DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF BEACH

CLEANING ROBOT
PROJECT REPORT 2019-2020

Submitted by
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in ----------------------------------------- By
the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
DEPARTMENT:
COLLEGE NAME:
PLACE:
 COLLEGE NAME
PLACE
DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitted for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the

management of our college and our beloved

chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate

duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks

to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind

guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt

thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR POWER
WASING MACHINE
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

LIST OF FIGURES
SYNOPSIS
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipment
3.1 DC MOTOR
3.2 SHAFT
3.3 BEARING
3.4 BATTERY
3.5 CHAIN AND SPROCKET
4 Drawing
4.1 Machine components
4.2 Overall diagram
5 Working principle
6 Merits & demerits
7 Applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
Photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 OVERALL DIAGRAM
SYNOPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

Due to the difficulties faced in keeping the beach clean manually, we

have come up with equipment which not only collects the waste (sticks, on

degradable waste) but also separates, which is easy for waste disposal. The

machine mainly consists of an engine which runs through a fossil fuel which

drives the entire process. The waste is collected through conveyor blade

along with the sand which falls of through the perforations on the conveyor

back to the sand bed; separation of waste material takes place through

principle of Density difference. It consists of two hoppers where the

different waste gets collected which facilitates easy disposal of waste.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The coastal area beaches are main attraction for tourism, so in

attracting tourist the beach must be kept clean. For the purpose of cleaning

the beach, some cleaning machine must be used so we have manufactured a

cleaning machine which is helpful in cleaning the beaches. The motor is

responsible for driving mechanism of conveyor. The strainer attached to the

conveyor will collect the wastages from the surroundings and transferred to

storage bucket through conveying belt. As today’s era is moving towards

being digitalized and automated with a great speed, the youth want

everything very easily and smart. Not only the youth but the people of all

generation are finding it very easy to be smart effort and more and more

being healthy and are getting attracted or joined towards latest technology of

being “smart work”. Anywhere you go, you get this technology available. So

we thought of using this technology and adding more to it for our final year

project. Nobody likes to suffer and wait for our long waiting hours just to get

good surrounding or so. To avoid this and to save time of our management

of waste we are creating a application called “Smart cleaning system”. For

that we are using system by which beach cleaner can do his work smartly

using communication through application. Smart Cleaning System proposed

to overcome the real time problems. With the continued expansion of

industries, the problem of sewage water must be urgently resolved due to the

increasing sewage problems from industries of the surrounding environment.

The wastes produced from the industries are very harmful to human beings

and to the environment. Second Important thing is waste management

system by which worker can maintain all his health and work good through

application maintain that reporting worker don’t need to wait and get in to

drainage. One more very useful and important advantage of our system is

that the worker to replace the manual work in beach cleaning by semi

mechanical beach cleaner. And can access them very easily

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A , beach cleaner, is a vehicle that drags a raking or sifting device

over beach sand to remove rubbish and other foreign matter. They are

manually self-pulled vehicles on tracks or wheels or pulled by quad-bike or

tractor. Seaside cities use beach cleaning machines to combat the problems

of litter left by beach patrons and other pollution washed up on their shores.

A chief task in beach cleaning strategies is finding the best way to handle

waste matter on the beaches, taking into consideration beach erosion and

changing terrain. Beach cleaning machines work by collecting sand by way

of a scoop or drag mechanism and then raking or sifting anything large

enough to be considered foreign matter, including sticks, stones, litter and

other items. Similar applications include lake beaches, sand fields for beach

volleyball and kindergarten and playing field sandpits. The word "sand

bone" is a back-formation referencing the icesurfacing machine Zamboni.

