevant laboratory work must be done). () Methods of preparation of Normal salts with relevant equations. (Details of apparatus or procedures not required) Methods included are Direct combination = Displacem: + Precipitation double decomposition) © Neuonalisation of insoluble hase © Newonalisation of an atkali (tration) + Action of dilute acids on carbonate and bicarbonates) 4. Analytical Chemistry () Action of Ammonium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide on solution of salts: colour of salt and its solution; formation and eolour of hydroxide preeipitated for solutions of salts of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb ; special action of ammonium hydroxide on solutions of copper salt and sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts On solution of salts: © Colour of salt and its solution. Action on addition of Sodium Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb salts drop by drop in excess, Formation and colour of hydroxide precipitated to be highlighted with the help of equations. + Action on addition of Ammonium Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb salts drop by drop in excess, Formation and colour of hydroxide precipitated to be highlighted with the help of equations. # Special tion of Ammonium Hydroxide on solutions af copper salts und sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts (ii) Action of alkalis (Na 1H, KOH) on certain metals, their oxides and hydroxides. The metals must include aluminitun, zincand lead, their oxides and their hydroxides, whicl react with caustic alkalis (NaOH, KOH), showing the amphoteric nature ofthese substances. Mole Concept and Sto (O) Gay Lussae’s Law of Combining Volumes, Avogadro's Law. + Idea of mole ~ a number just as dozen, a gross (Avogadro's nunber) © Avogadro's Law ~ statement ard explanation w of Combining Volumes © Gay Lussae’s L atement and explanation, Allure ofa © Understanding molar volume ~“the mass of: gasat S.TP isequal 0 its molar mass”. (Questions will not be set on formal proof but may be taugha for clear understanding). Simple calculations based on the molar volume and Gay Lussac's laos Gy (i) Refer to the atomicity of hydrog The explanation can be given using equations for the formation of HCl, NH, and NO. (iii) Vapour Density and its relation to relative molecular mass: ¢ Molecular mass = 2 % vapour density formal proof not vequired). ‘© Deduction of simple (empirical) and molecular formula from: a, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine (proof not required), (a) the percentage composition of a compound. (b) she masses of combining elements.tn ae 4, Analytical Chemist ()) Action of Ammonium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide on solution of salts: colour of salt and its solution: nd colour of hydroxide precipitated for solutions of salts of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb ; special action of ammonium hydroxide on solutions of copper salt and sodium hydroxide on ammonium sats formation On solution of salts: © Colour of sat and its solution, + Action on addition of Sodium Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zin and Pb salts drop by drop in excess, Formation and colour of hydroxide precipitated to be highlighted with the help of equations Action on addition of Ammonium Hydroxide to solution of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb salts drop by drop in fed with the help of equations. excess, Formation and colour of hydroxide precipitated to be high! Special uction of Ammonium Hydroxide on solutions of copper salts und sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts. (@_ Action of alkalis (NaOH, KOH) on certain metals, their oxides and hydroxides. The metals must include lead, their oxides and their hydroxides, which react with caustic alkalis (NaOH, KOH), showing te amphoteric nanure of these substances. 5. Mole Concept and Stoichiomen (i) Gay Lussae’s Law of Combining Volumes, Avogadro's Law. © dea of mole — a number just as do: na gross (Avogadro's number) © Avogadro's Law ~statement and explanation + Gay Lussae’s Law of Combining Volumes — Statement and explanation, © Understanding molar volume —“the mass of 2.4 litres of any gas at TP is equal to its molar mass”: (Questions will not be set on formal proof but may be taughs for lear understaneling). © Simple caicalations based on the molar volume and Gay Lussac’s law 6) G®) Refer to the atomicity of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine (proof not required). The explanation can be given using equations for the formation of HCI, NH, and NO. (i) Vapour Density and its relation to relative molecular mass: © Molec © Deduction of simple (empirical) ane molecular forma from: lar mass = 2 x vapour density (formal proof not required) (a) the percentage composition of a compound. (0) she masses of combining elements (i) Mole and its relation to mass © Relating mote and atomic mass : arriving at gram atomic mass and then