ReportSignal

Filtering

Ali Fakhri Ar-Raisi

(02311940005008)
Veronica Maulin Astika
(02311940005029)

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ID Data - Filtering
• Compensating for Constant Filter Delay

• Removing Unwanted Spectral Content from a Signal

PlotResults

Filters aside to reduce high frequency noise above 75 Hz. A lowpass FIR filter is used
and compensates for filter delays so that filtered noise signals are aligned properly and
can be plotted on top of one another for comparison.
The blue signal is the original signal that has noise, while the red signal is the filtered
signal.

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Plot Results

Power Spectrum with a maximum frequency of 60 Hz.

Plot Results

Power spectrum signal after filtering.

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Plot Results

1. How do you compensate for the delay introduced by a filter?

Delay happens when the signal’s speed passing different medium so the receiver will
receive the signal in the different time.To compensate the delay introduced by filter,we
can apply an FIR lowpass filter and compensate for the filter delay so that the noisy
and filtered signals are aligned correctly and can be plotted on top of each other for
comparison.In this simulation we compensate the delay.

2. How do you avoid distorting your signal?

Distortion can be bad thing for the process of signal receiving in a system.This distorted
signal can cause signal to be broken,or in other words,there will be any difference
interpretation between 2 points in the transmission system.Distortion also happens
when the signal amplitude is above the available range,that impacted in addition of in
occurrence of harmonic artifact.There are several case that cause the distortion occure
in the signal,like the receiving of signal from components that are not expected to be
received by the receiver or distortion can also be caused by the amplitude defect and
harmonic prototype defect.The solution to avoid distortion is to use the right filter
according to what type the distortion happen.In this simulation, the distortion that
happen is frequency distortion and delay distortion.To avoid that we can use set the

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filter using LPF so the frequency above 75 Hz can be removed,after that remove as
much white noise spectral content as possible using a lowpass filter. Choose an IIR
filter to achieve a sharp frequency notch, small passband ripple, and a relatively low
order. Process the data using filtfilt to avoid phase distortion.

3. How do you remove unwanted content from your signal?

First remove as much noise content as possible using a lowpass filter. The passband
of the filter should be set to a value that will be good between noise reduction and
audio degradation due to loss of high frequency content.The lower rate signal will
allow you to design a sharper and narrower bandstop filter with a smaller filter
order.Design a lowpass filter with passband frequency and stopband frequency
correspondently to remove unwanted content from our signal.

4. Describe the function of FIR and IIR filter according to simulation!

FIR ( Finite Impulse Response)have the ability to respond to the right linier phase.Phase
delay from the filter give the measurement information that can be used to know how
the filter modify it characteristics phase from the signal.FIR also used to avoid distortion
that can be happen,by using filter with linier phase above its band frecuency
destination.FIR filter produce the better audio,which is louder and clearer than the IIR.

IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) have the better feedback and improve the last result of
the filter,so the result will be better.The quality of the audio produced by IIR is not as
good as the audio produced by FIR.This is because IIR over while do the filtering
process so that some of the audio data is broken.

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2D Data – Filtering
• Lowpass filters, sometimes known as smoothing filters.

• Highpass filters, sometimes known as sharpening filters.

• Notch filters, sometimes known as band-stop filters.
We have an image like the following

Fig. 1

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By running the LPF.m code is obtained

Fig.2

Fig.3

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Fig.4

Fig.5

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Discussion:
In the above experiments, of course there is a filtering process in processing images in
Matlab.

LPF (Low Pass Filter) is a process in the image of a filter form that takes data at low
frequencies and removes high frequencies that have the aim to process the blur effect
and noise reduction in an image.

So that it is more precisely used to refine and reduce noise from an image, the
application of low-pass filters on digital signals is one of them with Gaussian blur.
Gaussian filter are filters with values oneach kernel element takes the form of
afunctiongaussian and as LPF, the sum ofall kernel values are 1 (one).

Where to use a 5% gaussian filter in this experiment. So that in fig.2 is a photo before
and fig.3 is an after photo that has been used LPF (Gaussian).

In fig.4 it can be seen that the image is at low frequency, this is because the spectrum
or each point in the image has a lot of color similarities with neighboring points.

In Fig.5 it can be seen that the image shows a high frequency so that the image has a
spectrum or many points whose gray-scale values (colors) differ greatly from those of
neighboring points.

From this function can be seen the frequency spectrum at the center in polar form (as
the magnitude and phase).

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By running the HPF.m code is obtained

Fig.6

Fig.7

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Fig.8

Fig.9

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Discussion:
In the above experiments, of course there is a filtering process in processing images in
Matlab.

HPF (High Pass Filter) is a process in the image of a filter form that takes high frequency
components and lowers low frequency components.

So to maintain a point that is different from the neighboring points (edge detection
process), a High-Pass Filter (HPF) is carried out, a form of filter that takes data at high
frequencies and discards data at low frequencies.Where HPF is used to perform edge
detection processes.Edge detection is a process forget the edge of an image.
Resultsfrom this edge detection is a sketchabout the shape of the object.
But in this experiment using a gaussian high pass filter

Where to use a 5% gaussian filter in this experiment. So that in fig.6 is a photo before
and fig.7 is an after photo that has been used HPF (Gaussian).

In fig.8it can be seen that the image shows a high frequency so that the image has a
spectrum or many points whose gray-scale values (colors) differ greatly from those of
neighboring points.

In Fig.9it can be seen that the image is at low frequency, this is because the spectrum
or each point in the image has a lot of color similarities with neighboring points.

From this function can be seen the frequency spectrum at the center in polar form (as
the magnitude and phase).

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By running the BSF.m code is obtained

Fig.10

Fig.11

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Fig.12

Fig.13

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Discussion:
In the above experiments, of course there is a filtering process in processing images in
Matlab.

BSF (Band Stop Filter) is a process that changes the image / image to be sharper,
because it takes high and low frequency data with certain limits.

So as to maintain points that are close to those pointsits neighbors, and points that are
different from the pointsits neighbors (sharperness) then do a Band StopFilters, which
are useful for maintaining low frequenciesand height that is not too low and high.

To sharpen an image must take data (number) at certain frequencies formed in the
function code. Where to use that certain frequency on this filter experiment. So that in
fig.10 is a photo before and fig.11 is an after photo that has been used BSF.

In fig.12 and Fig.13 have similar spectra or points in the image where the values
consistpositive, zero and negative, and the sum of all valuesequal to zero. So it has
high frequency and low frequency.

From this function can be seen the frequency spectrum at the center in polar form (as
the magnitude and phase).

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The conclusion:
Judging from the results of the picture above of each type of filter, in the Low Pass
image, the image looks blurry because there is a filter in the image section with a higher
frequency. With a High Pass, the sketch can be seen more clearly. In the Band Stop
image, the results make the image sharper than the original image because the
frequency produced by the edge is low, resulting in a lower frequency while the higher
the result is higher.

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