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WORKABILITY RETENTION POTENTIALS OF CLASS C AND F POZZOLANS

AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CEMENT PROPERTIES

Ja’e I.A1, Sulaiman, T.A1*, Abdurrahman, A.A1and Abdulkadir, I2

1
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Bayero University Kano.

ABSTRACT

This study examines the potentials of some Class C and F Pozzolans in workability retention of concrete and
their effect on cement properties. Percentage replacement of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were adopted in
the study. Class F Pozzolans considered are; Cassava Peel Ash (CPA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Saw Dust
Ash (SDA) while Class C Pozzolans considered are Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA), Palm Kernel Shell Ash
(PKSA), and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA). A total of Fourteen (14) concrete mixes were prepared, 2 mixes
for each Pozzolan, including control sample. Changes in properties of the binder are investigated by
conducting consistency, setting time, and soundness test on cement samples. Results of physical properties
of binder obtained conformed to BS EN 197-1, 2001. Slump losses up to 45mm in 40 minutes for RHA and
PSA at 5% replacement, while for higher percentage replacement more slump lost were recorded. Up to 50
mm slump loss in 40 minutes was recorded for 5% and 10% replacement. Soundness for all Pozzolans at all
replacement was found to be within the acceptable limit of 10 mm. These findings revealed the potential of
Pozzolanic material in slump controlled concreting, which can be utilised in Slip form paving concrete with
little or no admixture.

Keyword: Concrete, Workability retention, Slump, Pozzolan, Cement Properties

*Correspondence: tasiuashirusulaiman@gmail.com

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1. INTRODUCTION
Hydration of Portland cement is the reaction of Portland
cement with water. Early hydration of Portland cement is
principally controlled by the amount of tricalcium
aluminate, balanced by the amount and type of sulphate
(gypsum) inter-ground with the cement (Neville, 2003).
Generally, cement hydrates by progressive absorption of
water into the grain followed by the formation of Calcium
Silicate Hydrates (CHS). With every 20 litres of water lost
into the cement, the grain will roughly reduce the
workability by half, combined with the increased
integration between the hydration product being formed
results in progressive workability loss ( Advanced
concrete technology, 2003).
Pozzolanic materials as additive cementitious materials
have over the years been used as a partial replacement for
cement in quite a number of research (Ibrahim et al.,
2015). Pozzolanic material is majorly sourced from
Agricultural waste (Ganesan, 2008). Addition of Pozzolan
in excess of 10% in concrete is reported to cause faster
water absorption when compared with concrete produced
with 100% cement (Ja’e et al., 2018). However, Udoeyo
et al. (2006) reported slump results of concrete to contain
Wood Waste Ash (WWA) of varying replacement of 0, 5,
10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% by weight of cement. The results
revealed that WA concrete exhibited less workability than
plain concrete of the same water-cement ratio. According
to Ja’e et al., (2018), the slump is very important in
accessing the workability of concrete which in turn may
predict the final finishing and even strength of concrete.
High workability retention may be required in concrete
works involving dense reinforcement, where the
placement of concrete may require pumping, also where
the distance between the point of production and point of
placement is considerably far to cause alarming slump
loss. In some situations, concrete may be required to
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controllably set faster, in which case concrete set
accelerators may be required.
In slip forming, controlled setting of concrete is very
crucial, especially in vertical slip forming like Silo
construction, where formwork is jacked at intervals
ranging from 15minutes to 30 minutes. In horizontal Slip
forming as it applies in road median construction,
controlled slump concrete is utilized in continuous
concreting over a long distance. Also, the final concrete
mix in floors construction may be required to have
accelerated setting time to facilitate finishing at the same
time. Same may also be necessary for rigid pavement
construction.
Concrete set accelerators reduce the time required for the
mix to change from plastic to hardened state by at least
30minutes (Advanced Concrete technology, 2003).
Chemical interaction with the cement hydration process
typically causes an acceleration or retardation of the rate
of one or more of the cement phases. Previous studies on
slump retention of concrete due to partial replacement of
various Pozzolanic materials (i.e. Coconut shell ash
(CSA), Saw dust ash (SDA), Periwinkle shell ash (PSA)
and Rice husk ash (RHA)) reveal drastic slump loss with
increasing percentage replacement (Ja’e et al., 2018).
Calcium chloride is one of the most effective set concrete
accelerators that give both setting and hardening
characteristics but reported to have the disadvantage of
affecting steel in concrete. The possible application of these
Pozzolans will mitigate the side effect of Calcium chloride.
Therefore, the ranges of percentage replacements of
pozzolanic material for optimum compressive strength has
been recommended in literature with no proper consideration
to the rate of slump/workability retention of the resulting
concrete after replacements. This paper seeks to investigate
the relationship between percentage replacement of pozzolan
and water retention of the resulting pozzolan.
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2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Materials Lime cement (PLC) obtained from open market in