gram atom: atomic mass is a number dealing with one atom; gram atomic mass isthe mass of one mole of atoms © Relating mole and molecular mass arriving at gram molecular mass and gram molecule molecular mass is a zram molecular mass is the mass of one mole of molecules number dealing with a molecule, ‘© Simple calculations based on relation of mole t0 mass, volume and Avogadro's number (0) Simple calculations based on chemical equations Related to weight andior volumes of both reactants and products Electrolysis (Electrolytes und non-electrolytes, Definitions and examples. Gi) Substances containing molecules only, ions only, both molecules and ions, Substances containing motecules only, ions 7 es and ions ‘= Examples; relating their composition with their behaviour a strong and weak, electrolyte as wellas non-clectrolytes. (i) Definition and explanation of electrolysis, electrolyte, electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, oxidation and both molecu reduction (on the basis of loss and gain of electrons). () An elementary study of the migration of ions, with reference to the factor influencing selective discharge of ihe tendeney of metals, e.g, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, ions, (reference should be made to the activity series as indicatin to form ions) illustrated by the electrolysis of © Molten lead bromide © acidified water with platinum electrodes '* Aqueous copper (Il) sulphate with copper electrodes: electron transfer at the electrodes. ‘The above electrolytic processes can be studied in terms of electrolyte used, electrodes used, ionization reaction, anode reaction, cathode reaction, use of selective discharge theory wherever applicable, (0) Applications of electrolysis: ‘© Electroplating with nickel and silver choice of elecarolte for electroplating © Fleciro refining of copp Reasons and conditions fr electroplating; names ofthe electrolytes and the electrodes used should be given. Equations {for the reactions atthe electrodes should be given for electroplating, refining of copper. Metallurgy ()) Occurrence of metals in nature: ‘© Mineral and ore ~ Meaning only. © Common ores of iron, alurniniuim and zine Gi) Stages involved in the extraction of metals: (a) Dressing of the are — hydrolytic method, magnetic separation, froth floration method. (®) Conversion of concentrated ore to its oxide- roasting and calcination (definition, examples with equations). (6) Reduction of metalic oxides- some can be reduced by hydrogen, carbon and carbon monxide (eg. copper axide ALO, MgO) - refer 10 activity series) lead (I) exide, iron (IM) oxide and zine oxide) and some cannot (e Active metals by electrolysis eg. sodiur, potassium and calcium. (reference onl). Equations with conditions shoud be given. (@) Bleciro refining — reference onby9599 HS ®% ¥ 4023% (©) Simple calculations based on chemical equations. Related to weight andior volumes of both reactants and products 6, Electrolysis @ Et Definitions and examples (ii) Substances containing molecules only, ions only, both molecules and ions, ‘© Substances containing molecules only, ions ont both molecules and ions. ‘© Examples; relating heir composition with their behaviour as strong and weak, electrolyte as well as non-eletroly (iif) Definition and explanation of electrolysis, electrolyte, electrode, anode, cathode, anion, cation, oxidation and reduction (on the basis of loss and gain of electrons). (@) An clementary study of the migration of ions, with reference to the factor influencing selective discharge of ions, (reference should be made to the activity series as indicating the tendency of metals, e.g. Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, to form ions) illustrated by the electrolysis of: © Molten tead bromide ctrolytes and non-electrolytes. © acidified water with platinum electrodes ‘© Aqueous copper (11) sulphate with copper electrodes; eleciron transfer at the electrodes The above electrolytic processes can be studied in terms of electrolyte used, electrodes used, ionization reaction, anode reaction, cathode reaction, use of selective discharge theory wherever applicable. (0) Applications of electrolysis: ‘© Eleciroplating with nickel and silver choice of eleemolyte for electroplating © Bleciro refining of copper Reasons and conditions for electroplating; names ofthe electrolytes andthe electrodes used should be given. Equations {forthe reactions atthe electrodes should be given for electroplating, refining of copper. 