CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

“ She who has health has hope ;and she who has hope has everything ”
- Charles michael

Women Health is a unique speciality of health care.women are becoming

more and more aware of their health status as a result of modern education , electronic
,print media and health agencies .while women have made progress in most of the field
but still she tends to inexplicably neglect her own health .Though in the present age
women are aware of their problems ,the readiness to seek help from health personnel is
hindered by economic constraints social stigma and rigid superstitious beliefs regarding
health problems.2

Invariably most common Health problem seen among women is cervical

cancer.cervical cancer has a major impact on women lives worldwide.It is the second
most common cancer and is the major cause of mortality among Indian women .cervical
cancer creates long term problems for families and challenge for Health care systems.5

Cervical cancer is a very common kind of cancer in women. It is a disease in

which cancer cells are found in the tissues of cervix . It usually grows slowly over a
period of time. Before cancer cells are found on the cervix, the tissues of the cervix go
through changes in which abnormal cells begin to appear (a condition called dysplasia).
Later, cancer starts to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding
areas.8

Cervical cancer is caused by Human papillomavirus .It is a sexually transmitted

infection which in the majority of cases is transient ,asymptomatic , and clinically
insignificant.In some women the infection becomes persistant and may lead to
development of cervical cancer. Today cervical cancer is most prevalent in areas where
no effective screening has been established.9

Cancer it is a Oncogenes regulate cell growth in a positive fashion. Oncogenes

include transforming genes of Viruses and normal cellular genes that are activate by

1
mutations to promote cell growth to a partly malignant behaviour. It needs one mutational
events for its gain of function’. ¹

Cervical cancer is defined as a abnormal cell proliferation in the cervix (or)

abnormal cells growth in the cervix’. ¹

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women world wide
and is a Significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the developing
world. Where more than 288,000 women will die of this disease each year. Rates of
cervical cancer is unacceptably high. The American cancer Society estimates that 11,150
women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2007 and that 3670 women will die.5

In today’s world. Cervical cancer is primarily a disease found in low income

countries. Of the nearly 500,000 new cases that Occur annually, 83 % are in the
developing world, as are 85 % of the 274,000 deaths associated with cervical cancer. The
South Asian region harbors one fourth of the burden of cervical cancer. In India alone
there are an estimated 132,000 new cases and 74,000 deaths each year. Most women with
cervical cancer in these countries present with advanced disease, resulting in low cure
rates. Several factors contribute to high burden of disease and advanced stage at
presentation including poor knowledge about the disease furthermore there is a lack of
screening among general population. ³

A current Human Papilloma infection is a case in almost Certainly a long term

infection, possibly acquired at a much younger age, where as a current infection in a
control may be a recently acquired transient infection Restriction to HPV positive women
does not, therefore yield a subset of cases and controls with similar age at infection. The
various aspects of sexual behaviours are related to the acquisition of HPV infection the
primary cause of cervical cancer. The probability of HPV transmission per sexual act
with an infected partner is unknown, but available evidence suggests that it is higher than
other viral sexually transmitted diseases. Further more, the prevalence of HPV
infection increases rapidly among young women after they become sexually active.
Hence, first exposure to HPV probably Occurs soon after first intercourse in may
women.4

The chance of an individual developing cancer depends on both genetic & non
genetic factors. A genetic factor is an inherited. Unchangeable trait, while a non genetic
factor is a variable in a person’s environment. Which can after be changed. Non genetic
factors may include diet, exercise or exposure to other substances present in our
surroundings. These non genetic factors are often referred to as environmental factors.
Some non genetic factors play a role in facilitating the process of healthy cells turning
cancerous, while other cancers have no known environmental correlation but are known
to have a genetic predisposition. A genetic predisposition means that a person may be at
higher risk for a certain cancer if a family member has that type of cancer.2

The most important cause of cervical cancer is infection with a high risk type of
human papilloma virus. The types HPV most commonly linked with cervical cancer are
HPV 16 and HPV 18, but several other high risk types contribute to cancer as well. HPV
infection is extremely common and generally occurs soon after an individual becomes
sexually active.1

Although the pap smear is recognized as an invaluable tool, there are several well
known problems with it. Many women are not routinely screened and may go years with
out a pap smear. This is a particular problem for older women. Whatever the cause, more
than half the women with cervical cancer have not had a pap smear in at least 3 years
despite repeated contacts with health care providers. The link between cervical cancer
and the HPV is well established at least 90% of all cervical cancers are known to be
caused by HPV and other 10% of cases may reflect false negative test results for the
Virus.5

For many types of cancer, progress in the areas of cancer screening and treatment
has offered promise for earlier detection and higher cure rates. Women are advised to
begin cervical cancer screening with in the three years of becoming sexually active, and
no later than the age of 21. Screening generally includes a pap test, and may also include
and HPV test. Regular surveillance can increase the possibility that cancer could be
found at an early stage when treatment is most likely to produce a cure. Routine screening
with a pap smear is used to detect cancerous cells in the cervix early, as well as to detect
abnormal cells in the cervix before they become cancerous. During a pap smear, a sample
of cells from the cervix is taken with small wooden spatula or brush & examined under
the microscope.4
 One of the most important prevention of cervical cancer has been the development
of the Vaccine for HPV, Gardasil, it is effective against for HPV subtypes, including 16
&
18. the FDA has approved the vaccination which is given as a series of three injection’s,
for girls age 9 to 26 years. The Vaccine will be most effective when given before a young
women has any sexual contact. Although effective, it will not protect against all types of
HPV and will not prevent all cases of cervical cancer, so routine pap testing is still
required. Research continues on other HPV Vaccines and on Vaccinating men, who
severe as the vector for HPV in most infected women.3

NEED FOR STUDY

A research study shown that each year in the United States, there are an estimated
9710 new cases of cervical cancer and 3700 deaths due to the diseases. Wide spread use
of a screening test called the pap smear has led to a decline in the no of deaths resulting
from cervical cancer. Continued progress and education about screening may allow for
earlier detection and higher cure rates.4

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer occurring in women

worldwide . It is estimated that 4,00,000 women develop cervical cancer each year.
Almost 80 % of all cases occur in developing countries .The disproportionate impact of
cervical cancer mortality and morbidity in developing countries is enormous with less
than 10 % of women receiving screenings.

According to population based cancer registries (2009) suggested that cancer of

cervix has been the most important cancer in women in India over past decades
.Bangalore
,Bhopal ,Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai have shown a statistically significant increase in
incidence rates of cervical cancer .The estimated number of newcases during 2009 in
India was 96,708 with 70 .7% .

According to Hospital based cancer registries (2010) In India 1,00,000

women are affecting with cervical cancer .Barshi and Chennai have recorded highest
incidence of cervical cancer (50.2%). It is the leading site of cancer in Bangalore(40 %)
.The second leading site in Mumbai (30%) and thiruvananthapuram (30.7%) .The third
leading site in Dibrugarh ( 28.5 %) .Around 40% of all cervical cancer patients in
Bangalore, Chennai & Mumbai did not receive treatment at reporting institutions.
 Steven Ross ( 2010) stated that In Andhrapradesh also the extent and severity of
cervical cancer was more .Nearly 60% of women are suffering with cervical cancer
.Around 30,000 women died from cervical cancer all over Andhrapradesh. Highest deaths
are recorded in warangal district.

The International Collaboration of epidemiological studies of cervical cancer was

set up in 2003 to bring together, reanalyze, and publish the worldwide data on hormonal
contraceptive use & cervical cancer risk. The collaboration has also published reports on
the role of smoking and reproductive factors. The present report concerns the role played
by a woman’s lifetime no of sexual partners and age at first sexual intercourse. Unlike the
risk factors previously studied by the collaboration, sexual behaviours is intimately
connected to the acquisition of HPV, which causes cervical cancer. 16

According to the 2001 consensus guidelines for the management of women with
cervical cytological abnormalities, three treatment options exist for a typical squamous
cell of undetermined significant, screal repeat testing colposcopy HPV DNA testing. The
preferred option is to collect the HPV DNA sample with the pap smear and analyze it
only if the pap result is abnormal. Women whose tests are positive for high risk HPV
should be referred for colposcopy HPV DNA testing is also recommended for women
with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions after colposcopy.5

Many studies shown that HPV testing may also have a role in initial cervical
cancer screening, but conclusive evidence about this is still lacking. In the meantime.
Some organizations have supported the combination of HPV testing and pap testing for
screwing women over the age of 30 women who test negative for both tests may need not
be rescreened for up to three years. Currently the combination of HPV testing and pap
testing is not recommended for screening younger women because most will have HPV
infections that will clear with out causing precancerous cervical lesions.2

Clinical studies that evaluate the effectiveness of new strategies for prevention and
early detection requires that new innovative approaches by evaluated with cancer
patients. Patients participation in a clinical trial also contributes the cancer community’s
understanding of optional cancer care and may lead to better standard treatments. Patients
who are interested in a clinical trial should discuss the risks and benefits of clinical trials
with their physician.3

