Module 1: Introduction to the 21st Century

What is Literature?

 Literally, it means "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English
Dictionary
 In Latin, "littera" means an individual written character.
 It represents a language or people; culture or tradition, passion and dignified thoughts

Types of Literature

two major types

 oral - includes ballads, myth, jokes, folktales and fables

 written - has drama, novel, poetry and nonfictional literature

Kinds of Literature according to Structure

 Poetry is an artistic piece of philosophical, personal, imaginative or inspirational nature that is

laid out in lines.
 Prose is a literary piece that is written without metrical structure.

Literature can also be classified as either fictional or non-fictional.

 Fictional literature is simply defined as a product of one's imaginative mind. It can be a drama,
short story, novel, myth, folktale and poetry.
 Non-fictional literature is opposite to fiction as it comes out of one's personal experiences, a
true and factual account of varying information. It comprises the interesting facts with analysis
and illustrations

Literary Genres (Forms)

 Poem - is a composition written in verses having standard measurements and written with a
higher intensity of artistic beauty
o The poet employs the following in constructing a poem; diction that includes
denotation and connotation of words, imagery, symbolism, figurative language, rhythm
and rhyme
o Classifications
 Lyric poem refers to short poems which express the personal thoughts or
emotions of the poet. It can be a song, ode, elegy or sonnet. It is intended to be
sung.
 Narrative poem tells a story. It can be a ballad or an epic.
 Dramatic poetry is a theatrical dialogue performed on stage. It can be a
tragedy, comedy, melodrama or tragicomedy.
 Short story - a small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, and smaller than a novel. It is
composed with an easy beginning illustrated in its exposition, a conflict that holds the problem
to be solved in the selection, a concrete theme that presents the subject matter of the story,
some dialogs and actions that picture the rising action and climax, and ends with a resolution.
  Essay - a literary composition that presents the author’s point of view about any particular topic
in a detailed way. Essay has simple way of narrating the main subject; therefore, they are
descriptive, lengthy, subject-oriented and comparative.
o Different types of essay: Personal essay, expository essay type, response essay, process
essay, persuasive essay, argumentative essay, critical essay type, interview essay,
reflective essay type, evaluation, observation essay, comparison type of essay,
application essay, compare and contrast essay and narrative essay type.

Short Story Elements

 Plot and Structure Plot

o It is a reflection of motivation and causation. It is the sequence of incidents or events
through which an author constructs a story. The plot is not merely the action itself, but
the way the author arranges the action toward a specific end (structure).
 Structure
o It defines the layout of the work. It presents how each event causes or leads to the next.

 The plot has the following elements: conflict, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and
resolution.
o Conflict - It is where plot is often created. It is a controlling impulse in a connected
pattern of causes and effects. It is a major element of plot because it arouses curiosity,
causes doubt, creates tension and produces interest.
o An external conflict is one between a character and an outside force, such as another
character, nature, society, or fate.
o An internal conflict takes place within the mind of a character who is torn between
opposing feelings or between different courses of action. This is also called dilemma, a
conflict within or for one person.
 Most plots develop in five stages:
1. Exposition introduces the story’s characters, setting, and conflict.
2. Rising action occurs as complications, twists, or intensifications of the conflict occur.
3. Climax is the emotional high point of the story. It is the most exciting part of the story.
4. Falling action is the logical result of the climax.
5. Resolution presents the final outcome of the story. It may be happy, unhappy or
indeterminate.

Character and Characterization

Character - a verbal representation of a human being.

Types of Characters

Flat Character usually has one or two predominant traits. The character can be summed up in
just a few lines.

Round Character is complex, many faceted and has the qualities of real people.
 Static Character is a character that remains essentially the same throughout.

Developing Character is a character that undergoes a significant change during the story.

Setting - is its overall context- where, when and in what circumstances the action occurs.

Setting as Place - The physical environment where the story takes place. The description of the
environment often points towards its importance.

Setting as Time - includes time in all of its dimensions. To determine the importance, ask, “What
was going on at that time?”

Setting as Cultural Context (Condition) - Setting also involves the social circumstances of the
time and place. Consider historical events and social and political issues of the time.