7. Metallurgy (3) Occurrence of metals in nature © Mineral and ore ~ Meaning only © Common ores of iron, aluminium and zinc Gi) Stag (2) Dressing of the ore — hydrolytic method, magnetic separation, froth flotation method. () Comersion of concentrated ore to its axide- roasting and calcination (definition, examples with equations). involved in the extraction of metals (©) Reduction of metalic avides- some can be reduced by hydrogen, carbon and carbon monde (e.g. copper axde lead (I) oxide, iron (II) oxide and zine oxide) and some cannot (e.g. ALO, MgO) - refer to activity series) Active meials by electrolysis eg. sodium, porassiuen and caleiue. (reference only). Equations with conditions should be given, (4) Eleciro refining ~ reference only 0 (di) Extraction of Aluminium, (a) Chemical method for purifing bauxite by using NaOH ~ Bueyer’s Process (b) Electrolytic extraction ~ Halt Heroul’s process Structure of electrolytic Description of te changes occurring, purpose ofthe substances used and the main reactions with their equations, (i) Alloys composition and uses Stainless stew, dalumin, brass, bronze, fuse metal / solder the various components as par of the elecmolyte, electrodes and electrode reactions 8. Study of Compounds 4. Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen chloride: preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride ; refer to the density and solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain experiment); reaction with ammonia; acidic properties of its solution ‘© Preparation of drogen chloride from sodium chloride; the laboratory method of preparation can be learnt in terms of reactars, product, condition, equation, diagram or seting of the apparatns, procedure, observation, precaution, collection of the gas and identification. Simple experiment to show the density ofthe gas (Hydrogen chloride) —heavier than air ‘© Solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain experiment); setting ofthe apparatus, procedure, observation, inference. © Method of preparation of hydrochloric acid by dissolving the gas in water—the special arrangement and the ‘mechanism by which the back suction is avoided should be learnt © Reaction with ammonia Acidic properties of its solution - reaction with metals, the chlorides; decomposition of carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, sulphides, sulphites. ‘© Precipitation reactions with silver ntvae solution an lea nitrate solution. oxides, lndroxides and carbonates 10 give their B. Ammonia Ammonia: ts laboratory preparation from ammonium chloride and collection ammonia from nitrides ike Mg,N, and AIN and ammonium salts, Manufacture by Haber’s Process; density and solubility of ammonia (fountain experiment); aqueous solution of ammonia; its reactions with hydrogen chloride and with hot copper(II) oxide and chlorine; the burning of ammonia in oxygen; uses of ammonia. © Laboratory preparation from anmoniwn chloride and collection (the preparation can be studied in tens of seting ofthe apparatus and di © Ammonia from nitrides lke Me,N,and AIN using warm water © Ammonia from ammonium salts using alkalies ‘The reactions to be studied in terms of reactants, products, conditions and equations. © Manufacture by Haber's Process. ram, procedure, observation, collection and ideniification). © Densityand solubiliy of ammonia (fountain experiment). + The buming of ammonia in axygen. + The catabtic oxidation of arumonia (with cond + Its reactions wih iyirogen chloride and wit hot copper (Il) oxide and ehdorine (both chlorine ts excess and jons and reaction) ammonia in excess). All these reactions may be studied in terms of reacants, products, conditions, equations and observations. © Aqueous solution of ammonia reaction with sulphuric acid, nivic acid, hydrochloric acid and solutions of iron(II} chloride, iron( HI) sulphate, lead nitrate, zine nitrate and copper sulphate © Uses of ammonia—manufacture of ferilizers, explosives, nitric acid, refrigerant gas (Chlorofluorocarbon and ius suitable alternatives which are non-ozone depleting) and cleansing agents, C. Nitric Acid Nitric acid: one laboratory method of preparation of nitric aeid from potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, Large9599 HS ®% ¥ 4023% Kat) Chemical metod for punig Daute DY Uusiig NAOH ~ Bacyers Process (b) Electrolytic exiraction ~ Hall Heroult’s process Structure of electrolytic cll -the various components as partof the electrolyte, electrodes and electrode reactions. Description of the changes occurring, purpose ofthe substances used and the main reactions with their equations. (iv) Alloys — composition and uses Stainess steel, duralumin, brass, bronze, ftse metal | solder. ‘Study of Compounds Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen chloride: preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride ; refer to the density and solubility of hydrogen chloride (fountain experiment): reaction with ammonia: acide properties of its solution, # Preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride; the laboratory method of preparation can be learnt in terms of reactanis, product, condition, equation, diagram or setting of the apparatus, proce precaution, collection ofthe gas and idenification. Simple experiment to show the density ofthe gas (Hydrogen chloride) —heavier than ait © Solibilty of hydrogen chloride (fountain experiment); setting ofthe apparatus, procedure, observation, inference Method of preparation of