This collaborative reanalysis of individual data from more than 15,000 women
with carcinoma insitu confirms the relationship between major indicators of sexual
behavious and the risk of cervical carcinoma. On account of the large no. of women
involved, this reanalysis allowed the examination of the joint effect of two closely
correlated various aspects of sexual behaviour are related to the acquisition of HPV
infection.2

A research study explored a view that current HPV infection in a case is almost
certainly a long term infection, possibly acquired at a much younger age, where as a
current infection in a control may be a recently acquired transient infection. The existence
of a current HPV infection in a middle aged women gives little information about lifetime
infection history. Which is the information required to fully interpret the findings on
sexual behaviour.3

Hence these studies are required to prevent complications by providing all

conducting new programmer and prevention of cervical cancer among middle aged group
women’s. in additionally to encourage the adolescent girls participate utilize the available
reserves in the urban community for better life. 5

The World Bank (2000) argues that education protect against HPV infection
through information and knowledge that may effect along term behavioural change
particularly for women by “Reducing the Social and economic Vulnerability that exposes
high risk for cervical cancer”. 5
 CHAPTER-II

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL
CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS OF IN SELECTED JUNIOR
COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY :

1. To assess the Pre test knowledge on cervical cancer among Adolescent girls.
2. To develop and implement structured teaching programme on cervical cancer
among Adolescent girls.
3. To determine effectiveness of structured teaching programme through post test
knowledge scores.
4. To associate the demographic variables with pre test knowledge on cervical
cancer among Adolescent girls.
5. To associate the demographic variables with post test knowledge on cervical
cancer among Adolescent girls.

HYPOTHESIS:
Hypothesis is a tentative proposition formulated for empirical testing. It is a
declarative statement combining concepts. It is a tentative answer to a research question It
is tentative because its veracity can be evaluated only after it has been tested empirically.
Lundberg defines hypothesis as “a tentative generalization, the validity of which
remain to be tested.”

H1-This is a significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge scores
of adolescent girls regarding cervical cancer.
H2-There is a significant association between the pre test knowledge with selected
demographic variables.
H3- There is a significant association between the post test knowledge with
selected demographic variables.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:
Evaluation :- It refer to determining the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
and is measures in terms of significant gain in the post test knowledge. 12

Assessment :- Estimate of something, estimates size or quality of estimates value of

taxation.13

Effectiveness :-It refers to the Power of structured teaching Programme on Causes and
prevention of Cervic cancer to bring out increase in knowledge of adolescent girls in
terms of significant gain in post test Scores.12

Structured teaching Programme

Refers to systematically developed educational programme to provide information
regarding cervical cancer.

Knowledge :-
It refers to adolescents range of information regarding causes & prevention of
cervical cancer and their ability to recall their knowledge while if items on the structured
questionnaire as evidenced from knowledge. 15

Causes:

Thing Producing effect; reason or motive or case offered factors responsible for
cervical cancer.12

Prevention :-serving to avert the occurrence of disease. 12

Cervical Cancer : - Abnormal Proliferation of cells in the cervix. 12

Adolescents girls :- It is a period of transition from child hood to maturity with rapid
physical ,intellectual, emotion and social growth.
ASSUMPTIONS :

The study will be based on the following assumptions.

1) Adolescent girls have some knowledge regarding cervical cancer.
2) Structured teaching programme would enhance adolescents girls knowledge on causes
& prevention of cervical cancer.
3) Adolescent girls willingly participate in the study and responds honestly to the
questionnaires.

LIMITATIONS:

The study will be limited to the

1) Adolescent girls those who are studying in junior college.
2) Written statements of the adolescents girls knowledge on cervical cancer will be
takes as response.
3) Data collection period is limited.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

Conceptual frame work means discussion of relationship of concept that

under lie the study problem and supported rational for conducting the study.

Sister calista Ray was born on Oct 14 th, 1939 in Loss Angels, California
Roy had worked as a pediatric staff nurse and had notice great resiliency of
physical and their ability to abopt in response to major physical and psychological
changes Ray was impress by adaptation as an appropriate conceptual frame work
for nursing was derived in 1964 from (Harryhelson) work in psychophysics.

Sister calista Roy defined adoplation as the process and out came where by
the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and chance to correlate
human and environmental integration we should focus the individual as bio
psychosocial well being that employees a feedback cycle (assessment, diagnosis),
throughout (planning, implementation) output (evaluation) adoptive responses
contribute to health which Roy define as a process of the becoming integrate
where as ineffective or maladaptive responses don’t contribute to health. Each
adaptation level is unique and constantly changing.

Cervical cancer which acts a casode for life willing disease condition. This
has a difficult treatment for preventing, with the help planned structured teaching
programme some adolescent girls will respond positive and adopt adoptee
behavior will response negatively develop maladaptive behavior.

The major concepts of Roy’s model are briefly presented here.

Stimuli these are stressors from internal or external environment that a
person responds to the stimuli by adoptive person.

THE THREE STIMULI DESCRIBED ARE

1. Folcal stimuli : immediate confronting stimuli demanding attention /
relief.
2. Contextual stimuli : All other situational are surrounding stimuli
 contributing to the affect of folcal stimuli.

3. Residual Stimuli : Acuminous factors that may affective a person.

4. Adaptation level of an individual is the ability to lope constantly and
positively with the changing environment stimuli falling out of the
adaptive zone produce ineffective responses loping skills can be taught to
learned thorough experience.

COPING MECHANISMS :
These may be the four arm of routine and non routine behavior.
The 2 types coping mechanisms described are.
1. Regular or physiological coping mechanisms
2. Non regular or physiological coping mechanisms

ADAPTIVE MODES :
An individual adopts by focus modes in response to the changing environment.
1. Physiological mode : Involves the Roy’s basic physiologic needs and ways
of adopting in regarding to fluid, electrolytes, oxygen, nutrition activities
rest, elimination etc.
2. Self concept mode : is an adaptation to ones self perception that may be
personal or physical.
3. Role function mode : (or) adapting to a new role are behaviors associated
with a role in a order to maintain social integrity.
4. Interdependence mode : or social adaptive modes i.e. a parents dependence
or a nurse in varying degrees it involves one’s relation with significant
others to and supports system and provide help affection and attention.
According to Roy the clear the self perception or greater the social rewards
the higher the positive influences on the adaptation mode for a person to
maintain integrity or health if a person fails to adapt this maladaptive
response will be seen.

APPLICATION OF ROY’S MODEL IN CLINICAL NORSING PRACTICE

One of the most common ways in which nursing theories have been applied in
practice in the nursing process for analysing assessment data. A model provides the
rationale for designing one plain. The use of a model should ultimately improve nursing
practice.
 The Roy’s adaptation model has been widely used in critical care units the goal of
the model is the person’s adaptation of focus model. The prescription or interventions are
management of stimuli by removing increasing, decreasing or altering these.

THE FPROBLEM IDENTIFIED UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL MODES ARE

1. Risk for infection related to sed immune deficiency.
2. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement related to insufficient
intake of protein foods.
3. Sleep pattern disturbance related to mental depression.

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED UNDER THE INTERDEPENDENCE MODE

1. Activity intolerance related to weakness
2. Impaired physical mobility related weak muscles.

PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED UNDER SELF CONCEPT MODE

1. Knowledge deficit related to means of preventing cervical cancer.
2. Anxiety related to hospitalization.
 CHAPTER-III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is to find out the methods for research study. It provides basis
to locate pertinent data and new ideas that need to be included in the present study . It
provides a basis of future investigations and justifies the need for replication. For the
purpose of the study, the literature from various sources had been reviewed and arranged
under the following headings;

I. Studies Related to Incidence/ Prevalence of cervical cancer.

II. Studies Related to Causes and Risk Factors of cervical

cancer III . Studies Related to Signs and

Symptoms of cervical cancer.

IV. Studies Related to prevention of cervical cancer.

V. Studies Related to Knowledge and Attitude of cervical cancer.

VI. Studies Related to Effectiveness of structured Teaching Programme on cervical cancer.

I. Studies Related to Incidence / prevalence of cervical cancer:

Pierre Benite (2010) conducted a correlational study between Human papilloma virus
incidence and cervical cancer incidence in Gujarath.Data from population based surveys in
regions of low,intermittent and high cervical cancer incidence were used to study correlation
between age of 20-60 years women .A poission regression model was used to predict cervical
cancer incidence from HPV prevalance and strength was assessed using Spearmans rank
correlation .The result shows that cervical cancer incidence was weakest in 50-60 years and
strongest in 20-50 years age group women.The study concludes that prevalance rate can be
reduced by Health Education campaigns to the women.17

Dehrin ( 2010) conducted a prospective observational study of incidence of cervical

cancer after several negative cervical smear tests at different ages in Jammu & Kashmir .Data
gathered according to Registry of histopathology among 500 women.300 women were selected
from the age group 50-60 years and 200 women from 20-40 years age group at the time of third
negative smear test.The result shows that 50 women has been affected from the age group 50-60
and 150 women from 20-40 years age group .The study concluded that rate of cervical cancer was
twice in younger age groups rather than older groups . 23