Effects of Setting - Creates atmosphere, gives insight to characters, and provides connections to
other aspects of the story.

Point of view - refers to whoever is telling the story. It is the speaker, narrator, persona or voice created
by the author to tell the story

Theme - the central idea or message of a story, often a perception about life or human nature.

Stated themes are directly presented in a story.

Implied themes must be inferred by considering all the elements of a story and asking what
message about life is conveyed.

Tone - the method by which writers and speakers reveal attitudes or feelings.

Style - the manner in which an author uses words, constructs sentences, incorporates non-literal
expressions, and handles rhythm, timing, and tone.

Symbolism, Allegory and Fantasy

Symbol creates a direct, meaningful equation between a specific object, scene, character, or action and
ideas, values, persons or ways of life.

Symbols may be:

Cultural (universal) when they are known by most literate people:

Contextual (authorial) when they are created by the author and are private

Allegory is a symbol that is complete and self-sufficient.

Fable – It is a story about animals that possess human traits.

Parable – It is an allegory with moral or religious bent.

Allusion is the use of other culturally well-known works from the Bible, Greek and Roman
mythology, famous art, etc.

Fantasy - A nonrealistic story that transcends the bounds of known reality.

Kinds of Nonfiction

Narrative Nonfiction - tells a story just as works of fiction do.

Autobiography - a writer tells his life in a first-person point of view

memoir - writer also uses the first-person point of view to relate events from his or her life.
Memoirs differ from autobiographies in that they typically focus on one period of a person’s life

biography - writer uses the third-person point of view to write about the life of someone else.

narrative essay- a writer may use either the first- or third-person point of view to relate a true
story in a short composition.

Informative Nonfiction - This includes essays, speeches, and articles that explain a topic or promote an
opinion.

1. Expository essays explain a topic. Articles that explain the steps in a process, report the news,
or analyze a work of literature are all examples of expository writing.

2. Persuasive essays promote opinion. Advice columns, movie reviews, and editorials are all
examples of persuasive writing. Many persuasive and expository essays follow a general
structure of lead, body and conclusion.

3. Descriptive essays uses details related to the senses to create mental images for the reader.

Basic Elements of Poetry

Speaker - In poetry, the speaker is not necessarily the poet. It can also be a fictional person, an
animal or a thing.

The “What” of a Poem:

This includes the subject matter and theme or the central idea of the work

The “How” of the Poem (Techniques):

Structure: Number of stanzas, Shapes and Lines

Sound Devices: Alliteration, Onomatopoeia, Assonance and Consonance

Meaning Devices: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, Imagery, Symbol

Linguistic Devices: Inversion and Parallelism

Sound Devices -Feelings and moods are created by sounds.

Alliteration -Repetition of initial consonant sounds in words.

Onomatopoeia -Use of words that sound like the objects or actions they describe

Assonance -repetition of vowel sounds.

Consonance -repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the lines

Rhyme - the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any succeeding sounds in two or
more words.

Rhythm is the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables
in a line. Rhythm can be regular or irregular.

Meter is a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, which set the overall rhythm of
certain poems.

Form includes lines (verses), stanzas, and shape. Writers create stanzas for a reason.

A line is a word or row of words that may or may not form a complete sentence.

A stanza is a group of lines forming a unit

Couplet - A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem.
Shakespeare’s sonnets all end in couplets.

Quatrain - A four-line stanza

Types of Poem (Traditional Classification)

Ballad - A narrative poem written in four-line stanza.

Ode - A long stately form written in various stanzas.

Sonnet - Sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines.

Blank verse - An unrhymed ten-syllable poem.

Free verse - A poem with no regular pattern or meter or rhyme.

Limerick - A five-line rhymed poem that makes fun.

Elegy - A poem expressing grief, of subjective, meditative nature.

Epic - A long narrative poem that narrates the life and adventures of a hero.

Song - A lyric poem that expresses deep thoughts, feelings and emotions

Types of Poem (Modern Classification)

Acrostic poem - A poem in which the first letter of each line, when read vertically, spell out a
word, which is usually the subject of the poem.