1.2 Type of beach cleaning machine 1. Manually Method 2. Automatic a)

Raking technology b) Sifting technology c) Combined raking and sifting

technology a. Raking technology: - can be used on dry or wet sand. When

using this method, a rotating conveyor belt containing hundreds of tines

combs through the sand and removes surface and buried debris while leaving

the sand on the beach. Raking machines can remove materials ranging in

size from small pebbles, shards of glass, and cigarette butts to larger debris,

like seaweed and driftwood. By keeping the sand on the beach and

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-

ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:

2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008

Certified Journal | Page 797 only lifting the debris, raking machines can

travel at high speeds b. Shifting technology :-It is practiced on dry sand and

soft surfaces. The sand and waste are collected via the pick-up blade of the

vehicle onto a vibrating screening belt, which leaves the sand behind. The

waste is gathered in a collecting tray which is often situated at the back of

the vehicle. Because sand and waste are lifted onto the screening belt, sifters

must allow time for the sand to sift through the screen and back onto the

beach. The size of the materials removed is governed by the size of the holes

in the installed screen c. Combined raking and sifting technology:- The

differs from pure sifters in that it uses rotating tines to scoop sand and debris

onto a vibrating screen instead of relying simply on the pick-up blade. The

tines' position can be adjusted to more effectively guide different-sized

materials onto the screen. Once on the screen, combined raking and sifting
machines use the same technology as normal sifters to remove unwanted

debris from the sand. d. Sand sifting by hand:- It is used for smaller areas or

sensitive habitat. Sand and debris is collected into a windrow or pile and

manually shoveled onto screened sifting trays to separate the debris from the

sand. While effective, it requires the movement of sand to the site of the

tray, and then redistribution of the sand after sifting. A more efficient

method is the use of a screened fork at the place where the debris is located.

The effort to manually agitate the sand can become tiresome; however, a

recent development of a batterypowered sand rake combines the spot

cleaning effectiveness of manual screening with the ease of an auto-sifting

hand tool. 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT To minimize the problem of

wastage in river, lake, sea due to the plastic, electronic items, thermocol,

metal etc. This causes huge amount of water pollution which effects on

aquatic animals as well as human life. It is also used in small scale industries

to remove the solid wastage from water with minimum cost. 3. SCOPE The

objective of this work is to develop a New Automatic operated Machine of

Beach Cleaning. This concept allows us to achieve our goal as well as better

space management. The new model takes into account all the real time

conveying system and provides solution over their short coming. The New

model will get good efficiency compare to old method 4. LITERATURE

REVIEW ECONOMICS ASPECTS OF BEACH CLEANING TRAILER

[1] Beach litter collection is a concern for Bang Sane beach, one of the

popular tourist attractions of Thailand. In order to solve this problem, a

beach cleaning trailer was designed and fabricated with emphasis on the use

of local materials and local production. The design trailer prototype

3.7x1.6meters was carried out using a three dimensional solid modeling

computer program. This paper explores the economics of the beach-cleaning

trailer in terms of payback period, charging rate to customer, working areas.

The research provided some positive results on economics aspects. The

design trailer prototype has been developed and fabricated with emphasis on

the use of local materials and local production. The machine has been tested

at Bang Saen beach in Thailand. We have explored the economics of the

beach-cleaning trailer in terms of payback period, charging rate to customer,

working areas. The research provided some positive results on economics

aspects. We hope to further design and develop the fully mechanized beach

cleaning trolley. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BEACH

CLEANING TRAILER BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD [2] The design

of a beach cleaning trailer is presented. The basic design principle of a

foreign beach cleaning machine was taken into consideration. Apart from the

tire and hydraulic hoses, all components of the beach cleaning trailer were
made from steel. This study focuses on stress analysis in the ball bearing

housing by the finite element method. Actual tests have been carried out in

fields. This study aims to report the performance of the beach cleaning

trailer. Stresses in the ball bearing housing are calculated by FEM. A stress

analysis made using the forces acting on the ball bearing housing showed the

maximum Von Mises stress of the ball bearing housing to be 63.0 MPa. The

safety factor was 3.94. It showed that it was very durable to use. For the

future work, economic analysis should be performed to develop and design a

fully mechanized beach cleaning machine. The designed and developed

beach cleaning trailer was quite appropriated to be used due to utilizing of

local materials, with reel of blade enhancement

 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
 CHAPTER III

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1 DC MOTOR

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that

converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most
common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all
types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical
or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the
motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be
powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A
DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a
variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field
windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances.
The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a
lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances.
Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in
many applications.

Electromagnetic motors[edit]

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates

an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. The direction
and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed
with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it.

A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and

an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a
soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually
have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors there can be several
parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to
a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in
turn and connects the rotating coils with the external power supply through
brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current
to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)

The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's
wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the
effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in
sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic
fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent
or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a
torque on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs
the stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which
allow greater control over the motor.