Schware et.al (2009) conducted a study to find out the magnitude of cervical cancer and
precancerous lesions among women in the age group 20-60 years age groups in sikkim . 968
women in the age group 20-60 years were selected by simple random sampling technique in a
cervical cancer screening camp in Primary healthcentre.data collection tool used for collecting
sociodemographic and reproductive variables . The study result shows that out of 968 women 921
had no overt / precancerous lesions,47 were found to have changes in epithelium while screening.
The sudy concluded that there was a imperative need for identifying prevalance of asymptomatic
cervical dysplasia in all population. 9

II. Studies Related to causes and Risk factors of cervical cancer :

LN.Binvas et.al ( 2011) conducted a hospital based case control study to rule out
Sexual risk factors for cervical cancer among rural Indian women in Calcutta. A case control
design was used for a total of 268 samples. A multiple logistic regression model was used to
analyse the data
.The results showed that factors found to be associates with cervical cancer were early age at first
15
coitus , Extramarital sex partners of women ,and independent effects were observed for early age
at first coitus less than 12 years of age.The study concludes that sexual risk factors play a key role
in causing cervical cancer.10

Ruth Joseph ( 2010) conducted a retrospective study to find out the relation between oral
contraceptives use and cervical cancer in oxford family planning Association at Lahore. The
study includes 1703 women recruited at family planning clinics at ages 25-39 years who were
using oral contraceptives , diaphragm .Result shows that use of oral contraceptives (users
-80% ,Nonuser- 15%) are more prone to get cervicalcancer. The study concludes that long time
usage of oralcontraceptives have chance to get cervical cancer.25

Hakama et.al( 2009) conducted a correlative study between smoking and exposure
to oncogenic Human papilloma virus in Finland .serum samples retrieved from 588 women who
developed invasive cervical cancer& 2,861 matched controls samples analyzed for cotinine &
antibodies Hpv types 16,18 .Result shows that smoking associated with squamous cell carcinoma
among Hpv 16& 18 seropositive heavy smokers is ( odds ratio=2.7 95%,confidence interval
:1.7,4.3).Study concludes that smoking is a risk factor in women infected with oncogenic Human
papilloma virus.4

Selvia (2009) Conducted a hospital based case control study in 3 medical centres in
Netherlands to find out role of human papillomavirus in the aetiology of cervical cancer.A total
of 82 cases ( cervical cancer cases) and 97 controls matched to cases for age were included
.Interview method was followed . Human papillomavirus tests detected by means of using chain
reaction. The results shows that Human papillomavirus 16,18,31 types were detected in 60.4% of
cases & 45.4% of controls , HPV-DNA ( 96.%),risk factors were parity ( 95%) ,never having
practiced vaginal douching (92%) re-using home made feminine napkins (95%).multiple partners
( 93%) . The study size concludes that high parity and poor genital hygiene were main cofactors
for causing cervical cancer.6

III. Studies Related to signs and symptoms of cervical cancer:

Renald (2008) conducted a study to find out whether bleeding symptoms are
predictive factors of subsequent gynecological or urinary cancers among 37,596 women screened
negative. They were classified by their bleeding symptom (bloody discharge, coital bleeding,
irregular bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding) at the time of screening .Results showed that
prevalence of 5.9% were more likely to be signs of preinvasive than invasive cervical cancer with
the exception of
coital bleeding, the corpus postmenopausal bleeding was the strongest symptom (RR 3.6, 95% CI
2.0-6.0) in causing cervical cancer.The study concluded that post coital bleeding seems to be
important factor in causing cervical cancer. 15

A Prospective study on signs and symptoms of cervical cancer among 50 women

attending OP in the hospital of Nepal. Interview was carried out to reveal major symptoms in
cervical cancer. The result shows that 20% complaints with post coital bleeding, 20% with foul
smelling vaginal discharge, 10% with heavy bleeding .The study concluded that most os the
women have major symptoms which predict cervical cancer and hence awareness needed in early
detection of cervical cancer.5

IV. Studies related to prevention of cervical cancer:

Alisif ayub et.al ( 2010) conducted a study to assess the knowledge and awareness about
cervical cancer and its prevention amongst rural women in Nepal.60 samples were selected
using convenient sampling. Results shows that 1.8 % do not know cervical cancer as
disease,23% knew it is second most cancer, 78% knew that infection is the commonest cause
Majority recognized that it is sexually transmitted disease ,only 10% knows about prevention of
cervical cancer. The study concludes that women does not have adequate knowledge hence
Health education needed.

Ayinde et al (2009) conducted a comparitive study to find out the level of awareness
among rural and urban women about preventive measures of cervical cancer in Hyderabad.A 20
item questionnaire containing items on characteristics and knowledge of 50 respondents on
aetology and prevention of cervical cancer. Result shows that knowledge about prevention was
high in urban women (30%) and less in rural women (5%).11

Roseline (2007)conducted a study to reveal the attitudes towards HPV vaccination

among women aged 27-45 years in Chennai. A survey was mailed to 50 women assess the
relevance of Hpv vaccine in preventing cervical cancer Result shows that among 50 ,15 women
are likely to have positive attitude on Hpv vaccine 25 % of women don’t know about vaccine .
10% had negative attitude that it causes side effects.study concludes that there is a need for
propaganda about Hpv vaccine. 19

Hatkal (2006) suggests that for the prevention of cervical cancer early diagnosis is the
proven strategy currently available is cytological screening (pap smear) .The screening
programmes every 5 years in several countries have been able to reduce the incidence and
mortality from cervical cancer by 60% .Thus there is a need to sensitise women to receive a pap
smear to prevent cervical cancer.33

Richhard (2005) conducted a qualitative study to explore knowledge and awareness of

prevention of cervical cancer among Malaysian women aged 21-29 years. Face to face interviews
were undertaken .Result shows that lack of knowledge on cervical cancer and paponicolaou
smear among women.Hence there is need to explain about pap smear test and preventive
measures to women.28

V . Studies Related to Knowledge and Attitude of cervical cancer:

A cross sectional study regarding the human papilloma viral infection related
knowledge, attitude and sexual behaviour, preindicators of condom use among young adults of
age 18-24 years the sample size was 1,093 they reported that both men & women condom use at
intercourse and positive attitudes towards condom use. In addition for women homing peers with
less traditional attitudes regarding sexuality was associated with commonest condom use. Risky
sexual behaviours was common among adults in Croatia. The study showed that 80 % of
infection was reduced due to condom use.3

Fetzer sj et al(2011) conducted a cross sectional study to assess knowledge and attitudes
regarding cervical cancer and human papilloma virus among rural women in Punjab.100 women
were selected using convenient sampling. Self administered questionnaire given on knowledge
and beliefs regarding cervical cancer. Result shows that 30 % of participants agreed that cervical
cancer could be prevented and was a severe disease .20% knew the purpose of paptesting50% are
unaware of cervical cancer.Study concludes that knowledge level among rural women was poor
and hence health education should be given.7

Farah Farzaneh(2009) conducted a crosssectional study to determine knowledge and

attitude of women to Hpv and its association with cervical cancer in Tehran .500 women were
selected from the villages and questionnaire given using interview method .Result shows that
30% women says cervical cancer is sexually transmitted infection, 20% says it is caused due to
lack of menstrual hygiene.40% women are unaware about disease ,10% says it is a hereditary
disease.The study concludes that women had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer and
about its causative agent.15
 Wong l.p (2008) Conducted a study to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards
humanpapillomavirus ,Hpv vaccine and cervical cancer among women in rural settings in
southeast Asia .convenient sampling done among 449 young rural women using
questionnaire.Result shows that mean knowledge score (14 items) was 2.37 (sd=1.97) and
significantly associated with knowledge of cancer riskfactors (or=1.17;95%) vaccine refusal
cases (27.4%) and perception of not being at risk of Hpv infection( 2.0%).14

VI. Studies Related to Effectiveness of structured Teaching Programme on

cervical cancer:

Luthia (2008) conducted a evaluative study to determine the effectiveness of structured

teachingprogramme on knowledge about cancer prevention and early detection of cancer among
99 teacher trainees in college of education ,udup; Taluk Karnataka state.preexperimental design
and knowledge questionnaire given .Results found that pretest score was 43.75% ,posttest score
was 79.15% .This clearly indicates effectiveness of structured teaching programme.4

Suchithra (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of the structured teaching
programme on knowledge of women regarding prevention of cervical cancer in periyar
maniamma family welfare hospital in chennai .Experimental design was selected for women
among 35-40 years.pretest result showed that out of 60 ,41( 68%) had inadequate knowledge ,
19( 32%) had moderate knowledge whereas in post test 51(55%) had adequate knowledge ,
9( 15%) moderateknowledge regarding cervical cancer.This data proved that knowledge of
women had markedly improved after teaching.5

Christiana(2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of the structured

teaching programme on knowledge of rural women regarding cervical cancer in Hyderabad.
preExperimental design was selected for 150 women aged 20-40 years.Result showed that pretest
mean score was 30% and post test mean score was 78% . This clearly indicates effectiveness of
structured teaching programme.24

Jenifer(2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of the structured teaching on

knowledge and beliefs of cervical cancer progr on Adoloscent girls in Raichur
,Karnataka.pre.Experimental design was selected for 60 girls .Questionnaire administered togirls
regarding knowledge aspects Result showed that pretest mean score wsas 20% and post test mean
score was 75%. This data proved that knowledge of girls had markedly improved after teaching.