Shape poem - Words are placed to make the shape of an object or ideas described

Diamond poem - A seven-lined diamond-shaped poem that specifies the part of speech in each
line, sometimes with contrasting ideas

Haiku - A Japanese-style poem of three lines, each with a fixed number of syllables (5,7,5 or
4,8,4) -- mainly about nature and feelings
 Meaning Devices

Imagery - the use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks, sounds,
feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to appearance

Figures of speech

Simile - Explicit comparison, using ‘like’, ‘as’, ‘similar to’, ‘resembles’

Metaphor - Implied comparison

Personification - Giving human qualities to an animal, object or abstract idea

Hyperbole - a huge exaggeration.

Symbolism - the use of one thing to represent another.

Linguistic Devices

1. Inversion - It is the reordering (inverting) of the usual word order of a sentence, often by
placing the subject after the verb as in the lines.
2. Parallelism - It is a general term that includes a number of specific devices all of which are
rooted in having different parts of a sentence or corresponding parts in two sentences
mirror each other in structure

Drama

Drama - told mainly through the words and actions of characters and intended to be performed
by actors

Elements of Drama

Characters - can be human, supernatural, divine, mythical, animal, personification of an

abstraction

Setting - the geographical location of the play (story), time period, daily lifestyle of characters
and climate of the story

Plot - the serial arrangement of incidents, events or ideas. It encompasses all the incidents and
provides aesthetic pleasure

Acts/Scenes -indicate changes of location or the passage of time. One act play presents
only one location over a brief period of time.

Conflict -is an essential element of the drama. It makes the plot interesting and
intriguing because of the inbuilt conflicts and twists.

Internal conflict - is the clash between the character and his people.

External conflict - occurs between two men: man vs. circumstances or man vs.
society.
 Structure -is an element that presents the design of a completed action. In the drama, it
is illustrated in the plot and subplots (acts or scenes).

Dialogue - where the thoughts of characters are exhibited. It is the conversation that portrays
thoughts, emotions and feelings of the characters.

Theme - contains the central idea of all literary forms

Point of view - The element that serves as an instrument of the playwright to show how his
actions and words are arranged where the audience can draw their conclusions.

Foreshadowing -This element is a hint or clue to suggest what will happen later in the story

Module 2: Pre-Spanish Period

Philippines was a prosperous land that consists of small political units called barangays

Thalassocracy refers to a type of government with primarily maritime realms

The Filipino society back then consists of three distinct social classes: the maharlika (nobles), the
timawa (freemen) and the alipin (slaves), which can either be namamahay (household slaves that are
granted homes and can own property) or saguiguilid (slaves that do not have the right to own property)

Baybayin (from the Tagalog word baybay meaning “to spell”) was the writing system used by Filipinos in
the Pre-Spanish period

The Philippine Literature in the Pre-Spanish Period

The Myth - traditional or legendary stories which featured one or more deities or depicting demigods
and explain some kind of practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature

Bathala - the creator of heaven and earth, and all living things

First Generation:

 Amanikable: the Tagalog god of the sea, he was originally the god of hunters.

 Idiyanale: the goddess of labor and good deeds.

 Lakapati: the goddess of fertility

 Mapulon: the god of seasons and husband of Lakapati

Second Generation:

 Mayari: the goddess of the moon and one of the three daughters of Bathala by a mortal
woman.

 Tala: the goddess of the stars and sister of Mayari

 Hanan: the goddess of the morning; sister of Mayari and Tala

  Dumakulem: The son of Idiyanale, he’s the strong and agile guardian of the mountains

 Anitun Tabu: the goddess of wind and rain, she was the sister of Dumakulem

 Anagolay: the goddess of lost things and wife of Dumakulem

Third Generation:

 Apolaki: the god of sun, he is the chief patron of warriors.

 Diyan Masalanta: the goddess of love, conception and childbirth. She’s the youngest of all
deities.

Malakas at Maganda - One of the famous creation myths in the Philippines was the story of the
origin of man, the story of Malakas (The Strong One) and Maganda (The Beautiful One).

The Epic

The epic refers to a long narrative poem which tells of heroic deeds or events. It also edify
religious tales, animal stories, or philosophical and moral theories.

