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Review of Litreture For Dynamic Analysis of Shells
Review of Litreture For Dynamic Analysis of Shells
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
The analysis of dynamically loaded structures has received a continuous
but varying level of attention over the past 50 years. Due to the infinite
number of permutations of structural parameters and due to the costs of
performing tests on such structures, the amount of available experimental
data, while broad, is also scant relative to any particular combination of
structure and dynamic load.
The finite element method has been applied with great success to
geometrical and material nonlinearities in continuum and structural
problems. The geometric nonlinearities is modeled by well known
formulations, the total or updated Lagrangian, while success in modeling
the material nonlinearities depends on the validity of the constitutive
models used. Although adequate models exit for the nonlinear behavior
of steel, the development of an accurate and reliable model for the
nonlinear response of plain concrete is still an active area of interest in
the civil engineering community.
In this chapter a review of studies on reinforced concrete stiffened
shells is presented for static analysis. A review on stiffened shells for
dynamic analysis is presented. A review on reinforced concrete structures
for nonlinear dynamic analysis is also presented.
2.2 Reinforced Concrete Stiffened Shells
Several works on the analysis of reinforced concrete stiffened shell have
been studied for static analysis [1,13,20]. Arnesen [1]studied the behavior
of reinforced concrete cylindrical shells strengthened with edge beam,
which was tested by Bouma [1]. The same problem was also studied by
Ram and Kompfner [13]. Both studies modeled the cylindrical shell as
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well as the edge beam by the shell elements, and unsatisfactory results
were obtained.
Arnesen used endochronic theory for material nonlinearity and
large deformation formulation with small strain applied for geometric
nonlinearity. The edge beam was modeled as being connected to mid-
height to the shell whereas in reality it is connected to the top. The results
obtained were very good compared to the test results at the initial and
intermediate stage of the response, near the failure this agreement no
longer exists. The rising (upward displacements) of the center of the
shell observed in the test was not predicted in the analysis and on the
contrary downward deflection was obtained.
Arnesen had clearly stated the difficulties as:
It was difficult by the present element to model correctly at the
same time both the geometrical and bending properties of the beam. It is
therefore desirable to include an eccentric beam element in the
computational model in order to get the correct representation of
eccentric stiffeners and edge beams.
Ram and Kompfner [13] modeled the material nonlinearities by
layers throughout the thickness of the element. The concrete is modeled
with biaxial formulation that acts in the shell surface and includes
cracking, nonlinear stress-strain relationship in compression, compression
failure and tension stiffening. The reinforcements were represented by
smeared layers.
Modeling of the edge beam by shell element was again ineffective.
Different responses were produced in this analysis depending on the way
in which the beam was connected to the shell. Stiff results were obtained
when the shell is connected at the top of beam and soft results were
obtained when the shell is connected at the mid-height of the beam. Ram
and Kompfner investigated in-between distance (between the top of the
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beam and at the mid-height of the beam) to produce good results, but
downward deflection was also obtained at the longitudinal centerline of
the shell.
Thannon [20] developed a nonlinear finite element analysis for
reinforced concrete stiffened shells through layers based on linear work
of Jirousek [7]. The degenerated three dimensional isoparametric shell
element, with independent rotational and translational degrees of freedom
was employed. The stiffeners were modeled by three dimensional
degenerated beam elements. Elastic-plastic model was used for concrete
in compression. Layered formulation was adopted to represent the steel
reinforcement and to simulate progressive concrete cracking and concrete
yielding through the thickness.
The connection between the shell and the beam represents the real
case in nature. The drawback in the previous studies does no longer exist.
The upward deflection is obtained as in the test. The deflection gives
good agreement with test results without using any modification in
geometry.
2.3 Dynamic Analysis of Stiffened Shells
The published work on the analysis of stiffened shells under dynamic
loads is restricted to isotropic and anistrotopic materials as far as our
knowledge and there is no work on reinforced concrete stiffened plates
and shells or on T-beam structures. In this section a brief review for
dynamic analysis of stiffened shells is presented.
Jiang and Olson [6] and Olson [12] modeled the stiffened plate and
shell by the finite strip method. Nonlinear transient behavior of isotropic
stiffened plates and stiffened cylindrical shells is investigated under blast
load. The plasticity theory of Von Mises yield criterion was used with
associated flow rule, which assumes isotropic hardening of the material.
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The numerical results were compared with test and other studies and gave
good agreement.
Sinha and Mukhopadhyay [16,17,18] analyzed stiffened shells with
arbitrary shapes under dynamic loads using the shallow finite element
method. Triangular elements were used to represent the shell and the
stiffeners were represented by beam elements. These stiffeners are related
to the natural coordinate of the shell elements, which must be transformed
finally to global axes. Only elastic analysis is employed in this study. The
numerical results were compared with published results and gave good
agreement.
Liao and Cheng [8] studied the dynamic stability of laminated
composite stiffened plates and shells subjected to in-plane pulsating
forces. A three dimensional degenerated shell element and three
dimensional degenerated curved beam element are used to model
plates/shells and stiffeners, respectively. The characteristic equations to
find the natural frequencies, buckling loads and their corresponding mode
shapes are obtained from the finite element equation of motion.
Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effect of in-plane
forces on dynamic stability of stiffened and non-stiffened plates and
shells.