Mary (2008) conducted a evaluative study to determine the effectiveness of structured

teachingprogramme on knowledge about cancer prevention and early detection of cancer among
60 adoloscents in chennai. Preexperimental design and knowledge questionnaire given .Results
found that pretest score was 40.75% ,posttest score was 72.15% .This clearly indicates
effectiveness of structured teaching programme.17
 CHAPTER-IV

METHODOLOGY

Reasearch Methodology:

Research methodology refers to the principles and ideas on which researcher

base their procedures and strategies methodology is the most important part of research
study.

This chapter deals with different steps which were undertaken by the investigator
to gather and organize the data for the investigation. It includes the description of
research approach, the research design, variables, setting, population, the sample and
sample size, sampling technique sampling criteria, the selection of tool, the development
and description of the tool, scoring, the pilot study, the data collection procedure and
plan for data analysis.

Research Approach :

Talbot (1995) defined research approach as logical, orderly and objective means of
generating and testing ideas. The selection of research approach is a basic procedure to
conduct the research enquiry to find at the nature of problem selected for the study and
the objective to be accomplished. An evaluative research is an applied form of research
that involves to find at the knowledge of adolescent girls by a pre test and then assess
the effectiveness of structured teaching programme by post test method.

Research design :

Research design is the plan structure and strategy of investigation of answering

the research questions is the over all plan or blue print. The researcher select to carry
out their study. In this study non experimental research design is selected.
Population :

The total group of individual people or things meeting the designed criteria of
interest to the researcher.

Setting of the study :

Polit and hungler (1997) refer to the physical location and condition in which data
collection takes place in a study as setting.
This study was conducted in Vijaya Pre university College at Bangalore

Sample :

A subset of population is called sample. In this study the sample is adolescent girls
who are studying in Vijaya Preuniversity College at Bangalore.

Sampling Technique :
1. It is the criteria for selecting the, appropriate sampling plan for given study.
2.In this study sampling technique is probability sampling / simple
random sampling.
Probability Sampling :
These probability sampling area these in which sample elements are automatically
selected.
Simple random sampling :
It is a probability sample procedure in which the required numbers of sampling /
units are selected at random from the population.

Variables :
An attribute or characteristic than can have more than one value such as height,
weight and blood pressure.

Independent Variable :
The variable that changes as the independent variable is manipulated by the
researcher. In this study dependent variable is knowledge regarding causes and
prevention of cervical cancer.
Extraneous Variable :
The variable which is present in the research environment act as an independent
variable. Which it effects on outcome or results such as age, education, occupation,
income, type of family, place of residence, religion, source of information.

Sample criteria :
Inclusive Criteria : In this study inclusive criteria is adolescent girls who can
speak, write and read in Kannada and English.
Exclusive criteria : In this study exclusive criteria is girls who are studying
intermediate.
Sample size : the number of samples who are participating in the research study. In this
study the sample size is 100.

Development of Selection of Research Tool :

The various techniques of data gathering involving the use of appropriate

recording forms are called tools. In this study structured interview questionnaire
method is used to collect data.
Description of tool : it consists of 2 section
1. Part – A
2. Part - B

Part – A : It consists of demographic variable having eight questions such as age,

education, religion, occupation, income, type of family, place of residence, source of
information

Part – B : it consists of 30 questions about anatomy and physiology, meaning concept of

causes and types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management complications and
prevention of cervical cancer.

The interviewer will administer the structured questionnaire and get the response
from the participant. The participants have give ( √ ) for right answer will be scored
one mark and wrong answer will be scored as zero.
Review of Related Literature :

We have obtained information from the following books, journals, magazines and
internet.
Validity of Research Tool / Content Validity :

According to basavasthappa “content validity refers to the adequacy of the

sampling of the domain being studied” content validity is convened with the scope or
range of items used to measure the variable. The content was validated by 6 experts in
community health nursing and medical experts after obtaining their suggestions
necessary modifications were made in the tool.
 A scoring system is developed for the items, based on the knowledge scores in
terms of percentage, which were categorized in to three groups as
 Above 75% adequate knowledge
 50 – 75% - Moderately adequate
 Below 50% - Inadequate knowledg

Reliability of the tool :

Reliability of the research instrument is defined as the extent to which the

instrument yields the same result on repeated measures. It is then concerned I
consistency accuracy, precision, stability, equivalence and homogeneity. The tool after
validation was subjected to test for its reliability the reliability of the tool was
established by testing the stability and internal consistency stability of tool was
established by testing the stability and internal consistency stability was assessed by test
and retest method internal consistency was assessed by spear man brown prophesy
formula. Spearmen brown prophesy formula for reliability
R = 2 r/1+r
Where ‘r’ is the estimated reliability of the item. The reliability of the tool was
found to be 0.93 which indicated the tool is reliable.
Pilot Study :
Pilot study is a small scale version or trial run done in preparation for major
study. A function of the pilot study is to obtain information for improving the project or
possessing its feasibility a pilot study was conducted during 01.09.2012 to 10.09.2012 in
Bangalore 10 adolescent girls were selected by using probability sampling. One day that
is 01.09.2012 pretest was conducted and the structured teaching programme was
implemented and post test was conducted on 10.09.2012 which is seven days after
implementation of structured teaching programme.

Data collection :

Data collection is the gathering of the information needed to address a research

problem Govt. junior college, Bangalore was selected for this study formal written
permission for conducting main study was secured from principal. The final data was
collected from 20.10.12 to 27.10.12. in pretest structured interview was administered on
to 100 adolescent girls structured teaching given on 21/10/12. In post test the
same structured interview was administered on 27/10/12.

Plan for data Analysis:

Data analysis is the systematic organization and synthesis of research data the
testing of the research hypothesis by using the obtained data. If is planned to analyse
and interpret data with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. A master data
sheet was prepared with responses given by the participants. The following methods are
planned to analyze the data.
 The response to items in section – I, demographic profile was planned to be
summarized in frequency and percentages.
 Mean, standard deviation was used to calculate the pretest and post test
knowledge scores of adolescent girls.
 Chi-square test will be used to find out the association between pre and post test
knowledge selected variables.
 Z test will be used to find out the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
through pre and post test scores.
 ETHICAL ISSUES :

The pilot and the main study were conducted after the approval of the research
and ethical committee. Permission was sought from the concerned authorities of the
institution the purpose of the study was explained. Informed consent was obtained in
writing from antenatal mothers. Assurance was given to the study subjects of their
anonymity and the confidentiality of the data collected from them.
 CHAPTER-V

RESULTS

[ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION]

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data collected to assess the
knowledge of adolescent girls regarding causes and prevention of cervical cancer.

Analysis and interpretation of data was done based on the data obtained through
structured questionnaire on cervical cancer from adolescent girls who are studying in Vijaya Pre
University College, Jayanagar 4 th Block, Bangalore.

Polite and Hunger (1999) analysis is a process of organizing and synthesizing data in
such a way that research questionerrie can be answered and hypothesis was tested. The purpose
of data analysis regardless of type of data one has to impose some order on a large body of
information, so that the data can be synthesized, interpreted and communicated.

Abdullah and Levin (1979) staled that interpretation of tabulated data could bring to light
the real meaning of findings of the study. Analysis and interrelation of the data were done using
evaluative and inferential statistics based on the objective and hypothesis formulated.

PRESENTATION OF DATA :

The data were collected using structured knowledge questionnaire on causes and
prevention of cervical cancer. The data analysis and findings of the study were organized and
presented under the following headings.
Section A : Distribution of Demogrphic Variables.
Section B : findings related to pretest knowledge of the adolescent girls on cervical cancer.
Section C : “Findings related” to post test.
Section D : Compression between pre and post test knowledge scores
Section E : findings related to association of knowledge scores regarding cervical cancer with
selected demographic variables.
 SECTION-I
DISTRIBUTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES
TABLE-1: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to
their age
TABLE-1
Age Frequency Percentage

Between 15-16 years 50 50%

Between 17-18 years 50 50%

Total 100 100%

Table (1) represent about 50% of the adolescent girls belongs to age group between 15-
16 years and around 50% of girls belongs to age group between 17-18 years .

Fig No. 3

Fig No 3: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their age.

 TABLE-2: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their
education
TABLE-2

Education Frequency Percentage

Intermediate 1st year 50 50%

Intermediate 2nd year 50 50%

Total 100 100%

Table (2) represent about 50% of the adolescent girls belongs to Intermediate 1 st year and

around 50% of girls belongs to Intermediate 2nd year .

Fig No .4

Fig No 4: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their education.

TABLE-3: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their
religion
TABLE-3

Religion Frequency Percentage

Hindhu 40 40%

Muslim 30 30%

Christian 20 20%

Others 10 10%

Total 100 100%

Table (3) represent about 40% of the adolescent girls belongs to Hindu ,30%

belongs to Muslim,20% belongs to Christian and 10% belongs to Other religion.

Fig No. 5

Fig No 5: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their religion.

TABLE-4: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their

Parents occupation.