Biag ni Lam-Ang

o first transcribed around 1640 by a blind Ilocano bard named Pedro Bucaneg
o consists of 1477 lines and 206 stanzas (this is the Llanes version of the epic; Leopoldo
Yabes’s version consists of 305 stanzas)
o revolved around the main character named Lam-ang, who was blessed with the gift of
speech the moment he was born. He grew up with supernatural strength and has a pet
cock and a dog
o The epic was divided into four parts:
 Prologue: The Birth of Lam-ang (line 5-108)
 The Quest for the Father (lines 109-192): Lam-ang’s quest to find the Igorots
who murdered his father and seek revenge
 The Quest for a Wife (line 455-1300): The story of Lam-ang and his love interest
Ines Cannoyan, as well as Lam-ang’s encounter with Sumarang and Saridandan,
and the wedding
 Epilogue: The Death and Restoration of the Hero (lines 1301- 1477): tells the
death and resurrection of Lam-ang

Aliguyon

This Ifugao epic follows the adventure of the hero Aliguyon, who fought an epic battle
with his arch-enemy Pumbakhayon. This epic is in the form of a hudhud, which is a long
tale that revolves around the heroes of native Ifugao people, and is typically sung on
special occasions. The story of Aliguyon is traditionally sung at harvest time.

Labaw-Donggon
 This Visayan epic follows the adventures of Labaw Donggon, the son of the goddess
Alunsina and Datu Paubari, a mortal. His adventures include slaying a giant with a
hundred arms and facing the Lord of Darkness – all in order to win various maidens.

The Agyu

This is a Manobo/Ilianon tale, which was divided into three parts. It follows the
adventures of a hero whose people had been driven out of their land. They go on a
journey to Nalandangan, a sort of utopia where there are no oppressors.

Folk songs

originated in traditional popular culture or have been written in such style

Examples:

Kundiman (love song)

Diana (wedding song)

Oyayi or Hele (Lullaby)

Kumintang o Tagumpay (war song).

Spanish Colonialism

Doctrina Cristiana

- One of the greatest contributions of the Spaniards to the Philippines is the Roman Catholic
religion
- the first religious book published in the Philippines
- written by Fr. Domingo Nieva and Fr. Juan De Palencia
- Contents:
o The Ten Commandments of the Lord
o The Seven Mortal Sins
o Salve Regina (Hail Holy Queen)
o Credo
o Dios Te Salva Maria (Ave Maria)
o Pater Noster (Our Father)

Nuestra Senora Del Rosario

- The second book published in the Philippines written by Father Blancas de San Jose in 1602

Barlaan at Josaphat

- Father Antonio de Borja wrote the third book published in the country in Tagalog, from the
original work that was in Greek. First ever novel published in the Philippines
Urbana and Feliza

- With the original title, Ang Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at si Feliza, this is
one of the novels during the Spanish period. It was written by Father Modesto de Castro

Secular Poetry

- The Pasyon – is an example of an epic poem which tells the story of Jesus Christ’s life, trials, and
sufferings. This is usually sung during Holy Week and its recitation is called Pabasa (Reading)
which could go on for a few days.
- Awit – a narrative type of poem with 4 lines per stanza and dodecasyllabic with 12 syllables per
line and a pause after the sixth syllable. One of the most famous works using this type of poetry
is Florante at Laura by Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

Kinds of Dramas/Plays

- Senakulo – is the traditional depiction of the events before and after Jesus Christ was crucified
- Duplo – aims to entertain the bereaved family members after their loss.
- Moro-moro – a type of drama/play that tells a story full of adventures and wars.
- Santacruzan – a ritual pageant/procession held on the last day of Flores de Mayo throughout
the country
- Carillo – is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard.
- Panunuluyan – the Philippine version of a Mexican tradition. The term translates to “looking for
lodging,” usually done on Christmas Eve.
- Sarsuela – a comedy/melodrama, accompanied by music with 3 parts, and mostly conveys the
intense and passionate feelings of love, revenge, jealousy and loathing

Propaganda Movement

- Jose Rizal
o influenced people through his literary works such as the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo

- Marcelo H. Del Pilar

o Dubbed as the Great Propagandist
o popularly known as Plaridel, the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad
o founded the newspaper called Diariong Tagalog
o Dasalan at Tocsohan