For more information about this section the reader can return to
reference [17].
2.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members
Rebora et al [14] analyzed reinforced concrete plates and shells under
dynamic transient loading. The isoparametric three dimensional elements
of twenty-node brick element have been used to simulate the concrete and
the one dimensional bar element with three nodes for the steel
reinforcement. In compression, a three dimensional non-linear elastic
constitutive law is introduced for the concrete, and triaxial failure surface
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Liu and Owen [9] analyzed reinforced concrete plates and shells
under dynamic transient loading. A layered thick shell finite element
procedure is considered for determining the dynamic transient nonlinear
response of plates and shells. The degenerated three dimensional
isoparametric shell element, with independent rotational and translational
degrees of freedom, is employed. Layered formulation is adopted to
represent the steel reinforcement and to simulate progressive concrete
cracking through the thickness. To include the dynamic feature for
material nonlinearities, strain rate was included which effects the
dynamic yielding function of concrete. The dynamic yielding function is
assumed to be a function of current strain rate, in addition to being total
plastic strain or work dependent. The concrete model also simulates both
the compressive crushing and the tensile cracking behavior and implicit
Newmark algorithm is employed for time integration of the equation of
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motion. Several numerical examples were presented and the result gave
good agreement with other sources.
cracking in the elements, and the loading and unloading were simulated
by using elastic-plastic fracture model. The influence of loading rate of
concrete can be readily introduced by modifying the level of yield and
loading surfaces. In tension, smeared cracked model was used with a
tension softening model for retained postcracking stresses. The
reinforcing bars were represented by tensile stiffeners that were smeared
in the appropriate direction over the element cross section. Verification of
the numerical procedure was carried out using published results from
scale model test on reinforced concrete beam and portal frame, as well as
from a test on a full scale reinforced concrete beam. It was found that the
maximum impact load, the propagation of the crack, and the failure
modes, can be predicted with reasonable accuracy by using the proposed
approach.
Miyamoto et al [11] used a triaxial failure criterion with non-
associative flow theory of plasticity for modeling the concrete in
reinforced concrete slabs subjected to impulsive loads. Four-node
Mindlin type rectangular element with reduced integration scheme is
used. A provision for material nonlinearity, cracking in concrete elements
and loading and unloading phenomena are adopted in the study. Implicit
Newmark algorithm is employed for time integration of the equation of
motion. Verification of the analytical procedure is carried out by means
of comparison with the test results on a full scale reinforced concrete
slab. It is found that the ultimate behavior, the post-failure behavior as
well as the failure modes, can be predicted accurately by using the
proposed procedure.
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References
1. Arnesen, A. (1979). "Analysis of reinforced concrete shells
considering material and geometric nonlinearities." Division of
Structural Mechanics, Norwegian Institute of Technology, University
of Trondheim, Norway, Report No. 79-1.
2. Beshara F.B.A, and K.S.Virdi (1992) " Prediction of dynamic
response of blast loaded reinforced concrete structures." Computers
and Structures , Vol. 44, No. ½, pp. 297-313.
3. Freiman, M., and Trop, R. (1984). "Analysis of a reinforced
concrete beam under impact load with NONDYN." Proceedings of the
International Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of
Concrete Structures, pp. 359-369. Part I, (edited by F.Damjanic et al.),
Pineridge Press, Swansea, U.K.
4. Hinton, E. (1988). "Numerical methods and software for dynamic
analysis of plates and shells." Pineridge Press , Swansea U.K.
5. Inoue, N., Yang, K. and Shibata, A. (1998). " Dynamic nonlinear
analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall by finite element methods
with explicit analytical procedure." Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, Vol. 26, 9676-986.
6. Jiang, J. and Olson, M.D (1991). "Nonlinear dynamic analysis of
blast loaded cylindrical shell structures." Computer and Structures,
Vol.41, No. 1, pp. 41-52.
7. Jirousek, J. (1981). "A family of variable section curved beam and
thick shell or membrane stiffening isoparametric element."
International Journal for Numerical Method in Engineering, Vol. 17,
171-186.
8. Liao, C. L. and Cheng, C. R. (1994)." Dynamic stability of
stiffened laminated composite plate and shell subjected to in-plane
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16. Sinha, G., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (1997). "Static, free and forced
vibration analysis of arbitrary non-uniform shells with tapered
stiffeners." Computers and Structures, Vol. 62, No. 5, 919-933.
17. Sinha; G., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (1995). "Static and dynamic
analysis of stiffened shells- a review." Proc. Indian natn., Sci. Acad.,
61, A, Nos. 3 &4, pp. 195-219.
18. Sinha, G., and Mukhopadhyay, M. (1995). "Transient dynamic
response of arbitrary stiffened shells by the finite element methods."
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, Vol. 117, pp. 11-16.
19. Steven, D. J., Krauthammer, T., and Chandra, D. (1991). "Analysis
of blast loaded buried RC arch response." Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE 117 (1), pp. 213-234.
20. Thannon A.Y. (1988). "Ultimate load analysis of reinforced
concrete stiffened shells and folded slabs used in architectural
structures." Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wales, Swansea, U.K.
21. Thabet, A., and Haldane, D. (2000). "Three dimensional simulation
of nonlinear response of reinforced concrete memebers subjected to
impact loading." ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 97, No. 5.