TABLE-3

Occupation Frequency Percentage

Coolie 40 40%

Private employee 15 15%

Govt. employee 23 23%

Others 22 22%

Total 100 100%

Table (4) represent about 40% of the adolescent girls belongs to Coolie ,15% belongs to

Private employee,23% belongs to Govt.employee and 10% belongs to Other jobs.

Fig No .6

Fig No 6: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their Parents

Occupation.
TABLE-5: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their

family income.

TABLE-2

Family income Frequency Percentage

Rs.1,000-3,000/- 55 55%

Rs.3,001-5,000/- 30 30%

Above Rs.5,001/- 15 15%

Total 100 100%

Table (5) represent about 55% of girls family income Rs.1,000 -3,000/-,30% of girls

family income Rs.3,001-5,000/-and 15% of girls family income above Rs.5,001/-.

Fig No. 7

Fig No 7: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according their

family income.
TABLE-6: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their

type of family.

TABLE-6

Type of family Frequency Percentage

Nuclear Family 60 60%

Joint Family 40 40%

Total 100 100%

Table (6) represent about 60% of the adolescent girls belongs to Nuclear Family and

around 40% of girls belongs to Joint Family .

Fig No. 8

Fig No 8: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their type of family.
TABLE-7: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their

place of residence.

TABLE-7
Place of Residence Frequency Percentage

Rural 30 30%

Urban 69 69%
Slum 01 01%
Total 100 100%

Table (7) represent about 30% of girls belongs to Rural area ,69% of girls belongs to Urban
area,1% of girls belongs to Slum.

Fig No 9

Fig No 9: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their Place of

residence.
TABLE-8: Frequency and Percentage distribution of adolescent girls according to their
Source of Information.
TABLE-8
Source of Information Frequency Percentage

Mass Media 40 40%

Printed Material 35 35%

Friends& Relatives 18 18%

Others 07 07%
Total 100 100%

Table (8) represent about 40% of girls from mass media ,35% of girls from printed
material ,18% of girls from Friends& Relatives,7% of girls from others.

Fig No.10

Fig No10: Represent percentage of distribution of adolescent girls according to their Parents
Occupation.
 SECTION II

TABLE NO 9: MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN PERCENTAGE

OF PRE-TEST KNOWLEDGE

N=50

Max Mean
Knowledge Statements Min Mean SD
Score (%)

Pretest
30 7 15 11.18 1.746 54.53%
knowledge

The data in the table 9 shows the pre-test knowledge score of the subjects. The mean

pre-test knowledge score of subjects was 11.18 with mean percentage of 54.53%.
TABLE NO 10: ASPECTWISE MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND

MEAN PERCENTAGE OF PRETEST KNOWLEDGE

N=50

Ma
Knowledge Stateme x. Mean
No. Min Mean SD
Aspects -nts Sco (%)
re
Anatomy and
1 06 1 3 1.9 2 0.573 34.4 %
Physiology
Meaning
2 06 1 3 1.90 0.505 38%
&Etiology
Types &Clinical
3 05 1 2 1.72 0.566 38.4%
features
Diagnosis
4 04 1 2 1.60 0.560 38.33%
&Complications
5 Management 09 3 5 3.34 1.255 37.11%

Total 30 7 15 11.18 1.746 54.53%

The data in the table no 10 shows the aspect wise distribution of pre-test

knowledge score of subjects.

TABLE NO11: CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON PRETEST LEVEL

OF KNOWLEDGE

N=50
PRETEST LEVEL
SL NO FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
OF KNOWLEDGE
1 Inadequate (≤10) 17 34

2 Average (11-20) 33 66

3 Adequate (21-30) 00 00

Total 50 100

70 66

60

50
percentage

34
40
30

20

10 0
0
Inadequate (≤10) Average (11-20) Adequate (21-30)
level of knowledge

Figure 11: Bar diagram shows the classification of respondents based on pre-test knowledge

score.

The data presented in the figure reveals that 34% of subjects had inadequate knowledge and

66% of subjects had average knowledge on cervical cancer.

 TABLE NO12: MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND MEAN

PERCENTAGE OF POST-TEST KNOWLEDGE

N=50

Max. Mea Mean

Knowledge Statements Min SD
Score n (%)
Post-test 1.97
30 16 24 19.90 82.91%
knowledge 2

The data in the table 12 shows the post-test knowledge score of the

subjects. The mean post-test knowledge score of subjects was 19.9 with mean

percentage of 82.91%.
TABLE NO 13: ASPECTWISE MEAN, STANDARD DEVIATION AND

MEAN PERCENTAGE OF POSTTEST KNOWLEDGE

N=50

Max. Mean
No. Knowledge Aspects Statements Min Mean SD
Score (%)
Anatomy and
1 06 3 5 3.24 0.870 64.8%
Physiology
Meaning
2 06 3 4 3.40 0.728 68%
&Etiology
Types &Clinical
3 05 3 4 3.58 0.758 71.6%
features
Diagnosis
4 04 4 4 3.98 1.040 66.33%
&Complications
5 Management 09 4 7 5.70 1.055 63.33%

Total 30 16 24 19.90 1.972 82.91%

The data in the table 13 shows the aspect wise distribution of post-test

knowledge score of subjects.

TABLE NO 14: CLASSIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON

POSTTEST LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE

N=50
PRETEST LEVEL
SL NO FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
OF KNOWLEDGE
1 Inadequate (≤10) 00 00

2 Average (11-20) 30 60

3 Adequate (21-30) 20 40

Total 50 100

70
60
60

50
percentage

40
40

30

20

10 0
0
Inadequate (≤10) Average (11-20) Adequate (21-30)
level of knowledge

Figure 12: Bar diagram shows the classification of respondents based on post-test

knowledge score.

The data presented in the figure reveals that 60 of subjects had Average post-test

knowledge and 40% of subjects had adequate post test knowledge on cervical cancer.
TABLE NO 15: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRE-TEST AND POST TEST

KNOWLEDGE SCORES

N=50

Respondents Knowledge
Paired
Max. Scores
Aspects ‘t’ P value Inference
Score SE of Mean
Mean Test
mean %
Pre test 30 11.18 0.247 54.53%

Post test 30 19.90 0.279 82.91% 24.916 <0.001 HS

Enhancement 8.720 0.350 28.07

It is evident from the data presented in the table 13 that the calculated‘t’ value (12.77) was

greater than the table value. Hence the research hypothesis was accepted at 0.05 level of

significance. The mean difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score was a true

difference and not a chance difference. This indicates that structured teaching programme was

significantly effective in increasing the knowledge of subjects on cervical cancer.

 TABLE 16: COMPARISION BETWEEN PRE TEST AND POST TEST

KNOWLEDGE SCORES

N=50
Aspect wise Pre-test Post-test Enhance
Max t p
analysis of Mean Mean ment in inference
score Mean Mean value value
knowledge % % mean %

Anatomy and 05 1.72 34.4 3.24 64.8 30.4 9.838 <0.001 HS

Physiology
Meaning 05 1.90 38 3.40 68 30 11.966 <0.001 HS
&Etiology
Types& 05 1.92 38.4 3.58 71.6 33.2 11.263 <0.001 HS
Clinical features
Diagnosis 06 2.30 38.33 3.98 66.33 29.22 10.168 <0.001 HS
&Complications
09 3.34 37.11 5.70 63.33 26.22 9.890 <0.001 HS
Management
30 11.18 54.53 19.90 82.91 28.07 24.916 <0.001 HS
Total

The data in the table 14 shows that calculated‘t’ value for all areas were higher than

the table value at 0.05 level of significance. Hence the research hypothesis was accepted.
TABLE 17: COMPARISON OF SAMPLES BASED THE PRETEST AND

POST TEST KNOWLEDGE.

N=50

Pretest Posttest
SL
Knowledge level
NO
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Inadequate (≤10) 17 34 00 00
2 Average (11-20) 33 66 30 60
3 Adequate (21-30) 00 00 20 40
Total 50 100 50 100

pretest posttest

70 66
60
60
50
40
percentage

40 34
30
20
10
0 0
0
Inadequate (≤10) Average (11-20) Adequate (21-30)
level of knowledge

Figure 13: Bar diagram shows the comparison of subjects based on pre-test & post-test

knowledge score.
 The data presented in the figure reveals that the majority of subject (80%) had average

post-test knowledge score whereas only (6.7%) had average pre-test knowledge score. And

(6.7%) of subjects had adequate post test knowledge where as no subjects had adequate pre-test

knowledge on cervical cancer causes&prevention. It indicates considerable gain in knowledge in

post-test, after exposing the subjects to structured teaching programme.