- Graciano Lopez-Jaena
o one of the most prominent staff members of the Spanish newspaper, Los Dos Mundos
o One of his most prominent works is the short novel, Fray Botod, written when he was
18, which is about a priest who used religion to commit oppression, instead of being a
role model to the Filipinos
 - Antonio Luna
o Known for his pen name, Taga-ilog, Luna was known for his works criticizing the rule of
the government and the church
o Noche Buena – a story about the tradition of Christmas in the Philippines, written to
entertain and amuse the people from Madrid

- Mariano Ponce
o Known under the names, Tikbalang, Nanding and Kalipulako, Ponce is another ally of
propagandists seeking for Philippine reforms. He was a regular contributor to the La
Solidaridad, as co-founder, with his topics varying from history, politics, sociology to
travel.
o Mga Alamat ng Bulacan – hailing from Baliwag, Bulacan, Ponce wrote legends and
folklores from his town.

- Jose Maria Panganiban

o Panganiban wrote under his penname, Jomapa. He is known for possessing
photographic memory.
o A Nuestro Obispo – a poem he submitted when he was in elementary
o Noche de Mambulao (Gabi ng Mambulao) – poem

- Dr. Pedro Paterno

o one of the first Filipino writers to break free from the strict rules imposed on literature
during the Propaganda movement
o Ninay – the first novel written in Spanish by a Filipino

During the Revolution

- Andres Bonifacio
o established the Katipunan
o Decalogo ng Katipunan – Bonifacio wrote the orders for the members of the Katipunan.
However, he had to set aside this copy to give way for Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan
o Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa – this one conveys Bonifacio’s love for his country and his
willingness to die to fight for freedom.

- Emilio Jacinto
o wrote under the name Dimas-Ilaw and Pingkian
o known as the “Utak ng Katipunan,”
o Ang Liwanag at Dilim – this became the code of revolution. Some of the essays included
in this are Ningning at ang Liwanag, Ako’y Umaasa, Kalayaan, Ang Tao’y Magkapantay,
Ang Pag-Ibig, Ang Gumawa, Maling Pananampalataya

- Apolinario Mabini
o used the penname Katabay in writing about politics, the government and philosophy.
 o He is popularly remembered as the Utak ng Himagsikan and the Dakilang Lumpo.
o Programa Constitutional dele Republica Filipinas – this contains the intentions for the
government and education system in the country.

Module 3: Philippine Literature at the time of U.S. Colonialism

The writers in Spanish

- Cecilio Apostol (1877-1938)

o considered a colossus in Spanish-Filipino poetry
o recognized in the Hispanic world as the “greatest Filipino epic poet writing in
Spanish”
o Claro M. Recto, also a poet in Spanish, spoke of him as “the greatest writer of both
prose and poetry.”
o In 1895, his poem El Terror de Los Mares Indicos (The Terror of the Indian Seas)
opened the world of Spanish poetry for him.
o One of his famous Spanish poems was the short poem Al Heroe Nacional.

- Fernando Ma. Guerrero (1873-1929)

o He published his first poetry compilation entitled Crisalidas in 1914
o Aves y Flores (Birds and Flowers) was published posthumously in 1970
o Mi Patria by Fernando Ma. Guerrero

- Jesus Balmori (1887-1948)

o published his first poetry book titled Rimas Malayas (Malayan Rhymes) at the age of
17.
o wrote for La Vanguardia. He had a daily column of satirical verses titled Vida
Manileñas under the penname “Batikuling”
o He compiled his columns later in the book titled El Libro de Mis Vidas Manileñas
(The Book of the Lives of Manileñas).

- Claro M. Recto (1890-1960)

o best known for being one of the authors of the 1935 Philippine Constitution
o Became a writer for La Vanguardia, with the pseudonym “Aristeo Hilario”. He wrote
a daily column titled Primares Cuartillas (First Sheets)
o published a compilation of his poetical writings, titles Bajo los Cocoteros (Under the
Coconut Trees)
o written two plays: the Solo Entre las Sombras (Alone Among the Shadows) and La
Ruta de Damasco (The Damascus Route).