Pozzolanic Materials considered in this study are Cassava Samaru-Zaria in Kaduna, Northern part of Nigeria.

Peels Ash (CPA), Saw Dust Ash (SDA), Rice Husk Ash 2.1.1 Fine aggregate
(RHA), Periwinkle Shell Ash (PSA), Palm kernel Shell
The sand was sourced from Samaru campus of Ahmadu
Ash (PKSA), and Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA). Ashes
Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. It was thoroughly flushed
used were obtained by open burning of Cassava Peels
with water to reduce the level of impurities and organic
(CP), Saw Dust (SD), Rice Husk (RH), Periwinkle Shell
matter and then sun-dried, it conformed to the requirement
(PS), Palm kernel Shell (PKS), and Locust Bean Pod
of BS 882(1982). The sand used is classified as zone -1
(LBP) respectively after carefully removing all extraneous
based on BS 882 (1992) grading limits for fine aggregates,
material. The products were sieved through BS No 200
and the particle size distribution of the sand is presented
sieve (75m). Cement used was an Ordinary Portland
in table 1

Table 1: Particle Size Distribution of the Sand

Sieve Retained(%) Cummulative Sieve Retained(%) Cummulative

size passing (%) size passing (%)
(mm) (mm)

6.3 3.30 95.61 0.600 21.77 21.83

5.0 5.12 90.49 0.425 14.10 7.73
3.4 9.50 80.99 0.300 3.10 4.63
2.0 15.64 65.35 0.15 2.28 2.35
1.2 21.75 43.60 0.063 2.15 0.20

2.1.2 Course aggregate The coarse aggregate is crushed granite of nominal size of
20 mm with a specific gravity of 2.67 and the particle size
distribution of coarse aggregates is presented in table 2.

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Table 2: Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregates

Sieve Retained(%) Cummulative Sieve Retained(%) Cummulative

size passing (%) size passing (%)
(mm) (mm)
75 0.00 100.00 13.5 70.85 14.45
63 0.00 100.00 10 13.53 0.92
50 0.00 100.00 6.3 0.35 0.57
37.6 0.00 100.00 5.0 0.26 0.31
28 0.00 100.00 3.4 0.00 0.31
20 14.70 85.30 2.0 0.05 0.26

2.2.1 Concrete mix design Concrete grade C30 was designed using (DOE Method)
and the mix proportions are presented in table 3

Table 3: Concrete mix proportions

Materials Cement CPA SDA RHA PSA PKSA LBPA Sand Aggregate Water
(%) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg)
0 350 0 0 0 0 0 0 760 1050 185
5 332.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 760 1050 185
10 299.25 33.25 33.25 33.25 33.25 33.25 33.25 760 1050 185
15 254.36 44.89 44.89 44.89 44.89 44.89 44.89 760 1050 185
20 203.49 50.87 50.87 50.87 50.87 50.87 50.87 760 1050 185