SECTION E: FINDINGS RELATED TO ASSOCIATION OF

KNOWLEDGE LEVELS WITH SELECTED

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

TABLE NO18: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE SCORES AND

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

N=50
Respondents
Chi
Sl Median
Demographic variables Above square df inference
no and Total
median value
below

15-16 years 19 31 50
1 Age 4.38 1 NS
17-18years 29 21 50

Inter 1st year 26 24 50

2 Education 10.00 1 S

Inter2nd year 15 35 50

Hindu 20 20 40

Christian 18 12 30

3 Religion Muslim 10 10 20 7.01 3 S

Others 04 06 10

15001 and above 14 13 27

4 Occupation Coolie 19 21 40

Private employee 04 11 15
6.49 3 S
Govt. employee 13 10 23

Others 05 17 22
 Family
5 Rs.1000-3000/- 25 30 55 0.25 2 S
income
 Rs.3001-5000/- 12 18 30

07
Above Rs.5001/- 08 15

Type of Nuclear family 21 39 60

6 4.06 1 NS
family Joint family 12 28 40

Place of Urban 09 21 30
7 4.44 2 NS
residence
Rural 18 51 69

Slum 03 0 01

Prited material 06 34 40

Mass media 16 19 35
Source of
8 Friends&relatives 08 10 18 9.76 3 S
information
Others 03 04 07

15001 and above 03 04 27

 CHAPTER-VI

DISCUSSION

MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

SECTION – I : In my study there are eight selected demographic study variables age, education,
religion, occupation, income type of family, place of residence, source of information.

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS :

AGE : Majority of adolescent girls participated in this study are having age group between 15-
18 years. 50% of adolescent girls belongs to 15 – 16 yrs and 50% of adolescent girls belongs to
16 – 17 years.

EDUCATION : In this study majority of participates intermediate 1 st year 50%, intermediate

IInd year 50%.

RELIGION : In this study majority of adolescent girls belongs to Hindu 50%, muslim 30%,
Christian 20% and 10% of others.

OCCUPATION : Majority of Participants parents. Are 40% coolie, 15% private employe of
Govt. employee and 22% of others.

FAMILY INCOME : in this study income parents belongs to 55% are Rs. 1000 – 3,000, 30% are
3001 to 5000 and 15% are above 5001/-.

TYPE OF FAMILY : In this study majority of the participants belongs to 60% nuclear family
and 40% joint family .

PLACE OF RESIDENCE :
In this study 30% girls from rural, 69% girls from urban and 1% from slum area.
 SOURCE OF INFORMATION :
In this study majority of participants source of information from mass media 40%, from
printed material 35% from printed material 35%, from friends and relatives 18%, from others 7%.

SECTION – II

In the aspects of Anatomy&Phisiology the maximum score is 5,mean percentage is

64.8%, standard deviation is 0.870.In the aspects of meaning&etiological factors the maximum
score is 4,mean percentage is 68%,standard deviation is0.728.In the aspects of types &clinical
manifestations the maximum score is 4,mean percentage is 71.6%,standard deviation is 0.758. In
the aspect of diagnostic findings &complications the maximum score is 4,mean percentage is
66.33%, standard deviation is 1.040.In the aspects of management &prevention the maximum
score is 7, mean percentage is 63.33%,standard deviation is 1.055.

SECTION-III

Association between knowledge score and demographic variable

1. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and age obtained x2 value is 4.38
less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between age and knowledge
of adolescent girls

2. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and education obtained x2 value is
10 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between education and
knowledge of adolescent girls

3. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and religion obtained x2 value is
7.01 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between religion and
knowledge of adolescent girls.

4. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and occupation obtained x2 value is
less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between occupation
and knowledge of adolescent girls.
 5. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and family monthly income obtained
x2 value is 9.76 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between
family monthly income and knowledge of adolescent girls.

6. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and type of family obtained x2
value is 4.06 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between type of
family and knowledge of adolescent girls.

7. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and place of residence obtained x2
value is 4.44 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between place
of residence and knowledge of adolescent girls.

8. The association between knowledge of adolescent girls and source of information obtained
x2 value is 9.76 less than the table value. This represents that there is an association between
source of information and knowledge of adolescent girls.
 CHAPTER – VII

CONCLUSION

There was a deficit knowledge regarding cervical cancer among the adolescent girls. The
knowledge deficit was maximum in the area of causes and prevention of cervical cancer.

 The structured teaching programme will enhance the knowledge of adolescent girls
regarding cervical cancer.
 There was significant relationship between knowledge of adolescent girls and
demographic variables.

NURSING IMPLEMENTATIONS :
The present study was implementation for nursing practice, nursing education,
administration of nursing research.

NURSING PRACTICE :
The results raised concern about the need for training of staff nursing about the causes and
prevention of cervical cancer.
There fore it declares attention towards.
 Equipping the methods with essential research recommended knowledge on cervical
cancer.
 Periodic evaluation of nursing practice in knowledge on cervical cancer must be
implemented.

7.3. NURSING EDUCATION :

Nurses have an important role in the fhealth care devices system, so the nurses are to be
thought about the causes and prevention of cervical cancer.

It is necessary to examine the existing community health in the right of the present need of
the country. The concept of cervical cancer to be incorporated in to the existing community
health general hsg curriculum.
NURSING ADMINISTRATION :
Nursing administrators need to motivate, encourage the plan staff development programme,
so that nursing was kept informed regarding advances in the field of nursing practice. Display of
recent journals and articles that provide information regarding cervical cancer.

NURSING RESEARCH :
This study further works the need for more researches in the areas of the knowledge on
cervical cancer, since, it has a significant relationship to prevent the adolescent mortality
regarding cervical cancer.

RECOMMENDATIONS :

 This study can be done on girls studying in degree colleges.

 a similar study can be done on large sample
 This study can be done as a descriptive study.
 CHAPTER – VIII

SUMMARY

The primary aim of the study was assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching
programme on knowledge of causes and prevention of cervical cancer among adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVES :

‐ To assess the pretest knowledge on cervical caner among adolescent girls.

‐ To develop and implement structured teaching programme on cervical cancer
among adolescent girls.
‐ To determine effectiveness of structured teaching pogramme through post
test knowledge scores.
‐ To associate the demographic variables with pretest knowledge on cervical
cancer among adolescent girls.
‐ To associate the demographic variables with post test knowledge on cervical
cancer among adolescent girls.

In this study hypothesis is h1, there would be a significant association between the
knowledge of adolescent girls regarding cervical cancer and the selected variable such as age,
education, religion, occupation, family monthly income, type of family, place of residence and
source of information.

The conceptual frame work developed for the study was based on Roy’s adaptation model.

Review of literature and non research literature helped the investigators to develop tool and
content of the structures teaching programme and prevention of cervical cancer. The literature
reviewed further enabled the investigators to develop a conceptual frame work, methodology of
study and to decide a plan for analysis.

Research approach in this study is evaluative research approach was considered to be must
appropriate to assess the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding the causes and prevention of
cervical cancer. The study was conducted in vijaya Pre University College, Bangalore the study
samples of 100 adolescent girls based on simple random sampling.

The tool developed and used for data collection had two sections.
SECTION 1 : Demographic Variables
SECTION 2 : Structured knowledge questionnaire on cervical cancer.

The content is validated by various subject specialists in the fields of nursing the experts
suggested modifications was done.

The structured teaching programme was constructed for developing the knowledge
regarding cervical cancer.

It consists of the following areas such as ;

 Anatomy and physiology
 Meaning
 Concept of causes and types, stages of cervical cancer.
 Clinical manifestations
 Diagnosis
 Management
 Complications
 Prevention.

Analysis of data and interpretation was done keeping the objectives and the research
hypothesis in mind. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for the data analysis.
 CHAPTER-IX

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26. World health organization,National cancer control programme,The prevalance of cervical
cancer ,May 2007 2nd volume 6th edition pp-40-60

27. Ruther et.al,Indian journal of community Medicine , Incidence of cervical cancer in Andhra
Pradesh ,May,2008 3rd volume pp-30-320

28. Lori Ashford et.al, HPV testing to improve cervical cancer screening. Detection of Cancer:
Molecular Markers,May 2009 ,2nd volume ,pp-20-30

29. Luthra et,al Journal of Alliance for cervical cancer prevention ,2009 ,2 nd vol. pp-29-30

30. Kelvin et.al Journal of Reproductive Health Care of women ,2007 , 2nd edition ,pp-20-30

31. Dutta “ Textbook of Gynaecological Nursing , New central Book Agency publishers 2005 ,
11Th Edition pp-30-31.

32. Singh V, Journal of population based cancer registries ,May 2007 2 nd volume 6th edition pp-40-
60

33. Cadman, L.,Journal of Hospital based cancer registries ,June ,2010,2 nd volume 6th edition pp-30-
50

34. Steven Ross, Journal of cervical cancer Incidence , May 2007 2nd volume 6th edition pp-42-62

35. Nene BM,Journal of prevalance of cervical cancer, March 2002 ,8th ed., vol. 2, pp. 1496-1543.

36. Nazism Institute of Medical sciences ,Journal of project of society, June 2009, 2 nd edition ,pp- 20-
30.

37. Senin, Estimating the world cancer burden: American cancer society ,May 2010 , 2nd edition
,pp-21-22.

38. Hatkal et. al Journal of cervical cancer prevention , August 2009 ,2 nd vol. pp-29-30.

39 . Ranjit et.al Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective.

,June ,2010,2nd volume 6th edition pp-30-50. Ehrlich ,Screening for cervical cancer by direct
inspection. May 1991,2nd edition ,3rd vol.pp.21-22.
40. World health organization, A systematic review of risk factors of cervical cancer. British
Journal of General Practice ,May 2010 , 2nd edition ,pp-19-20.