The Writers in Filipino

- The poets in Filipino were classified into three:

 o Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso): Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos
Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernandez,
Nemecio Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
o Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay): Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Gatmaitan, and Amado V. Hernandez.
o Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan): Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino
Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.
- Lope K. Santos (1879-1963)
o notable for his 1906 socialist novel, Banaag at Sikat
o Banaag at Sikat
 was renowned for its depiction of certain issues such as socialism, capitalism,
and the works of the united association of laborers.
 the “Bible of working-class Filipinos”.
 story revolves around the lives of Delfin and Felipe, two friends who came from
entirely different social class.

- Jose Corazon de Jesus (1896-1932)

o one of the greatest Philippine poets, and is acknowledged as the King of Balagtasan
o most notable for his poem Bayan Ko, which was set to music by Constancio de Guzman
o wrote his first poem, Pangungulila, at 17 years old
o In 1920, he worked for Taliba, where he began a famous column named Buhay Maynila.
o his Buhay Maynila column alone published about 4,000 poems. He also wrote works
such as Ang Lagot na Bagting which numbered about 800 poems, and some 300 short
poems and prose.

- Severino Reyes (1861-1942)

o known as the Father of Tagalog plays
o famous for writing Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang (Tales of Grandmother Basyang)
o Another well-known written work by Severino was the zarzuela Walang Sugat (No
Wounds)
o also recognized as the Father of the Tagalog Zarzuela

The Writers in English

- Paz Marquez-Benitez (1894-1983)

o considered the first modern English language short story writer from the Philippines
o Dead Stars, is the first Filipino modern English-language short story.
o founder of Women’s Home Journal, which was the first women’s magazine in the
country
o A Night in the Hills, which was a captivating short story that follows the life of Gerado
Luna, a salesman in a jewelry store in the Intramuros area of Manila.

- Zoilo Galang (1895- 1959)

 o author of the first Philippine novel written in the English language, titled A Child of
Sorrow - an emotional novel that follows the life of Lucio Soliman, his journey in the
Merry Town which was a governed by the corrupt Pancho Ismael, and his tragic love
story with Rosa
o first started writing in a paper in Kapampangan, called E Mangabiran. He also wrote
novels in the Kapampangan language, titled Casaquitan at Ligaya, Ing Capalaran – Ing
Galal Ning Bie, and Capatac a Lua.

- Jose Garcia Villa (1908-1997)

o Man Songs in 1929
o In New York he became popular as the “comma poet”
o introduced the “reversed consonance” – a style where the last sounded consonants of
the last syllable are reversed for the corresponding rhyme
o He was best remembered for his works such as Footnote to Youth (1933), Have Come,
Am Here (1942), and Appasionata: Poems in Praise of Love (1979)

Module 4: Japanese Era Literature

Newspapers, with the exception of Tribune and the Philippine Review, Pillars, Free Philippines and
Filipina, almost all newspapers in English have been ordered by the Japanese to stop its operations.

Liwayway, which was under the Japanese management (Manila Simbun-sya), is the magazine that
recognized the brilliant minds behind literary works of the era

- Lupang Tinubuan - Narciso G. Reyes (First prize)

- Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa - Liwayway A. Arceo (Second Prize)
- Lungsod Ngayon at Dagat-dagatan - N.V.M. Gonzales (Third Prize)
- Suyuan sa Tubigan - Macario Pineda
- May Umaga pang Daratal - Serafin C. Gunigundo
- Sumisikat pa ang Araw - Gemiliano Pineda
- Paghihintay - Emilio Aguilar Cruz
- Dugo at Utak - Cornelio S. Reyes
- Mga Yabag na Papalayo - Lucila A. Castro
- Tabak at Sampaguita - Pilar R. Pablo
- Madilim Pa ang Umaga - Teodoro A. Agoncillo
- Ikaw, Siya, at Ako - Brigido C. Batungbakal
- May Uling sa Bukana - Teotimo C. Buhain
- Bansot - Aurora I. Cruz
- Bahay sa Dilim - Alfredo S. Enriquez
- Ang Tao, ang Kahoy at ang Bagyo - Aristeo V. Florido
- Nagmamadali ang Maynila - Serafin C. Gunigundo
- Si Ingkong Gaton at Kanyang Kalakian - Serafin C. Gunigundo
- Mga Bisig - Amando S. Pagsanjan
 - Kadakilaan sa Tugatog ng Bundok - Brigido C. Batungbakal
- Unang Pamumulaklak - Hernando R. Ocampo
- Ibon Mang May Layang Lumipad - Amando S. Pagsanjan
- Sinag sa Dakong Silangan - Macario Pineda
- Mga Diyos - Justiniano del Rosario
- Luad - Gloria Villaraza