2.2.2 Chemical oxide composition of Pozzolanic
material.
Chemical oxide composition was determined using X-ray
Fluorescence (XRF) analysis at National Geological
Centre, Kaduna.
2.2.3 Consistency, Setting time and Soundness test
Consistency, setting time and soundness test were
conducted on the cement sample as per BS EN 196-
3:1995, using adopted percentage replacement of 0%, 5%,
10%,
15% and 20% to study the possible change in properties
of cement and concrete.
2.2.4 Slump retention test
In studying slump retention of concrete, a control sample
was cast with zero per cent (0%) Pozzolan replacement.
Mix was conducted using an electric driven concrete
mixing machine at 17 rev/min according to B.S – 4550-
3.4:1978, for 3 minutes. First Slump test was performed
immediately after mixing, the sample was placed in the
mixer, slightly mixed and covered to avoid loss of water

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(mixer remained off), Second slump test was conducted attempt to get the best reflection of the behaviour at each
after 10 minutes and subsequently at an interval of 10 percentage, different concrete mix with 10%, 15% and
minutes to a maximum of 60 minutes. 20% were conducted and in each case slump was
Considering RHA, concrete with 5% replacement was monitored at 10-minute interval. The same procedure was
mixed with slump monitored at 10 minutes interval. In an replicated for CPA, SDA and PSA.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Chemical Oxide Composition of Pozzolanic
Material
Table 4, presents the oxide composition of the Pozzolans
considered in this study. Analysis of result with respect to
ASTM C618 (2000), shows that combined percentage
composition of 𝑆𝑖 𝑂2 , 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 for SDA, CPA
and RHA are 71.53%, 73.05% and 89.01%, respectively.
Hence, classified as Class F Pozzolan since combined
composition is greater than 70% which is the minimum
requirement stated in the code. While PSA, PKSA and
LBPA are classified as Class C Pozzolans since Combined
percentage composition of 𝑆𝑖 𝑂2 , 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 are
50.6%, 63.56% and 66.57% respectively. Which is a
greater than the minimum presented by the code for Class
C Pozzolans.

Table 4: Oxide composition of Pozzolanic material.

Composition (%)

Portland
Chemical
lime SDA CSA RHA PSA PKSA LBPA
oxide
Cement

20.07 65.3 45.05 86 32.84 54.81 39.01

2.92 4.0 15.6 1.16 11.20 11.4 13.05

1.36 2.23 12.4 1.85 6.02 0.36 11.5

67.88 9.6 0.57 0.64 40.84 8.79 15.71

1 5.8 16.2 0.77 0.47 6.11 2.01

1.7 0.11 0.52 2.54 0.15 2.54 1.21
1.16 0.07 0.45 1.44 0.24 1.44 0.24

3.2 Consistency presented in Figure 1. For every mix, a gauging time of 2-

Consistencies of cement partially replaced with 5 minute was considered while ensuring penetration
Pozzolanic material at varying percentage replacement are of 6 ± 1𝑚𝑚.

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50

40 Control
Consistency (%)
SDA
30
CPA
20
RHA
10 PSA

0 PKSA
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% LBPA
Pozzolan Content

Figure 1: Consistency of Cement partially replaced with varying percentage of different Pozzolanic materials.

The results of CPA as presented in Figure 1 above has the
lowest consistency, an average of 27% at all percentage
replacement compared to control (29%) and other
samples, indicating a lower
Consistencies of other Pozzolans considered are averagely
within the same margin but with the exception of LBPA,
which has the highest consistency ranging from 35% to
44%. The variation in the consistencies occurs may be due
variation in their chemical compositions. Consistencies at
percentage replacement up to15% consistencies are within
the limit of 26-32% as specified in BS4450 part 3, 1978,
except LBPA. At 20% replacement, consistencies of RHA
water requirement. and PKSA is 31% and 32% respectively above the limit
specified by the code.
3.3 Initial setting time
Figure 2 presents the initial setting time of cement control
samples and cement partially replaced with Pozzolans at a
varying percentage.