41. Pragyasharma et.al ,Study on Screening for cervical cancer by , Journal of Importance of
cervical cancer; May 2010 , 2nd edition ,pp-26-27.

42. Journal of Gujarath cancer & Research Institute ,conference on National cancer control present
status & Future prospects ,31st January ,2010,pp-40-41.

43. Basavanthappa Book of Research and Methodology , Bhanot publications 2nd edition ,pp27.

44. Polit Text book of Research , Bhanot publications , 2nd volume ,3rd edition ,pp-28-30.

45. Basavanthappa Book of Research and Methodology , Bhanot publications 2nd edition ,pp-30

46. Pierre Benite ,A correlational study between Human papilloma virus incidence and cervical
cancer incidence ,British Journal of General Practice ,May 2010 , 2 nd edition ,pp-30.

47. Canille Ragin , A study to determine the prevalance of High risk Human papilloma virus
Genotypes and cervical dysplasia , May 2010 , 2 nd edition ,pp-20-22.

48. Dehrin , A prospective observational study of incidence of cervical cancer ,Int J Cancer 2010,
3rd edition , pp-770-73.

49. Franca piras et.al , A prospective study to rule out prevalance of Human papillomavirus
infection in rural women ,2010 , 36(3), 122-125.
 ANNEXURE-I

Letter Seeking Permission for Conducting the Pilot study

From
Ms.B.Archana
2nd Year M.Sc. Nursing
Roohi College of Nursing
Bangalore.
TO
……………………..
……………………..
……………………..

(Through the principal , Roohi College of

Nursing,Bangalore) Respected Sir/ Madam,

Sub: Seeking permission to conduct pilot study.

With reference to the above subject, I am Ms. B.Archana ,Second year M.Sc Nursing student
of Roohi College of Nursing Specialization in Community health Nursing.
I have selected a below topic to conduct research study for a partial fulfillment of the
course.
Topic: “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT

GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.

I request you to kindly give the necessary permission for conducting a pilot study in your

institution.

Thanking you

Yours faith fully

Ms.B.Archana

Date:

Place:
 ANNEXURE-II

Permission for pilot study

This is to certify that the tool developed by B. ARCHANA, II year M.Sc. Nursing student of

Roohi College of Nursing, is allowed to permitted to conduct pilot study

in……………………………. institution for the purpose of her research work on the topic “ A

STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON

CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED

JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.

Signature

Name:

Designation:

Date:

place:
 ANNEXURE-III

Letter Seeking Permission for Conducting the study

To
…………………….
…………………….
…………………….
Respected Sir /Madam,

Sub: Seeking permission to conduct study.

With reference to the above subject , Ms. B. Archana is a 2nd year student of Master of
Nursing in our institution she has selected the following topic for her research project to be
submitted to Rajiv Gandhi University in partial fulfillment of the university requirements for the
award of Master of Nursing Degree.

Topic: “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT

GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.

Ms.B.Archana is in need of your esteemed help and co-operation as she is interested to

conduct her study in your esteemed institution .

I request you to kindly give the necessary permission to Ms.B.Archana to provide

facilities to work on the proposed project. Further details of the proposed study ,if required will
be furnished by the student personally.

Thanking you,
Yours Sincerely

Principal
Date:
Place:
 ANNEXURE-IV

Permission for Research study

This is to certify that the tool developed by B. ARCHANA, II year M.Sc. Nursing student

of Roohi College of Nursing, is allowed to permitted to conduct study

in…………………………….

institution for the purpose of her research work on the topic “ A STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION

OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT

BANGALORE”.

Signature

Name:

Designation:

Date:

place:
 ANNEXURE-V

Letter seeking expert’s opinion and suggestions on the content of the tool

From,
B. Archana
II YEAR M.Sc. Nursing,
Roohi College of Nursing,
Bangalore.

To
………………….
………………….
………………….

Through
The Principal,
Roohi College of Nursing,
Bangalore.

Respected Sir/Madam,

Sub: Seeking expert opinion and suggestions on content of the tool

I, B. Archana, II Year M.Sc. Nursing Student of Roohi College of Nursing, humbly request
you to go through the tool which is to be used for data collection of my dissertation to be
submitted to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, in partial
fulfillment of my University requirements for the award of the degree of Masters of Science in
Community Health Nursing.

The problem statement is. “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL

CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.

Here with I am enclosing a copy of:

a. Criteria check list for evaluation

b. Structured interview schedule
c. Content validity certificate
d. Blue Print
 With regard to this I request you to give your valuable suggestions regarding the
appropriateness of the tool, which I have enclosed. Kindly give your expert comments on the tool
by using the evaluation criteria, check list enclosed for modification of the tool.

I request you to kindly sign the certificate stating that the tool has been validated. Your
kind co-operation and your expert judgment will be highly appreciated.

Thanking you,

Date: B. ARCHANA
Place:
 ANNEXURE‐VI

Evaluation criteria checklist for validation of tool:

Instructions:

a. A structured interview schedule is developed. I request you to give your expert comments

and suggestions on the developed criteria

b. There are 3 columns given for responses, place a tick mark in the appropriate column and give

your remarks in the columns.

Interpretation of columns:

 Column 1 completely meets the criteria

 Column 2 partially meets the criteria

 Column 3 does not meet the criteria

 Remarks

c. The expert is requested to go through the following criteria checklist prepared for validating

the tool for assessing the knowledge regarding hypertension.

d. Your expert opinion and kind co‐operation will be highly appreciated.

Evaluation criteria checklist for validation of tool:

Tool has been constructed for data collection. It consists of two parts.

Section A - Deals with demographic data

Section B – Knowledge questionnaire

Areas Item Relevant Relevant to Not Suggestions

No. certain relevant

extent

Section A 3

Demographic 4

data 5

Section B: 1

Knowledge 2

questionnaire 3

10
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30
 ANNEXURE-VII

CERTIFICATE OF CONTENT VALIDITY

This is to certify that the tool developed by B. ARCHANA, II year M.Sc. Nursing student of

Roohi College of Nursing, undertaking a research on “ A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS

OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL

CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”. Has

been validated by me.

Signature:

Name:

Designation:

Date:

Seal:
 ANNEXURE-VIII

BLUE PRINT

Sl no Components No of items Percentage

01 Anatomy and 05 16.66

Physiology
02 05 16.66
Meaning &Etiology
03 Types &Clinical 05 16.66
features
04 Diagnosis 06 20
&Complications
05 Management 09 30
&Prevention
Total 30 100
 KEY ANSWERS

Q No Answer Q No Answer Q No Answer Q No Answer Q No Answer

1 A 7 A 13 C 19 A 25 B

2 B 8 A 14 B 20 B 26 A

3 C 9 A 15 B 21 A 27 B

4 A 10 A 16 B 22 A 28 A

5 A 11 A 17 A 23 B 29 B

6 D 12 A 18 A 24 A 30 A
 ANNEXURE-IX

Criteria of Evaluation

Each correct answer was given a score of ‘one’ mark

Each wrong answer was given ‘zero’ score.

The respondents are classified based on the levels of knowledge as

 Inadequate knowledge = Below 50 percentage (≤15)

 Moderately adequate knowledge = 51–75 percentage (16 – 23)

 Adequate knowledge = Above 75 percentage (24-30)

 ANNEXURE-X

CERTIFICATE OF EDITING

This is to certify that dissertation done by B. Archana, second year M.Sc. Nursing student,

Roohi college of Nursing, Bangalore, with the study titled“ A STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION

OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT

BANGALORE” has been edited by me.

Signature of Expert

Name :

Designation :

Place :
 ANNEXURE-XI

CONSENT OF THE SUBJECTS FOR PERMISSION IN THE STUDY

Dear Respondent,

I am M.Sc. Nursing student of the Roohi College of Nursing ,Bangalore,

conducting research study on “A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED

TEACHING PROGRAMME ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF CERVICAL CANCER AMONG

ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED JUNIOR COLLEGES AT BANGALORE”.I request you to answer

all the questions with the most appropriate responses with regard causes&prevention of cervical

cancer kindly do not leave any questions to answer .All the information provided will be kept

strictly confidential,kindly sign the consent form given below.

Thanking you,

Yours faith fully

B.ARCHANA

Consent Form

I…………………… here by consent for the above said study knowledge that all the

information provided by me would be treated with utmost confidentially.

Signature of participant

Name:

Place:

Date:
 ANNEXURE-XII

List of experts

List of experts consulted for the content validity of the tool.

1. Mrs.Siddamma

HOD,Department of community health

nursing Roohi college of nursing

Bangalore.

2. Mrs.Geetha suresh

Principal,Department of Medical&Surgical health

nursing Roohi college of nursing

Bangalore.

3. Mr. Surender.

Assot. professor of statistics,

College of B.S&H, University of Agriculture science,

Bangalore.

4. Mrs. Rani M.Sc. (N)

Principal,HOD

Bangalore city College of nursing

Bangalore
5. Mrs. Chandrakala M. Sc. (N).,Ph.d

Vice Principal

Sacred Heart Nursing College

Madurai.