At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are
connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics.
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied
to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature
circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often
controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by
"chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective
lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it
is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams.
The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric
and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling
rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical
grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second
Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable
batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and
today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host
of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as
toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper
machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally
used with winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth
speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC
motors with variable frequency drives.

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC

generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge
batteries on hybrid and electric cars or to return electricity back to the
electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train line when they
slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and
electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as
generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer
designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

Brushed[edit]
Main article: Brushed DC electric motor

A brushed DC electric motor generating torque from DC power supply by

using an internal mechanical commutation. Stationary permanent magnets
form the stator field. Torque is produced by the principle that any current-
carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a
force, known as Lorentz force. In a motor, the magnitude of this Lorentz
force (a vector represented by the green arrow), and thus the output
torque,is a function for rotor angle, leading to a phenomenon known
as torque ripple) Since this is a two-pole motor, the commutator consists
of a split ring, so that the current reverses each half turn ( 180 degrees).
The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power
supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets
(permanent or electromagnets), and rotating electromagnets.

Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability,

and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and
low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly
replacing the carbon brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as
well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These components are
necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the
spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.

Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added

dispersed copper to improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material
wears to fit the diameter of the commutator, and continues to wear. A brush
holder has a spring to maintain pressure on the brush as it shortens. For
brushes intended to carry more than an ampere or two, a flying lead will be
molded into the brush and connected to the motor terminals. Very small
brushes may rely on sliding contact with a metal brush holder to carry
current into the brush, or may rely on a contact spring pressing on the end of
the brush. The brushes in very small, short-lived motors, such as are used in
toys, may be made of a folded strip of metal that contacts the commutator.

Brushless[edit]
Main articles: Brushless DC electric motor and Switched reluctance motor

Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the

rotor and electromagnets on the motor housing for the stator. A motor
controller converts DC to AC. This design is mechanically simpler than that
of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring
power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. The motor controller can
sense the rotor's position via Hall effect sensors or similar devices and can
precisely control the timing, phase, etc., of the current in the rotor coils to
optimize torque, conserve power, regulate speed, and even apply some
braking. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no
maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost,
and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless motors
are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no
external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with
normal AC synchronous motors.

Uncommutated[edit]

Other types of DC motors require no commutation.

 Homopolar motor – A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the

axis of rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to
the magnetic field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity
change. Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which
limits them to very low voltages. This has restricted the practical
application of this type of motor.
 Ball bearing motor – A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor
that consists of two ball bearing-type bearings, with the inner races
mounted on a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to
a high current, low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits
the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a
shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating
 rod). This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel.
The direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin which is usually
required to get it going.

Permanent magnet stators[edit]

Main article: Permanent-magnet electric motor

A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead
relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field
interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the
armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load.
Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields
(stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power
consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the
"dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be
made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were
more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are
costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound
fields for large machines.

To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high
energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most
such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density,
electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all
optimally designed singly fed synchronous and induction electric machines.
Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they
have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position)
and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of
the curved field magnets.
Wound stators[edit]

A field coil may be connected in shunt, in series, or in compound with the

armature of a DC machine (motor or generator)

Main article: universal motor

See also: Excitation (magnetic)

There are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor
possible for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound
(various blends of series and shunt/parallel) and each has unique
speed/torque characteristics appropriate for different loading torque
profiles/signatures.[1]

Series connection[edit]

A series DC motor connects the armature and field windings in series with

a common D.C. power source. The motor speed varies as a non-linear
function of load torque and armature current; current is common to both the
stator and rotor yielding current squared (I^2) behavior[citation needed]. A
series motor has very high starting torque and is commonly used for starting
high inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists.[2] This speed/torque
characteristic is useful in applications such as dragline excavators, where the
digging tool moves rapidly when unloaded but slowly when carrying a
heavy load.

A series motor should never be started at no load. With no mechanical load

on the series motor, the current is low, the counter-Electro motive force
produced by the field winding is weak, and so the armature must turn faster
to produce sufficient counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor
can be damaged by overspeed. This is called a runaway condition.

Series motors called universal motors can be used on alternating current.