Carlos P. Romulo - won the Pulitzer Prize for his works, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, I See the
Philippines Rise and his Mother America and My Brother Americans.

Poetry

- Haiku, as described by the dictionary, is “an unrhymed verse form of Japanese origin having
three lines containing usually five, seven, and five syllables respectively.”
- Tanaga, like haiku, is short but has measure and rhyme. This consists of four lines with seven
syllables each, with each line ending with a rhyme.

Novels

- Stevan Javellana from Iloilo wrote his first and only novel in English called “The Lost Ones”
which depicted the era after the Japanese invaded the Philippines
- Tatlong Maria by Jose Esperanza Cruz
- Pamela by Adriano P. Adriatico
- Magandang Silangan by Gervacio Santiago
- Lumubog ang Bituin by Isidro Zanaga Castillo

Plays

- Panday Pira, a play written by Jose Ma. Hernandez, which tells the story of an Indio blacksmith
from Pampanga who was recognized to be the first Filipino who made a cannon.
- Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote the famous one act play called Sa Pula Sa Puti
- Bulaga by Clodualdo del Mundo
- Sino ba kayo?, Dahil sa anak and Higante ng Patay by Julian Cruz Balmaceda

Module 6: Philippine Regional Literature – Ilokano (Part 2)

Abra - the controller of the weather and of the skies, who was said to live in the mountains.

Cardinal Bellarmine’s catechism - written by Fray Francisco Lopez, was translated and became the first
book that was printed in Iloko

Bukanegan - Ilocanos’ answer to the balagtasan. It is a debate in verse that is named after Pedro
Bukaneg
Bannawag (1934)

- was a popular weekly magazine that featured literary works from various Ilocano writers.
- It is also known as the “Bible of Northern Philippines.”

Coronation Poetry - which was delivered in honor of the fiesta queen, also became popular during this
century

Pedro Bucaneg

- author of Biag ni Lam-ang

- hailed as the Father of Ilocano Literature
- co-author of the Ilocano-Spanish grammar book and dictionary.

Leona Florentino

- National Poetess of the Philippines

- “Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature”
- “Bridge from oral to literary tradition.”

Isabelo de los Reyes

- son of the great Leona Florentino

- He wrote numerous books about Philippine folklore, history of the Ilocos, and works which
criticized the Spanish maladministration in the Philippines.

Leon C. Pichay

- King of Bukanegan
- most creative Ilocano writer in his generation. He wrote novels, poems, short stories, and
essays.
- His themes were often about the love of country, the love of the Ilocano language, and
spirituality.

Module 7: Philippine Regional Literature – Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon (Part 3)

Hiligaynon - the lingua franca of the West Visayas, which consists of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz,
Antique, Aklan, Negros Occidental, and the island-province of Guimaras.

Sugbuanon - a dialect that is used in central Visayas, eastern Visayas, eastern Mindanao, and the greater
part of northern and central Mindanao.

Hiligaynon Literature

Hinilawod

- hailed as the oldest and longest epic poem in Panay. Usually sung for a period of three weeks at
intervals of two hours a night
 - revolves around the family of Alunsina, the goddess of the eastern sea, and Datu Paubari, a
mortal, to which she gave birth to triplets: Labaw Donggon, Humadapnon, and Dumalapdap
- The Hinawalod also speaks of how the islands of Iloilo, Antique, and Aklan are formed.

