TD Spread spectrum

Aerospace School

Exercise-1

Demonstrate that the codes in an 8 X 8 Walsh matrix are orthogonal to each other by
showing that multiplying any code by any other code produces a result of zero.
Recall that to compute the cross-correlation, we replace 1 with +1 and 0 with -1. The
8-bit Walsh codes are:

Exercise-2

The next figure depicts a simplified scheme for CDMA encoding and decoding. There
are seven logical channels, all using DSSS with a spreading code of 7 bits. Assume that
all sources are synchronized. If all seven sources transmit a data bit, in the form of a 7-bit
sequence, the signals from all sources combine at the receiver so that two positive or two
negative values reinforce and a positive and negative value cancel. To decode a given
channel, the receiver multiplies the incoming composite signal by the spreading code for
that channel, sums the result, and assigns binary 1 for a positive value and binary 0 for a
negative value.
a. What are the spreading codes for the seven channels?
b. Determine the receiver output measurement for channel 1 and the bit value
assigned.
c. Repeat part b for channel 2.
Exercise-3

Consider an MFSK scheme with fc = 250 kHz, fd = 25 kHz, and M = 8 (L = 3 bits).

a. Make a frequency assignment for each of the eight possible 3-bit data
combinations.
b. We wish to apply FHSS to this MFSK scheme with k = 2; that is, the system will
hop among four different carrier frequencies. Expand the results of part (a) to
show the 4 x 8 = 32 frequency assignments.
Exercise-4

An FHSS system employs a total bandwidth of Ws = 400 MHz and an individual channel
bandwidth of 100 Hz. What is the minimum number of PN bits required for each frequency
hop?

Exercise-5

Assume we wish to transmit a 56-kbps data stream using spread spectrum.

a. Find the channel bandwidth required when SNR = 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001.
b. In an ordinary (not spread spectrum) system, a reasonable goal for bandwidth
efficiency might be 1 bps/Hz. That is, to transmit a data stream of 56 kbps, a
bandwidth of 56 kHz is used. In this case, what is the minimum SNR that can be
endured for transmission without appreciable errors? Compare to the spread
spectrum case.
Exercise-6

Consider a CDMA system in which users A and B have the Walsh codes A= [-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1] and B= [-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1]; respectively.

a. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B does not transmit.
We want to receive from A.

b. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B does not transmit.

We want to receive from A.

c. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a data bit
1. Assume the received power from both A and B is the same. We want to receive
from B.

d. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data bit
1. Assume the received power from both A and B is the same. We want to receive
from B.

e. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a data bit
0. Assume the received power from both A and B is the same. We want to receive
from A.

f. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data bit
0. Assume the received power from both A and B is the same. We want to receive
from A.

g. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 1 and B transmits a data bit
1. Assume the received power from B is twice the received power from A. This can be
represented by showing the received signal component from A as consisting of
element of magnitude 1 (+1, -1) and the received signal component from B as
consisting of elements of magnitude 2 (+2, -2). We want to receive from A.

h. Show the output at the receiver if A transmits a data bit 0 and B transmits a data bit
1. Assume the received power from B is twice the received power from A. We want to
receive from A.

Exercise-7

This problem demonstrates that different LFSRs can be used to generate an m-sequence.

 Assume an initial state of 10000 in the LFSR of figure 7.19a. In a

manner similar to figure 7.13b, shows the generation of an m-
sequence.

 Now assume the configuration of 7.19b, with the same initial state, and
repeat part a. Show that this configuration also produces an m-
 sequence, but that it is a different sequence from that produced by the
first LFSR.

Exercise 8
An FHSS using MFSK with M=4 employs 1000 different frequencies. What is the processing
gain (Gp=Ws/Wd) in dB
Exercise 9
Consider MFSK scheme with fc=250KHz, fd=25Khz,, and M=8, Make a frequency
assignment for each of the eight possible 3 bits data combination

Exercise 10
1. The following table illustrates the operation of an FHSS system for one
complete period of the PN sequence
2. What is the period of PN sequence
3. The system makes use of a form of FSK what is it?
4. What is the number of bits per symbol?
5. What is the number of frequencies?
6. What is the length of PN sequence per hop?
7. Is this a slow or a fast FH System?
8. What is the total number of possible hops?