hydrochloric acid by dissolving the gas in water—the special arrangement and the ‘mechanisi by which the back suetion is avoided ture, observation, should be lear Reaction with ammonia «Acidic properties of its solution - reaction with metals, their oxides, lydroxides and carbonates 10 give their chlorides; decomposition of carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, sulphides, sulphites + Precipitation reactions with silver niarate solution and lead nitrate solution B. Ammonia Ammonia: its laboratory preparation from ammonium chloride and collection ; ammonia from nitrides like Mg,N, and AIN and ammonium salts. Manufacture by Haber’s Process; density and solubility of ammonia (fountain experiment); aqueous solution of ammonia; its reactions with hydrogen chloride and with hot copper(II) oxide and chlorine; the burning of ammonia in oxygen; uses of ammonia, «© Laboraory preparation from ammonitun chloride and collection (the preparation can be studied in terms of setting of the apparatus and diagram, proceduze, observation, collection and identification). © Ammonia from nitrides lke Mg.N, and AIN using warm water © Ammonia from ammonium salts using alkalies, The reactions tobe studied in terms of reactants, products, conditions and equations. © Manufacture by Haber's Process. Density and solubility of ammonia (fountain es The buming of ammonia in oxygen. The catalytic oxidation of arumonia (with conditions and reaction) ‘© ls reactions with hydrogen chloride and with hot copper (II) oxide and chlorine (both ehlorine in exeess and riment). ammonia in excess) All these reactions may be studied in terms of reacants, products, conditions, equations and observations. © Aqueous solution of ammonia - reaction with sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and solutions of iron(II) chloride, iron(II) sulphate, lead nitrate, zinc nitrate and copper sulphate. © Uses of ammonia—manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, mitre weid, refrigerant gas (Chlorojluorocarbon and its suitable alternatives which are non-ozone depleting) and cleansing agents, ©. Nitric Acid Nitric acid: one laboratory method of preparation of nitric acid from potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate. Large seale preparation, Nitrie ueid as an oxidising agent. © Laboratory preparation of nitric acid from potassium nitrate or sodiun nitrate; she laboravory method to be studied in terms of reactants, products, conditions, equations, seating up of apparatus, diagram, precautions, collections and identification. @) '¢ Manufacture of Nitric acid by Ostwald’s process (only equations with conditions where applicable). © Asan oxidising agens : ts reaction wih copper, carbon, sulphur D. Sulphuric Acid Largeseale preparation, its behaviour as anacidl when dilute, asan oxidizing agent when concentrated—oxidation of carbon and sulphur; as a dehydrating agent - dehydration of sugar and copper (Il) sulphate orystabs its non- volatile nature, «Manufacture by Contact process, Equations with conditions where applicable) © lisbehaviour asan acid when dilute—reaction with metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate, metal bicarbonate, meialsulphite, metal sulphide Concentrated sulphuric acid as an oxidizing agent—the oxidation of carbon and sulphur Concentrated sulphuric acid as a dehydrating agent—(a) the dehydration of sugar (b) copper (11) sulphate enstals, © Now-volatile nature of sulphuric acid—reaction with sodium or potassium e nitrate loride and sodium or potassium 9. Organic Chemistey (Introduction to O © Unique nature of Carbon atom—tetra valency, catenation. ‘© Formation of single, double and triple bonds, straight chain, branched chain and eyelic compounds (only benzene) (i) Structure and Isomerism. © Sizucnere of compounds with single, double and wiple bonds: © Structural formulae of hydrocarbons. Structural formula must be given for: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes up to 5 carbon atoms. + Isomerisim—structurat (chain, position, mnie compounds. (ii) Homologous series—characteristics with examples. Alkane, alkene, alkyne series and their gradation in properties and the relationship with the molecular mass or molecular formula. () Simple nomenclature. Simple nomenclature - of the hydrocarbons with simple functional groups—(double bond, triple bond, alcoholic aldehydic, carboxylic group) longest chain rule and smallest number for functional groups rule—trvial and IUPAC names (compounds with only one functional group). (®) Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. © Atkanes— general formula; methane (greenhouse gas) and ethane— methods of preparation fiom sodium eshanoute (sodium acetate), sodium propanoate (sodium propionate) from iodlamethane (meth! iodide) and bromocthane (i hane and ethane, action of me bromnid ‘combustion of| wie and etharex Y 4023% © Manufacture of Nitric acid by Ostwald’s process (only equations with conditions where applicable). «As