Since the armature voltage and the field direction reverse at the same time,
torque continues to be produced in the same direction. However they run at a
lower speed with lower torque on AC supply when compared to DC due
to reactance voltage drop in AC which is not present in DC.[3]Since the
speed is not related to the line frequency, universal motors can develop
higher-than-synchronous speeds, making them lighter than induction motors
of the same rated mechanical output. This is a valuable characteristic for
hand-held power tools. Universal motors for commercial utility are usually
of small capacity, not more than about 1 kW output. However, much larger
universal motors were used for electric locomotives, fed by special low-
frequency traction power networks to avoid problems with commutation
under heavy and varying loads.

Shunt connection[edit]

A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or

shunt with a common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed
regulation even as the load varies, but does not have the starting torque of a
series DC motor.[4] It is typically used for industrial, adjustable speed
applications, such as machine tools, winding/unwinding machines and
tensioners.

Compound connection[edit]

A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt

and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series
DC motor.[5] This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good
speed regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two
arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors
connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting
torque but less speed regulation. Differential compound DC motors have
good speed regulation and are typically operated at constant speed.

3.2 SHAFT

Shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation,

usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be

connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative

movement between them. Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subject

to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input

torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress,

whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase

their inertia. To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between

the driving and driven components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one
or more universal joints, jaw couplings, or rag joints, and sometimes a

splined joint or prismatic joint.

3.3 SHAFT COLLAR

The shaft collar is a simple, yet important, machine component found

in many power transmission applications, most notably motors and

gearboxes. The collars are used as mechanical stops, locating components,

and bearing faces. The simple design lends itself to easy installation. Many

people will be familiar with shaft collars through using Meccano.

3.3 WASHING CHAMBER

It is just a chamber in which water is filled with detergent further

cloth is put inside it for rinses  Cleaning: Machine-washed clothes must be

as clean as those hand-washed for 5 minutes  Gentleness: Must wear

clothes at slower rate than hand-washing [hole/tear growth]  Capacity:

Minimum 5lb of clothes/load – should be easy to re-size.  Water:

Effective washing must occur in soft and hard water at temperatures from

70- 120F  Water usage: Maximum 15L water / 1kg clothes  Active

pedalling time for effective washing: Maximum 20 minutes each for wash

and rinse cycles  Total operation time: Maximum 3 hours, including

fetching water, filling, washing, draining, and cleaning  Power: Maximum

100W (comfortable level of human-power output)  Lifetime of structure:

5 years, assuming daily use  Manufacturing location: local market 

Materials: local (wood, wieldable metals, oil drum, bicycle parts, etc.) 

Dimensions: [less than combined size of a bicycle and commercial washing

machine]  Weight: Maximum 30kg, or 45kg if it has wheels (1 woman

can move it indoors so it can’t be stolen or damaged).  Culturally

acceptable: Suitable appearance, user position and motion such that most

women are willing to use the machine. 19 Types of Washing Chambers 3.

A.9.1 Vertical Axis Chamber The usual washing machine found in

American homes consists of two vertical axis concentric tubs. The inner tube

which holds the clothes, has densely-spaced perforations which allow the

water to run in and out easily. Soap and water are kept inside the outer tub

during the wash cycle. A central agitator alternating directions induces

friction between the clothes to mechanically remove dirt and stains. For the

spin cycle, water is emptied from the outer drum and the inner drum is spun

to centrifugally extract water from the clothes. Fig. 20 Vertical Axis

Washing Chamber 3. A.9.2 Horizontal Axis Chamber Instead of using an

agitator, the horizontal washer utilizes fins along the inner barrel that lift the

clothes on the side of the drum, and let them fall back in the water on top of

other clothes. Cycling the clothes through the water in this fashion
eliminates the need for rapid changes in the direction of rotation of the

agitator, which results in lower energy requirements. Since the drum is only

filled up to one third with water, the machine realizes a sizeable water

economy. Fig. 21 Horizontal Axis Washing Machine 20 3. A.9.3 Tilted Axis

Chamber A tub spinning at an inclined axis using a helical fin would

perform the same kind of action, in a fashion similar to a cement mixer. The

tilted design (fig.2.3) would allow for easier addition of water and clothes.