Maragtas

- serves as a story to retell the origins of the Visayan people today. The story revolved around the
bravery of ten datus, who left Borneo and set on a journey to the island of Panay to escape from
a tyrannical ruler

Two magazines:

- The Hiligaynon magazines (established by Liwayway Publications in Manila)

- The Yuhum magazine (in Iloilo City by La Defensa Press)

The Common Literary forms of Hiligaynon Literature

- Ambahan: a ballad of unrhymed couplets. It is a long and intricate song that is alternately sung
by a soloist and a chorus.
- Ballad: a love song
- Siday: a song of allusion to mythical heroes.
- Awit: a simple folk song, love song and work song
- Haya: a dirge composed of two parts: parahaya, a song for wakes and the anogon, a song
regretting the loss of a loved one and extolling him.
- Bical: a humorous and satiric song

Sugbuanon Literature

Vicente Sotto

- Vicente Y. Sotto was a man of multiple roles, from being a Senator to a journalist. He is a
nationalist, a freethinker, and is acknowledged as the Father of Cebuano literature.
- age of 22 when he first published La Justicia, which was the first Filipino newspaper in Cebu
- Most popular works would be Ang Suga (The Lamp, 1926) and Maming.
- Ang Suga was said to be the first poetry in vernacular.
- Maming - became the first published short story in Sugbuanon.

The 7 Types of Folk Theatricals

- Balitaw: a comic representation of the love chase in a verse dialogue of courtship that develops
into a wit combat performed in song and dance.
- Drama-Balitaw: developed from the balitaw, in which a story line with spoken dialogue is woven
around at least balitaw sequences.
- Duplo: a debate in verse with two or more characters
- Balagtasan sa Balitaw: an incorporation of duplo and balitaw where the courtship plot becomes
a mere framework for an argument on a non-romantic subject.
 - Kolilisi: a strictly private type of drama performed by friends and neighbors to divert a bereaved
family from their sorrow. The actors play a king and his courtiers who address one another in
verse and put a roundel game of verse recitations.
- Bagamundo: a related type of folk play where a vagabond stranger arrives at the gate of the
kolilisi kingdom and ventures to argue with the king and his court into admitting and introducing
him to the ladies.
- Pamalaye: an old ritual of formalizing an engagement to marry

Module 8: Indian Literature

Characteristics of their Way of Living

1. Balance

2. Connectivity

3. Weight

Characteristics of their Literature (duality)

- the difference between joy (innate) & happiness (gained)

- it is not logical

- you can’t compare something you haven’t experienced yet

Indus River

- They believed that being a Hindu is a sign of being glorious.

- The Indus River, also called the Sindhū River or Abāsīn, is a major south-flowing river in South
Asia. The total length of the river is 3,180 km which makes it one of longest rivers in Asia.

3 Ways to Achieve God:

1. Jnana (knowledge) - what you know

2. Bakhti (devotion) - how you act

3. Karma (direct action)

Salvation is not achieved by action but by knowledge or realization.

Social Stratification 4 Caste System

1. Brahmins (priest, scholars, rulers…)

2. Kshatriyas (businessmen)

3. Vaisya (soldiers)

4. Sudra (slaves)
Purusha

- “man”
- 300 identities of the god

Nirvana - highest state of goodness

Moksha - cessation of reincarnation

4 Goals of Hindu Life:

1. Dharma - righteousness

2. Artha - materialistic pleasure/wealth

3. Kama - physical pleasure

4. Moksha – liberation

4 Vedas:

1. Rig Veda - hymns and prayers

2. Sama Veda - songs and praise

3. Atharva Veda - book of spells

4. Yajur Veda - rituals of sacrifice

Rakshasa is a demonic being from Hindu mythology

Ramayana by Maharishi Valmiki (The first Indian Poet)

● Original Version: 5th to 4th century BCE

● Genre: Itihaasa (Epic)

● 50,000 lines in seven books

● tells the story of Rama (an incarnation or avatar of the Hindu preserver-god Vishnu), whose wife Sita is
abducted by the demonking of Lanka, Ravana.

● Dharma (righteousness) - means duties and obligations in each caste

Rasa: Emotions

● It makes you do something, because you felt something.

Kisa Gotami
● Life is something you accept. It is something you should know.

Panchatantra

● This is a collection of fables given to kings or princes.

● The purpose is to teach them values, leadership and governance.

kunkuni - Red mark on the forehead; Sign of god

Shivast - Another name for Shiva, who is also the goddess of Indian dance