400
Initial Setting Time (Min)

350
Control
300
250 SDA
200 CPA
150 RHA
100
PSA
50
PKSA
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% LBPA
Pozzolan Content

Figure 2: Initial setting time of Cement partially replaced with varying percentage of different Pozzolanic material

Comparing results presented in Figure 2 with a minimum
of 45 minutes initial setting time provisions of BS 12: Part
1:1991 and BS4450: Part 3: Section 3.7, 1978. For all
Pozzolan, initial setting time is higher than the initial
setting time of control sample of 100 minutes. CPA,
despite having lower consistency have higher initial
setting time ranging from 176 minutes to 211 minutes
from 5% to 20% replacement while RHA and PSA had
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lowest initial setting times of 177 and 179minutes at 20%
replacement respectively. This trend indicated the initial
delay in early strength development of concrete due to the
addition of RSA and PSA. CPA and SDA had higher
initial setting time when compared with the control
sample, RHA and PSA, indicating a further delay in initial
setting time. All initial setting time are all more than 45
minutes.
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3.4 Final Setting time Final Setting time of cement sample partially replaced
with varying percentage replacement of Pozzolanic
material is presented in Figure 3.

450
400
Final Setting Time (Min)

350
Control
300
SDA
250
CPA
200
RHA
150
PSA
100
50 PKSA

0 LBPA
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Pozzolan Content

Figure 3: Final setting time of Cement partially replaced with varying percentage of different Pozzolanic material

Stepped increment of Pozzolanic material results in an
increase in final setting time of Pozzolanic material
considered ranging from 183 minutes to 414 minutes for
PKS. For PSA final setting times ranges from 215 minutes
at 5% to 292 minutes at 20% replacement, which indicates
the tendency of the Pozzolanic material in increasing the
final setting time of the final product by 3 hours 35
minutes at 5%, 3 hours 59 minutes at 10%, 4 hours 11
minutes at 15% and 1 hour 42 minutes respectively when
compared with the control which have a final setting time
of 190 minutes.
Final setting time of all Pozzolans considered is within the
acceptable limit of not more than 600 minutes, as
prescribed in BS 12: Part 1:1991 and BS4450: Part 3:
Section 3.7, 1978.
3.4 Soundness of cement partially replaced with
Pozzolan
Figure 4 shows soundness variation with a stepped
increment for Pozzolan considered.

2.5

2 Control
Soundness (mm)

SDA
1.5
CPA
1
RHA
0.5 PSA
PKSA
0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% LBPA
Pozzolan Content

Figure 4: Soundness of Cement partially replaced with varying percentage of different Pozzolanic material
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Expansion properties of the Cement-Pozzolan binder
reflect steady increment in soundness property for all
samples considered. Expansion ranging from 0.3mm and
1.1mm for 5% and 20% were recorded for CPA, 0.5 mm
to 1.7 mm for 5% to 20% replacement for RHA. PSA and
SDA resulting binders have the highest soundness of
2.0mm at 20% replacement.
Expansion of Pozzolans at percentage replacements
considered is within the acceptable limit of 10 mm as
stipulated in BS4450: Part 3: Section 3.7, 1978.
3.5 Slump retention of concrete at varying percentage
replacement of Pozzolanic material
Figure 5 illustrates the Slump retention of grade C30
concrete control sample at 10 minutes interval. For
concrete control sample (0% replacement) produced,
slump loss of 110 mm was recorded in 50 minutes. Which
means the concrete was only able to retain the slump for a
maximum of 50 minutes, after which non-workable slump
of 0 mm was recorded.

120
100
Slump (mm)

80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Time (min)

Figure 5: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for control sample (C30)

Slump retention of concrete partially replaced with SDA replacement retained slump of 60 mm and 57 mm for 40
at stepped increment is presented in Figure 6. The result minutes respectively. While 15% and 20% replacement
indicates that concrete produced with SDA at 5% and 10% slump of 62 mm and 49 mm were retained for 30 minutes.