6. Dr.Radha kumari,MBBS,DGO

Obstetrician&Gynecologist

Sai padham hospital

Bangalore.

7. Mrs. Vasantha Chitra. M.Sc. (N)

Vice Principal

Diana College of Nursing

Bangalore.

8. Mrs. Fuela Esther M. Sc. (N)

Asst Professor

M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Nursing Education and Research Institute

Bangalore.

9. Mrs. Kalaiselvi M. Sc. (N)

Asst. Professor

Sneha College of Nursing

Bangalore

10. Mrs. Sheeba M. Sc. (N)

 Asst. Professor

Kosheys College of Nursing

Bangalore

11. Mrs. Suresh M. Sc. (N)

Asst. Professor

Cheran’s College of Nursing

Coimbatore
STRUCTURED QUESTIONNARIE

These structured interview questionnaires consist of part-I &part-II.PART-I consist

of demographic variables & part-II Consist of knowledge questionarie.The interviewer will
administer the structured interview questionnaire &Get the response from the participants.The
participants have to give ( √ ) mark for the right answer will be scores as 1 mark &wrong answer
will be scored as 0 mark.
PART-I

DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

1. AGE IN YEARS

a) 15-25 ( )

b) 26-35

c) 36 - 45 )

2. EDUCATION

a) Illiterate ( )

b) Primary

c) Higher secondary

d) Gradutae and above

3. OCCUPATION

a) Housewife ( )

b) Labourer ( )

C)Private employee ( )

d) government employee
4. FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME

a)Between Rs3000-5000/- ( )

b)BetweenRs5001-8000/- ( )

c)AboveRs8001/- ( )

5. RELIGION

a)Hindu
( )
b)Muslim
( )
c)Christian
( )
d)Others
( )
6.TYPE OF FAMILY
a)Nuclear family
( )
b)Joint family
( )

7. PLACE OF RESIDENCE

a) Urban ( )

b) Rural ( )

8. SOURCE OF INFORMATION

a) Printed material ( )

b) Massmedia ( )

c) Friends&relatives ( )

d) Others ( )
 PART-II

1. Which are the following part of female reproductive system?

a. Vagina and Ovary ( )

b. Penis and Scrotum ( )
c. Testis and penis ( )
d. Scrotum and urethra ( )

2 .What is the function of Vagina.

a. Excretion of Urine and Serves as a birth canal ( )

b. Excretion of faces and serves as a birth canal ( )
c. Receptacle of penis and serves as a birth canal ( )
d. None. ( )

3 . What are the External genital organs ?

a Mens Pubis, Labia major a, labiaminora, clitoris, vestibule ( )

b Rectum, Colon, duodenum ( )
c. Bladder, Ureter, Urethra ( )
d Ovary, Cervix, fallopian tubes. ( )

4. What are the Internal genital Organs ?

a. Vagina , Uterus, Ovaries, Fallopian tubes ( )

b. Vulva , Urethra, Cervix ( )
c. Labia minora, Clitoris, Vestibule ( )
d. Small intestine , large intestine ( )

5. What is Cervix ?

a. Part of uterus ( )
b. Part of Bladder ( )
c. Part of rectum ( )
d. Part of stomach ( )

6. What is the function of cervix ?

a. Supporting structure for vagina during baby birth ( )

b. Excretion of urine and serves as birth canal ( )
c. Supporting structure for ovaries ( )
d. None ( )

7. What is cervical cancer ?

a. Abnormal proliferation of cells in the cervix [ ]
 b. Abnormal proliferation of cells in the vagina [ ]
c. Abnormal proliferation of cells in the uterus [ ]
d. None. [ ]

8 What is meant by HPV infection ?

a. Multiplication of Lymphocytes in the body [ ]

b. Entry of HPV in to the host [ ]
c. Pus discharge from venereal warts [ ]
d. Entry replication of HPV in the host cell [ ]

9. What are the two types of HPV viruses ?

a. HPV 1 and HPV 2 [ ]

b. HPV 2 and HPV 3 [ ]
c. HPV 1 and HPV 3 [ ]
d. HPV 3 and HPV 4 [ ]

10. Which one of the following virus effects the cervical cancer?

a. Human Enzyme virus [ ]

b. Human Papilloma Virus [ ]
c. Human immune deficiency virus [ ]
d. Human Anti Virus [ ]

11. Which age group women are Risk for Cervical cancer ?

a. 15-25 Years [ ]
b. 25-35 Years [ ]
c. 35-50 Years [ ]
d. None [ ]

12. What are the risk factors of cervical cancer ?

a. Lacking HPV vaccine [ ]

b. Poor Socio economic status [ ]
c. Grand Multi Para & Low immune power [ ]
d. All the above

13. What is the main causative factor for cervical cancer?

a. HPV infection [ ]
b. Sexually transmitted infection [ ]
c. Low socio economic status [ ]
d. Multiple sexual partners [ ]

14. When will we call it as cervical cancer?

 a. A condition of prolonged vaginal bleeding [ ]
b. A condition of prolonged vaginal discharge [ ]
c. A condition of getting opportunistic infections [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

15.What are the symptoms of cervical cancer .

a. Excessive vaginal bleeding and discharge [ ]

b. Lower abdominal pain [ ]
c. Swell on of legs, irregular menstrual cycles [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

16. Which are the symptoms of Cervical cancer ?

a. Neurological system. [ ]
b. Reproductive system [ ]
c. Lymphatic system [ ]
d. Respiratory system [ ]

17. What are the signs of cervical cancer ?

a. Lower abdominal pain [ ]

b. Excessive [ ]
c. Swell on Legs [ ]
d. None [ ]

18 . What are the two important diagnostic tests for cervical cancer ?

a. Pap smear and colposcopy [ ]

b. Cone biopsy and Physical examination [ ]
c. CT scan and MRI Scan [ ]
d. None [ ]

19 In which stage we can diagnose the cervical cancer ?

a. Stage I [ ]
b. Stage II [ ]
c. Stage III [ ]
d. Stage IV [ ]

18. Which method is used for treatment of cervical cancer ?

a. Chemotherapy [ ]
b. Radiation [ ]
c. Surgical Procedure [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

19. Which one of the following measures can help to decrease the cervical cancer?

a. taking appropriate drugs [ ]

b. Taking appropriate diet [ ]
 c. Radiation and maintaining good personal hygiene [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

20. Which Medications has to use for cervical cancer patient ?

a. Antibiotics [ ]
b Antipyretics [ ]
c Chemotherapeutic drugs [ ]
d Antidepressants [ ]

21. Which therapy is used for advance stage of cervical cancer ?

a. Radio therapy [ ]
b. Chemotherapy [ ]
c. Combination therapy [ ]
d. Antiretroviral therapy [ ]

24. What is the surgical management for cervical cancer ?

a. Hysterectomy [ ]
b. Tubectomy [ ]
c. cystectomy [ ]
d. Appendectomy [ ]

25. Which is the fore most complication that occurs in cervical cancer ?

a. Liver failure and Insomnia [ ]

b. Shock and cardiac failure [ ]
c. Respiratory failure [ ]
d. Infection [ ]

26. What should do when complication arises in cervical cancer ?

a. Provide continuous IV fluids [ ]

b. Report the signs and symptoms as early as possible [ ]
c. Provide psychological support [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

27. How can we prevent the cervical cancer ?

a. HPV Vaccine [ ]
b. Precancerous treatment [ ]
c. Avoid multiple sexual partners [ ]
d. All the above [ ]

28. Which vaccine should use for cervical cancer ?

a. BCG vaccine
b. DPT vaccine [ ]
c. HPV vaccine [ ]
d. Polio vaccine [ ]
29. When we have to give the HPV vaccine for women?

a. State-I & II [ ]
b. Stage-II & III [ ]
c. Stage-III & IV [ ]
d. Precancerous stage [ ]

30. How many doses of vaccine is needed ?

a. Single dose [ ]
b. Double dose [ ]
c. Booster dose [ ]
d. None [ ]
85
 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sample Setting
Size Vijaya Preuniversity
SAMPLE 100 College
(Adolescent girls) Adolescent Bangalore
girls

Post Test
On Causes and Sampling
Prevention of Technique
Cervical Cancer Probability
Sampling
technique

Intervention
Prevention Research
Structured Teaching Causes &
Of cervical Pre Test Tool
Programme Prevention
Cancer Structured
On Causes and Of cervical Pre Test
questionnaire
Prevention of Cervical Cancer
Cancer
 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK BASED ON ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL

INPUT THROUGH PUT OUT PUT

ASSESSMENT

 Age EVALUATION
PLANNING Samples obtained
 Education
 Religion ‐ To Prepare tool Knowledge on
 Occupation ‐ Validity of tool Causes & Prevention
 Family Income ‐ Preparation of Of cervical cancer
 Type of family final
 Place of Residency Draft fro tool
 Sources of Information

NURSING DIAGNOSIS

 Knowledge deficit related to

causes & prevention of Cx IMPELMENTATION
cancer
‐ Administered
 Amiety related to symptoms
questionnaire
‐ Administered Health
Education on causes &
prevention of cervical
EXPECTED OUTCOMES cancer

Acquired knowledge on causes & prevention

of cervical cancer