Use this mechanism. Manufacturing of the helical fin proved to be

problematic, and the other construction benefits we were hoping for in the

tilted axis design did not end up materializing themselves. No conclusive

cleaning experiments were performed using this design.

3.2 BEARING:

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only

the desired motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design
of the bearing may, for example, provide for free linear movement of the
moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a
motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving
parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction.
Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the
motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the
parts.

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles

within mechanical systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the
source of the load to the structure supporting it. The simplest form of
bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole. Lubrication
is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce
sliding friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-
section are located between the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A
wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow the demands of the
application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability,
durability and performance.

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";[1] a bearing
being a machine element that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support)
another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a
part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and
location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a
machine or machine part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most
demanding applications are very precise devices; their manufacture requires
some of the highest standards of current technology.

3.3 BATTERY:
 A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells with external connections[1] for powering electrical devices such
as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is
supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode.[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that will flow through an external electric circuit to the positive
terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load,
a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy products,
and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical
energy.[3] Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include
devices composed of a single cell.[4]

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded,

as the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a
common example is the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude
of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be
discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current;
the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current.
Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-
ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and mobile
phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used
in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in
vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms
that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and
computer data centers.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than

common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by

the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting chemical energy to

mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.

CHAPTER IV

DRAWING
 CHAPTER IV

DRAWING

4.1 MACHINE COMPONENTS

The electric hacksaw with automatic up & down and job fixing

consists of the following components to full fill the requirements of

complete operation of the machine.

1.DC Motor

2.Cam

3.Hinge support

4.Hack saw

5.Vice

6.Base frame

Engine speed (N1) = 3000 rpm, Engine power (P) = 3.355 kw (4.5 HP)

Diameter of small pulley (D1) = 50mm Diameter of big pulley (D2) =

300mm Number of teeth on small sprocket (T1) = 14 Number of teeth on big

sprocket (T2) = 39 Final speed = 65 rpm Final torque = 492.89 * 103 N-mm
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR POWER WASING

MACHINE
 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER V

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The device is place across a beach and sea so that only beach sand can get through

the lower basement. Floating waste like bottles, plastic cans, covers any kind of

waste.etc. Is lifted by lifters which are connected to the chain. The chain revolves with

the sprocket wheel which is driven by the motor. The energy provided to the motor is

electrical energy. When motor runs the chain starts to circulate making the lifter to lift up.

The wastage material are lifted by lifter teeth and stored in collecting box. Once the

collecting box is full, the waste materials are removed from the box. There is 45 to 50

degree bend plate which is assembled at the bottom of the box. It is mainly used to

leveling the beach surface. The material which we are going to use is M/S Mid-Grade

which is easily Available in market with less cost compare to others The two rollers are

connected apart from each other through belt drive on which perforated buckets are

mounted through riveting joint. As system is allowed into drainage, the roller starts

rotating the buckets will move inside the drainage which will goes up to material inside

the drainage block. The bucket will pick up the wastage material and floating material

from drain block. The bucket allow water to flow out as being perforated and only waste

part will collected into storage collector behind the belt drive.
 CHAPTER VI

MERITS & DEMERITS

 CHAPTER VI

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

 Quick process.

 No manpower is required.

 Easy maintenance.

DISADVANTAGE

Not automated.
CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER VII

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATION

It can be used in industries.

 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. PROPERTIES:

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed

application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface

finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals,

service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical
 The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance,

impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity,

hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of

view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. MANUFACTURING CASE:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances

may demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by

welding or hand forging the steel.

4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not

be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials

and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. SPACE CONSIDERATION:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. COST:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.
 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST

2. LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, welding, drilling, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by” manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER X

CONCLUSION

This system help to clean beaches so it keep the sand clean and save

the ocean life from garbage pollution This system does not need more

human labor for the waste water cleaning and this can reduce the direct

contact of the human labor with the waste water so there is no hazard for the

human labor. Also this method is automatic so the working time is less as

compared to the conventional method.. Because of this project as there is no

direct contact of the worker with garbage so the health of worker will be

good and he will be able to work for a longer duration. This system is

fabricated with emphasis on the use of local materials and local production.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Pneumatic handbook -R.H.warrning

3. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

4. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

5. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

6. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

PHOTOGRAPHY