140
120
100
SLUMP (MM)

Control
80
5%
60
10%
40
15%
20
20%
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
SLUMP RETENTION WITH SDA (MIN)

Figure 6: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for cement sample partially replaced with SDA

Figure 7 shows slump retention of concrete partially with an increase in percentage CPA. In each case, there is
replaced with CPA at the 10-minute interval. Compared an average variation of 32 mm in slump between the
to the control sample, reduction in a slump is recorded control sample and PLC-CPA concrete, indicating an

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increase in water absorption as a result of the addition of
CPA. With 5% and 10% replacement, 51.5 mm slump was
retained for 40 minute, which is higher than the 30
minutes retention for OPLC-SDA. While at 15%, 47 mm
slump was retained for 30 minutes and 56 mm for 20
minutes at 20% replacement.
This shows that a PLC-CPA (20%) with an initial slump
of 86 mm could only be workable for 20 minutes, while
PLC-CPA (15%) with an initial slump of 90 mm will only
be workable for 30 minutes. By implication, depending on
the volume of concrete, the use of additive may be
inevitable.

140
120
100
Slump (mm)

Control
80
5%
60
10%
40
20 15%

0 20%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Slump Retention with CPA (min)

Figure 7: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for cement sample partially replaced with CPA

From figure 8 only at 5% replacement was 56mm retained This shows higher slump loss with increasing percentage
for 40minute, while at 10%, 15% and 20%, the slump of replacement compared to SDA and CPA.
58 mm, 51 mm and 49 mm were retained for 30 minutes.

140
120
100
Slump (mm)

Control
80
5%
60
10%
40
15%
20
0 20%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Slump Retention with PSA (Min)

Figure 8: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for cement partially replaced with PSA

Slump retention of concrete partially replaced with RHA This indicates higher water absorption. This is also similar
is presented in Figure 9.20% replacement slump retention to retention property exhibited by PLC-PSA. This is also
of 41 mm for 20 minutes was recorded, while at 5% similar to the result presented by Aboshio et al., (2018)
replacement 51 mm slump was retained for 40 minutes.

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140
120
100

Slump (mm)
Control
80
5%
60
40 10%
20 15%
0 20%
0 10 20 30 40 50
Slump Retention with RHA (Min)

Figure 9: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for cement partially replaced with RHA

Figure 10 presents workability retention of concrete achieved. 15% replacement retained slum of 50 mm for
produced from partially replacing cement with PKSA at 30 minutes while at 5% and 10% replacement, slumps of
stepped increment. 20% replacement only retained slump 65 mm and 56 mm slump were retained for 40 minutes.
of 38 mm for 20 minutes after which a true slump was

140
120
100
Slump (mm)

Control
80
5%
60
10%
40
20 15%
0 20%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Slump Retention with PKSA

Figure 10: Workability retention at 10 minute interval for cement partially replaced with PKSA

Workability retention of concrete partially replaced with retained for 30 minutes, while at 5% and 10%
LBSA is presented in Figure 11. At 5%, 10% and 15% replacements, slumps of 63 mm and 59 mm were retained
replacement slump of 77 mm, 72 mm and 51 mm were for 40 minutes respectively

140
120
100 Control
Slump (mm)

80 5%
60 10%
40 15%
20 20%
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

. Slump Retention with LBPA

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Figure 11: Slump retention at 10 minute interval for cement partially replaced with LBPA
4. CONCLUSION
From results and discussion presented, the following
conclusions are valid for the effect of selected Pozzolanic
materials on slump retention of concrete.
1. Slump retention in concrete decreases with a stepped
increase of Pozzolanic material. With the lowest slump
and slump retention time recorded for PSA and RHA.
2. Considering the chemical composition of pozzolan
considered, PSA (50.06%) appears to be least reactive
while RHA (89.01 %,) has the highest reactivity.
3. Concrete produced by partially replacing with SDA and
CPA at 5 and 10% appears to retain slump up to 60 mm at
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