an oxidising agent : its reaction with copper, carbon, sulphur D. Sulphuric Acid Large scale preparation, its behaviour as an acid when dilute, as an oxidizing agent when concentrated—oxidation of carbon and sulphur; asa dehydrating agent - dehycration ofsugar and copper (IP) sulphate crystal; its non volatile nature © Manufacture by Contact process, Equations with conditions where applicable) ‘« lisbehaviour asan acid when dilute—reaction with metal, metal oxide, metal hydroxide, metal carbonate, metal bicarbonate, metal sulphite, metal sulphide. © Concentrated sulphuric actd as an oxidizing agent—the ovidation of carbon and sulphur © Concentrated sulphuric acid as a dehydrating agent—(a) the dehydration of sugar (b) copper (Il) sulphate enystals + Nom-volatile naive of sulphuric acid—reaction with sodium or potassium ‘lorie and sodium or potassium 9. Organic Chemistey (Introduction to Organic compounds. © Unique nanure of Carbon atom—tetra ¢ Formation of single, double and triple bonds, staight chain, branched chain and cyelic compounds (only benzene). (i) Structure and Isomerism. © Sirucnure of compounds with singe, doub © Sirucnural formulae of hydrocarbons. ‘Strucaural formula mast be given for: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes up to 5 carbon atoms. ¢ Isomerisem—struciural (chain, postion). (ii) Homologous series—characteristis with examples, Alkane, alkene, allgne series and their gradation in properties and the relationship with the molecular mass or molecular formu, () Simple nomenclature. Simple nomenclarure - of the hydrocarbons with simple functional groups—(double bond, triple bond, alcoholic or functional groups vule—trivial and IUPAC seney, catenation ‘and tripe bonds. aldelydie, carboxylic group) longest chain rule and smallest number names (compounds with only one functional group). Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. neral formula; methane (greenhouse gas) and ethane— methods of preparation from: sodium ethanoate (sodium acetate), sodium: propanoate (sodium propionate) from iodamethane (methyt iodide) and bromoethane (ethy! bromide). Complete combustion of methane and ethane, reaction of methane and ethane with chlorine through substitution, © Alkenes—funsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond); ethene as an example. Methods of preparation of ethene by dehydrohalogenation reaction and dehydration reactions. © Alkynes—(unsaturaied hydrocarbons witha triple bond) ;ethyne as an example of alkyne; Methods ofpreparation © Alkanes from calcium carbide and I, 2-dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide). Onis main properties, particularly addition products with hydrogen and halogen namely CI, Br,and I, pertaining to alkenes and alkynes. © Usesof methane, ethane, ethene, etkyne (vi) Alcohols: ethanol - preparation, properties and uses. ‘© Preparation of erhanol by hydrolysis of alkyl halide, + Propertes—Physieal: Nasure, Solubiliy, Density, Boiling Poims. Chemical: Combustion, action with sodium, ester formation with acetic acid, dehydration with cone, Sulphuric acid to prepare ethene. + Denatured and spurious alcohol + Important uses of Ethanol. 0 (vid) Carboxgtic acids (aliphatic ~ monocarboxylic acid): Acetic acid— properties and uses of acetic acid. + Structure of acetic acid + Properties of Acetic Acid : Physical properies - odour (vinegar), glacial aceite acid (effect of suffi produce ice like crystals). Chemical properties ~ action with tiomus, alkalis and alcohol (idea of esterification). coating to + Uses of acetic acid INTERNAL ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICAL WORK sis and/or of heat on substances supplied to them. The exercises will be simple and may include the recognition and identification of certain gases and ions listed below Candidates will be asked to observe the effect of rea, The examiners will not, however, be restricted in their choice to substances containing the listed ions, Gases: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia, Water vapour, Nitrogen dioxide. Tons: Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Zine and Ammonium, Carbonate, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphide, Sulphite and Sulphate. Knowledge of a formal scheme of analysisis not required, Semi-miero techniques are acceptable but eandidates using such techniques may need to adapt the instructions given to suit the size of the apparatus being used, Candidates are expected to have completed the following minimum practical work 1. Action of he: (a) Copper carbonate, zine carbonate (b) zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, lead nitrate Make observations. identify the products and make deductions where possible. (equations not required) 2. Makea solution of the unknown substance: add sodium hydroxide solution or ammonium hydroxide solution, make observations and give your deduction. Warming the mixtue may be needed, Choose from substances ‘on the following substances: