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Guia Del Usuario - ProII 94
Guia Del Usuario - ProII 94
Guia Del Usuario - ProII 94
PRO/II® 9.4
User Guide
September 2015
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Using PRO/II........................................................................................ 1
Before Starting PRO/II ..................................................................................... 1
Starting PRO/II.................................................................................................. 2
PRO/II Main Window Components ................................................................. 3
Using the Menus .............................................................................................. 6
Using the PFD Floating Palette ...................................................................... 7
Using the PFD Palette Button......................................................................... 8
Using the Toolbars .......................................................................................... 8
Using the Customize Icon Pallette ................................................................ 9
Using the PRO/II Main Window.....................................................................20
Table of Contents - I
Opening a New Simulation ...........................................................................29
Opening an Existing Simulation...................................................................30
Saving the Current Simulation .....................................................................31
Closing a Simulation .....................................................................................33
Deleting a Simulation ....................................................................................33
Copying a Simulation ....................................................................................34
Importing a PRO/II Keyword Input File ........................................................36
Keyword Features without PRO/II GUI support ..........................................37
Keyword Features Imported in “Run-Only” Mode .......................................37
Exporting Simulation Data to a File .............................................................40
Export Simulation Data to a Keyword File...................................................41
Exporting the Flowsheet Drawing to the Clipboard .....................................42
Exporting Stream or Unit Property Table Data............................................42
Exporting Stream Property Table Data to Stream Report Writer ................43
Exporting the PFD to an AutoCAD ..............................................................43
Exporting Tag Data to a File........................................................................44
Exporting Data to Excel Using Spreadsheet Tools ....................................44
Copying Property Table Data to the Clipboard...........................................45
Copying/Pasting Stream Data in an Excel Sheet........................................45
Table of Contents - V
®
Column RATEFRAC Packing Options .....................................................186
®
RATEFRAC Transport Calculation Methods ...........................................186
Tray Efficiencies ........................................................................................187
Side Columns ............................................................................................188
Print Options..............................................................................................188
Thermodynamic Systems..........................................................................188
Column, Liquid–Liquid Extraction .............................................................189
Column Algorithm ......................................................................................190
Pressure Profile .........................................................................................191
Heaters and Coolers..................................................................................191
Initial Estimates .........................................................................................191
Performance Specifications.......................................................................192
Print Options..............................................................................................193
Thermodynamic Options ...........................................................................193
Column, Side ................................................................................................194
Solution Methods.......................................................................................194
Compressor..................................................................................................196
Pressure, Work, or Head Specification .....................................................197
Controller......................................................................................................200
Counter Current Decanter...........................................................................202
Crystallizer....................................................................................................203
Cyclone .........................................................................................................206
Rotary Drum Filter .......................................................................................212
Solids Dryer..................................................................................................213
Melter/Freezer...............................................................................................216
Depressuring Unit........................................................................................217
Dissolver.......................................................................................................223
Filtering Centrifuge......................................................................................224
Excel Unit......................................................................................................231
Data Transfer Sheet ..................................................................................234
Expander.......................................................................................................237
Flash..............................................................................................................239
Flash With Solids .........................................................................................242
Flowsheet Optimizer....................................................................................243
Heat Exchanger, LNG ..................................................................................248
Heat Exchanger, Air Cooled .......................................................................250
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous..........................................................................251
Heat Exchanger, Simple..............................................................................260
Heating/Cooling Curves ..............................................................................264
Mixer..............................................................................................................273
Multivariable Controller...............................................................................274
Phase Envelope ...........................................................................................276
PIPEPHASE Unit Operation ........................................................................278
Pipe ...............................................................................................................281
Line/Fitting Data ........................................................................................283
Line Sizing Data ........................................................................................284
Polymer Reactor ..........................................................................................285
Procedure Data ............................................................................................286
Procedure Code ........................................................................................287
Pump .............................................................................................................295
Reaction Data ...............................................................................................296
Reactor..........................................................................................................299
Conversion and Equilibrium Reactors ......................................................300
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ..............................................................301
Plug Flow Reactor .......................................................................................301
Boiling Pot Reactor .....................................................................................304
Gibbs Reactor ..............................................................................................305
Unit Reaction Definitions ............................................................................307
Reactor, Batch..............................................................................................311
Solid Separator ............................................................................................312
Splitter...........................................................................................................313
Stream Calculator ........................................................................................315
Index ....................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents - IX
Chapter 1
Using PRO/II
This chapter describes how to start and exit PRO/II. In addition, it reviews some
basic Windows features as they appear in PRO/II and briefly describes how to
use them.
Control Menu Box Displays a menu with commands for sizing, moving
and closing the active window.
Title Bar Identifies the application and the name of the open
file; can be used to move the entire window.
Minimize Button Reduces the application window to an icon.
Maximize/Restore Enlarges a window to full screen or restores it to its
Button default size
The minimize and maximize buttons automatically adjust the size of a window.
Button Description
To delete a tab:
¾ Highlight a tab.
¾ Click Delete. A message appears on the screen to confirm the actions for
deleting.
Button Description
Help/What is Help Displays help for the object you point to.
General Approach
This chapter provides a quick overview of the use of PRO/II for solving
engineering problems. A suggested basic approach is given as well as helpful
explanations of the information flow in PRO/II. Sample data entry windows are
given to illustrate data entry for PRO/II. Step-by-step examples are available in
the PRO/II Tutorial Guide. Online help is also available.
You have already learned that PRO/II gives you great flexibility and numerous
options when supplying simulation data. For many items of data, default values
are supplied. A color code informs you when data are required, supplied by
default, out of normal ranges, or missing.
Note: You must supply data for all red-bordered fields or red-linked text
(including data required) before running your simulation.
Problem data may be supplied in almost any order: PRO/II warns you when
required data are missing. However, it is still best to follow a logical path when
supplying simulation data. For example, some options such as stream
compositions are dependent upon the components selected. Some unit
operations, such as the flash drum, have features that are dependent on the
thermodynamic data. For some other unit operations, performance specifications
based on the components in the system are the preferred way to define the
operation.
For these reasons, the following approach is recommended when building a
simulation flowsheet.
PRO/II lets you know, by color code, when sufficient information has been
supplied to perform the calculations. When all of the borders on the toolbar icons
have changed from red (indicating missing data) to green or blue, you are ready
to run your simulation. At this point, you may click the Run (right arrow) icon on
Streams
Click the Streams button on the top of the floating PFD palette. The PFD is now
in stream mode and a small “S” is attached to the cursor. You will notice that all
possible exit ports for each unit operation are now marked. Required outlet ports
are colored in red; green is used to mark optional ports. PRO/II adds each
stream to the flowsheet in an orthogonal manner, following a rectangular grid
pattern.
As soon as a valid flowsheet has been built, i.e., all required inlet, outlet, and
connector streams have been added for all the process units, the red border
around the Streams button on the PFD palette changes to blue.
Required Data
Now that the flowsheet has been built, it’s time to supply the required data for the
calculations: the components and thermodynamic methods must be defined, inlet
feed streams and, optionally, recycle streams must be supplied, and the
operating conditions for the unit operations must be specified.
Components
To define the components, select Input/Component Selection from the menu bar
or click on the benzene ring toolbar icon to open the Component Selection main
Thermodynamic Methods
Stream Information
The identifiers for feed streams requiring input data are marked with red borders
indicating that information is missing. Stream information is supplied in the
Stream Data main data entry window which is reached by double-clicking a
stream identifier. The predefined stream identifier may also be changed in this
window.
Three types of information must be supplied in this window: the thermal condition
of the stream, the flow rate for the stream, and the composition of the stream. For
petroleum assay streams, the assay data are provided instead of the composition
data, and PRO/II defines the stream composition for you in terms of petroleum
pseudo-components.
Although optional, it is good practice to provide reasonable estimates for recycle
tear streams in order to accelerate convergence of problem recycle calculations.
Optional Data
Miscellaneous Data
All data entries in these categories are optional because PRO/II provides default
values for all the options. In some cases, global values may be used to supply
the defaults, as explained in Chapter 4, Building a Flowsheet.
Miscellaneous data categories include problem descriptive information, the
calculation sequence, recycle convergence options, flowsheet tolerances, and
the scaling of product streams.
Problem descriptive information is optional; however, it can be beneficial to
document a simulation model for future users. This information includes a project
name, problem name, user name, date, site, and problem description. This
information is supplied in the Problem Descriptive Information window, which is
accessed by clicking the toolbar icon with the printed page icon
or by selecting Input/Input Description from the menu bar.
For most problems, the calculation order determined by PRO/II is satisfactory. To
supply your own sequence, click the toolbar icon with the two connected
flowsheet blocks or select the Input/Calculation Sequence from the menu bar.
Definitions of recycle loops are automatic. To define your own loops, or to use
acceleration techniques, click the toolbar icon with the flowsheet loop icon to
enter the Problem Recycle Convergence and Acceleration Options window or
select the Input/Recycle Convergence from the menu bar.
Default Data
To simplify data input, PRO/II supplies default options and values wherever
practical. Default values supplied by PRO/II are printed in black in a data entry
field with a green border, or in the case of linked text, in green. For example, the
default number of iterations for a column unit operation using the IO method is
supplied as 15. Entries which you must always supply are indicated with a color
red because they have no default values.
While it is not necessary to replace a default entry to satisfy PRO/II input
requirements, default data should be inspected carefully to ascertain that they
meet your requirements. After replacing a default value, the border color for the
data entry field changes to blue, indicating that you have supplied this value. For
linked-text strings, the color of the linked text is also changed to blue, indicating
that you have replaced the default value.
¾ Convert by Keywords – This will extract the backup .inp file from the
.prz file and re-import by using the .sfd file present inside the simulation.
This button will be disabled for the simulations, which were created prior
to PRO/II v8.1 as the backup .inp file was not available.
¾ Convert by Schema – This will copy the data from the old database to
the new database.
¾ Open in 8.3x – If PRO/II v9.3 is installed in your machine, then you can
open the simulation in PRO/II v8.3 without migrating the file to the new
database.
¾ Click Cancel to exit from the window.
Closing a Simulation
You should save a simulation before closing it, although PRO/II will prompt you
to save changes for an existing simulation.
To close a simulation:
¾ Choose File/Close from the menu bar.
If you close a simulation without first saving the simulation files, you lose any
changes you made to the simulation since the last save.
Deleting a Simulation
You can delete any simulation except the current (active) simulation at any time.
Copying a Simulation
You can copy all files associated with a simulation (one flowsheet and three
database files) to a target simulation you name. You can copy to new or existing
file. If you copy to an existing file, PRO/II verifies if you want to overwrite the
existing file.
Spreadsheet tools are Excel template files and macros that can read information
in the PRO/II simulation database to generate reports or perform additional on-
the-spot calculations. They can also update data in the simulation database itself
using data from an Excel spreadsheet.
They offer functionality similar to the export functions described earlier, but
export data directly to Microsoft Excel instead of to a disk file. Each
Tools/Spreadsheet menu item can be used to start a spreadsheet tool.
¾ From the Tools menu, choose Spreadsheet. The list of currently installed
tools will appear in a side menu.
¾ Click the desired tool to export data and automatically launch Excel.
Note: Microsoft Excel must be installed on your system to use these tools.
Additionally, since these tools use macros to export the data, macros must be
enabled in Excel. If Excel displays a security dialog, choose “Enable macros”.
PRO/II comes pre-installed with some default spreadsheet tools. They can be
used to create tables of stream properties, component flow rates, or distillation
reports. They also can generate property tables and other reports for a limited
number of supported unit operations.
Use the buttons labeled Copy / Paste to copy and paste the stream data to and
from an Excel sheet. This enables the user to enter and analyze the data with
ease. The feature is implemented in all dialog boxes where the data is
represented in XY grid. XY grid has the following properties:
The grid origin is numbered 0.0.
• The X and Y axis divide the grid into 4 quadrants.
• Display any grid variable as a distinct value per cell or smoothly varying.
• No duplicate values are allowed.
Note: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X can be used a shortcut to COPY, PASTE and CUT
respectively.
Figure 4-3: Default Units of Measure for Problem Data Input Window
¾ Select different dimensional units for data input for each individual
category or choose Initialize from UOM Library... to automatically fill in
the defaults from another set.
¾ Click Standard Vapor Conditions... to enter the Problem Standard Vapor
Condition window. The default temperature and pressure basis are
shown in the data entry fields and may be replaced or the standard vapor
volume per mole may be replaced, not both. PRO/II default values are:
¾ Note in the following table that standard conditions for liquid molar
volume are different than standard vapor conditions.
Liquid Mole
Temperature Pressure Vapor Volume Volume
3
English 600
°F 14.696 psia 379.48 ft /lb-mol 77F
1.0332 3
Metric 0°C 2 22.414 m /kg-mol 25C
kg/cm
3
SI 273.15 K 101.32 kPa 22.414 m /kg-mol 298.15K
Snapping
When connecting two units with a stream PRO/II will adjust or “snap” the unit
icon positions to straighten the connecting stream. By default, units you add to or
move in the PFD main window snap to an invisible grid. You can turn grid
snapping off.
¾ Select Unit Snapping. The disappears from the Unit Snapping check
box.
Canceling a Connection
To cancel a stream connection:
¾ Click the right mouse button or press <Esc>.
Labeling a Stream
PRO/II software automatically labels each stream you place on the PFD main
window. By default, the label consists of an S followed by an auto incrementing
number. You can change the label of a stream by changing it on its data entry
window or on the Find and Rename Streams window.
To re-label a stream:
¾ Double-click the stream you want to re-label. The Stream Data window
appears.
¾ Type over the default name for Stream.
¾ Choose OK.
This stream will now show the new label; other streams retain the original
labeling scheme.
Also, you can rename one or more streams through Find & Rename Streams
window.
¾ Click Find & Rename Streams on the View menu. The Find & Rename
Streams window appears.
¾ In the Rename field, enter the new name of the stream.
¾ Click Preview to see the changes.
¾ Click Apply or OK to apply the changes.
To move a stream:
¾ Click and hold the left mouse button at an end of the stream you want to
move.
¾ Drag the stream to the new location.
¾ Release the mouse button to drop the stream in place.
Rerouting Streams
As you add new connections, PRO/II automatically performs a stream route
calculation. When you move a stream or a unit operation icon, this calculation
may no longer be valid. You can recalculate an unobstructed, orthogonal path for
selected streams.
To reroute a stream:
¾ Select the stream(s) you want to reroute.
¾ Choose Reroute from the Edit menu.
PRO/II calculates the best route for these streams and automatically reroutes
them.
¾ Click or click Find & Rename Units on the View menu. The
Find & Rename Units window appears, showing the names of all the
units currently placed on the flowsheet diagram.
¾ Select the unit you want to go to. The unit appears at the center of the
PRO/II main window.
Note: These search tools are only available on the toolbar if the Standard
Toolbar is active.
Entering Text
You use the text option to include notes on your drawing. Once you choose text
mode, you remain in text mode as long as you continue to choose the OK or
Cancel button on the Draw Text window; choosing Cancel exits text mode.
Drawing Lines
You use the line option to add connected lines to the diagram without interfering
with simulation data. PRO/II provides an orthogonal poly-line feature.
To draw a line:
¾ Choose Line from the Draw menu.
¾ Click and hold the mouse button on the PFD main window to anchor the
line.
¾ Press <Space> to set each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
¾ Release the mouse button to complete your line.
Drawing Shapes
You can draw shapes to enclose figures on a diagram without interfering with
simulation data.
To draw a polygon:
¾ Choose Polygon from the Draw menu.
¾ Click and hold down the mouse button on the PFD main window.
¾ Press <Space> to each anchor point for drawing in a new direction.
¾ Release the mouse button to complete your object.
Drawing Pages
You can divide your PFD into “pages” and define separate page setup options for
each page. Pages can be individually printed or copied to the clipboard (see
Chapter 3, Managing PFD Files).
Deselecting Objects
If you change your mind after selecting objects, you can reverse any selection.
To deselect or unselect all objects in the layout, do one of the following:
¾ Choose Select None from the Edit menu.
¾ Click on another item or on an unoccupied area of the PFD.
Resizing Objects
You can change the height, width, or overall size of any object or a group of
objects on your flowsheet.
Rotating an Icon
You can also click the right mouse button on a unit icon, and then choose Rotate
from the Pop-up Unit menu to display the rotation degrees.
Aligning Text
You can align text in two or more text boxes to the left, right or center of the box
they are drawn in.
To align text:
¾ Select the text you want to align (you must select at least two) by clicking
on the first text box, then click other boxes while holding down the
<Shift> key.
¾ Choose Align Text from the Edit menu. The align menu pop-up appears
to the right of the Edit menu.
¾ Choose Left, Center or Right.
Zooming
You can access the PRO/II zoom features from the View menu, using the zoom
buttons on the toolbar, or using the keyboard.
To zoom in or out, do one of the following:
¾ Choose Zoom In or Zoom Out from the View menu.
¾ Choose <PgUp>or <PgDn> to Zoom in or Zoom out the PFD.
¾ Click on the toolbar or choose Zoom Area from the View menu.
Panning
You can pan the contents of the PRO/II main window using the Pan window or
the Small Pan or Large Pan options on the View menu.
¾ Click on the toolbar or choose Pan View from the View menu.
Selecting Components
Use this option to select the components and pseudo-components that you want
to include in this simulation.
¾ Click on the toolbar or choose Case Study Data from the Input
menu.
Button Description
Displays the main help window for the data entry window.
Displays the valid range of values for the active data entry
field.
Figure 7-13: Feedback Controller Main Data Entry Window - Initial Display
Linked text is used on this window to define the Specification and Variable.
Parameter and Value texts in red require you to click them and provide data. The
text string the default tolerance is green, denoting a default value.
Optionally, a different tolerance may be provided by clicking the afore-mentioned
text string to open the Specification Tolerance window, where the appropriate
radio button may be clicked to select a new tolerance type, i.e., relative
tolerance. Click OK to return to the Feedback Controller window. Notice the
relative tolerance text string turns blue, to indicate a user-supplied value.
Component Data
General Information
PRO/II provides considerable flexibility in the definition of component data. No
limit is set on the number of components which may be used for any problem.
Furthermore, component data may originate from a variety of sources such as
SIMSCI databanks, user-prepared databanks, user-defined components, and
components derived from petroleum assay data for feed streams. Moreover, you
may stipulate a preferential search order when multiple databanks are used.
The SIMSCI databanks, SIMSCI and PROCESS, contain more than 1700
components and are adequate for nearly all simulation models. The AIChE
DIPPR databank is also available as an add-on to PRO/II. User databanks of
thermo-physical data can be created, using SIMSCI LIBMGR and the
Thermodynamic Data Manager (TDM) programs, and maintained through PRO/II
graphical user interface. SIMSCI REGRESS is fully supported in TDM and
PRO/II, and provides the capability of regressing experimental thermo-physical
data to fit model equations.
For PRO/II library components, the values in the database will appear in the
property window. In cases where there is no library value to serve as the default
for a given property, the default displayed will be the text string "MISSING". You
may reassign values for any of these properties.
Assay Data
General Information
For many petroleum-based streams, the composition is not fully known in terms
of defined components. These stocks must be characterized by pseudo-
components for which the necessary physical and thermodynamic properties
have been estimated. PRO/II has extensive procedures for the translation of
petroleum stream laboratory assay data into pseudo components.
Pseudo-components are based on boiling point or “cut point” ranges on the true
boiling point (TBP) distillation for the stock. The normal boiling point for a
pseudo-component is defined as the weighted average temperature of its cut
point range. The TBP distillation must often be derived from another type of
laboratory distillation, using a conversion procedure. PRO/II accepts the following
types of laboratory distillations: TBP, ASTM D1160, ASTM D86, and ASTM
D2887. While laboratory distillations are usually reported on a 760 mm Hg basis,
PRO/II has procedures to correct distillations for other laboratory pressures.
Estimated values for the standard liquid gravity and molecular weight for each
pseudo-component are also needed for the characterization process. The
standard liquid gravity for each pseudo-component is derived from the gravity
curve for the stream, in similar fashion to the normal boiling point. The gravity
curve for the stream is often not available, and it must be estimated, based on
the average stream gravity and the distillation curve. The molecular weight curve
is seldom available, and the molecular weight for each pseudo-component is
usually predicted from its normal boiling point and standard liquid gravity. All
other required physical and thermodynamic properties may be estimated from
the normal boiling point, standard liquid gravity, and molecular weight.
The use of assay data in PRO/II is divided into two logical steps. The first step
involves the definition of the cut point ranges and selection of the
characterization options used in development of the pseudo components.
Characterization options include distillation curve fitting and conversion methods,
gravity curve generation procedure, methods for prediction of molecular weight,
and methods for estimation of critical properties and ideal gas enthalpies. If the
default cut point ranges and methods furnished by PRO/II are acceptable, this
step may be omitted.
The properties for all pseudo-components derived from the same cut point set
are averaged, based on the stream flows, to develop a common set of blend
components. This technique provides reasonable results when the streams have
similar chemical natures. For example, all of the assay streams are products
Thermodynamic Data
General Information
The selection of appropriate thermodynamic methods is an important and
necessary step in the solution of flowsheet problems. PRO/II provides a wide
range of methods to allow solution of the wide variety of systems which occur in
the chemical process industries.
Thermodynamic properties are an integral part of the flowsheet calculations. The
equilibrium K-values (both VLE and LLE) are used to determine the phase
separations. The enthalpies for the streams are used to determine the energy
required to take a system of components from one set of thermal conditions to
another. Entropies are used in the calculation of the isentropic operations and the
Gibbs free energy minimization reactor. Liquid and vapor densities are used in
heat transfer, pressure drop, and column tray sizing.
Transport properties are selected in conjunction with the thermodynamic
methods in PRO/II and are comprised of liquid and vapor viscosities, liquid and
vapor thermal conductivities, and liquid diffusivities. While not strictly a transport
property, liquid surface tension is also included. Transport properties find use in
rigorous heat transfer calculations, pressure drop determination, and column
sieve tray and packing calculations. Transport properties are also reported in the
stream properties reports and may be requested in Heating/Cooling Curves
reports.
In PRO/II, the selection of thermodynamic methods has been simplified by the
concept of the method set. Method sets consist of predefined thermodynamic
methods for K-values (VLE and LLE), liquid and vapor enthalpies, entropies,
vapor fugacities, and densities. Numerous predefined sets are provided. Multiple
thermodynamic method sets may be selected for each flowsheet. For example, a
default set may be specified for the overall flowsheet and other method sets used
for individual units.
A facility is also provided to modify the thermodynamic methods in the predefined
method sets. Certain parameters for some of the thermodynamic methods may
also be supplied.
Henry’s Law
The Henry’s Law window is used to specify whether or not Henry’s Law is to be
used in conjunction with a liquid-activity K-value method. This window is brought
up by clicking Enter Data... on the Thermodynamic Property Modification-
Property Specific Data window. Checking the box on the Henry’s Law window
causes Henry’s Law to be used to determine the solubility of certain components.
Designation of solute components may either be determined by the program or
selected explicitly by choosing the appropriate radio button. If the solute
components are to be designated explicitly, the desired solute components must
be selected from the list box on the Henry’s Law window.
Poynting Correction
The Poynting Correction window is used to specify the use of the Poynting
correction factor for liquid-phase fugacities. The Poynting Correction window is
brought up by clicking the appropriate Enter Data... button on the
Thermodynamic Property Modification-Property Specific Data window. There are
three options to using the Poynting correction:
1. Default: This choice specifies that the Poynting correction will be used only if
a vapor fugacity method is chosen.
2. Use Poynting Correction to Liquid Activities: Use the Poynting correction
factor for the liquid phase fugacity.
3. Do Not Use Poynting Correction: Do not use Poynting correction factor.
If either of the first two options is selected, then the liquid molar volume calculation
method may be selected from the following choices: Standard (25°C) Volumes,
Rackett, Rackett One-Fluid, or Library Density Correlations. The default method is
Standard (25°C) Volumes. Note standard vapor conditions are different from
standard conditions for liquid molar volume. See Table 1: Standard Conditions on
page 50.
Property Calculations
When a Cape Open Property Package is selected for stream or unit operation
calculations, the PRO/II Flash calls the CalcEquilibrium function in the property
package. If CalcEquilibrium fails, PRO/II uses other properties, such as fugacity
coefficients, from property package.
UNIQUAC
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(UNIQUAC)
UNIFAC IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
Peng-Robinson
PR PR PR PR PR API NONE
(PR)
PR-Huron-Vidal
PRH PRH PRH PRH PRH API NONE
(PRH)
PR-
Panagiotopoulos- PRP PRP PRP PRP PRP API NONE
Reid (PRP)
PR-Modified-
Panag.-Reid PRM PRM PRM PRM PRM API NONE
(PRM)
Predictive Peng-
Robinson 78 PR PR PR PR PR API NONE
(PPR78)
UNIQUAC
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(UNIQUAC)
UNIFAC
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(UNIFAC)
Wilson (WILSON) IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL NONE
van Laar
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(VANLAAR)
Margules
IDEAL IDEAL NONE NONE IDEAL IDEAL IDEAL
(MARGULES)
Alcohol
SRKM IDEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM IDEAL IDEAL
(NRTL)
Amine
SRKM AMINE SRKM SRKM SRKM IDEAL NONE
(AMINE)
Glycol
SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM SRKM API NONE
(GLYCOL)
Sour Water
SRKM IDEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM IDEAL NONE
(SOUR)
GPA Sour
Water SRKM IDEAL SRKM SRKM SRKM IDEAL NONE
(GPSWAT)
Gravity Data
The type of gravity data is denoted by radio buttons on the Assay Definition
window as: API Gravity, Specific Gravity, or Watson K-Factor. The stream
average value must be supplied in the data entry window provided. Optionally, a
gravity curve for the stream may be given by clicking Gravity Curve... on this
window to access the Assay Gravity Curve window which provides a convenient
tabular form for entry of the gravity curve.
Measure feature may be used to supply the scaling rate as moles, mass,
standard liquid volume units, or standard vapor volume units.
ix. Component Fill, which specifies the action to be taken when component
values are missing for petroleum fractions in the stream. The
available options are:
a. Zero: This option sets the property value to 0.0.
b. No fill: This produces warning messages for missing data and set to 0.0.
c. SIMSCI: This option estimates missing data by SIMSCI correlations for
kinematic viscosity, smoke point, hydrogen content, carbon content
or carbon-hydrogen ratio.
• Select from the Tools menu or click BVLE toolbar to bring up the
PRO/II - Binary VLE/VLLE Data window.
• Click TDM Calculated BVLE to view Component and Thermodynamic
dialog box. Users can view all the components that have been used in
the current flowsheet on the left-hand side of this dialog box. Use
Diagram Tab to calculate and view the BVLE plot and its associated data
in the Excel sheet format. Here, BVLE plots can be viewed similar to
PRO/II, but this plot uses TDM and Modular Thermo Data.
• Select the required components for the equilibrium calculations from the
drop-down lists.
• Next, select constant pressure or temperature operation and enter the
value.
• Finally, click Calculate to generate plots (by default, all available plots will
be generated). If Excel is selected on the Plot Setup option, from the
Options menu, tabular data are available in the spreadsheet. Otherwise,
only the plots are shown.
Note: For complete technical details, see the Utilities topic in the PRO/II
Reference Manual.
Calculator
General Information
The Calculator is a versatile utility module useful for a variety of purposes in
flowsheet simulation. Parameters are retrieved from the flowsheet and
calculations are performed using a FORTRAN-like language or Microsoft Excel.
Parameters may be returned to the flowsheet for use by other unit operations.
Some uses for the Calculator include:
¾ Calculating special stream properties
¾ Simulating special processing units such as reactors
¾ Determining operating conditions for other unit operations
¾ Performing design calculations using flowsheet information
¾ Producing special output values for reports
¾ Computing utility costs and economic functions
¾ Calculating target values for Controllers or objective functions for
Flowsheet Optimizers
This is by no means an exhaustive list; the usefulness of this module is limited
only by the ingenuity of the user.
Excel Procedure
In the Excel procedure, the specified parameter, constant, stream data, and
component properties are transferred to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which
invokes a user-defined macro to perform the calculations and sends the results
back to PRO/II in R[] array. Other unit operations and streams can refer to the
results using the Define system.
An Excel spreadsheet template is provided along with the PRO/II application. It
has two worksheets, Parameter worksheet and Component worksheet, which are
used to transfer data from PRO/II to Excel, and vice versa. All the values are
saved according to the UOM set customization in the spreadsheet.
Note: You can customize the spreadsheet to include new macro and new
formulas.
To use the Excel procedure
¾ In PRO/II, double-click the calculator unit operation module.
¾ Select the Use Excel Procedure check box.
¾ Select the required Thermodynamic System from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box.
¾ In the Excel Procedure section, enter the details pertaining to the
following fields.
• Spreadsheet Name: Browse and select the spreadsheet required for
performing the calculations.
• Worksheet Name: Enter the name of the worksheet that contains
fields for calculating and displaying parameters. If the worksheet
name is not entered, P2Parameter is used by default.
• Component Sheet: Enter the name of the worksheet that contains
fields for calculating and displaying components. If the Component
sheet name is not entered, P2Component is used by default.
• Macro Name: Enter the name of the macro defined in the
spreadsheet for performing the calculations. If the macro name is not
entered, Macro 1 is used by default.
PRO/II Procedure
In the Procedure section, all the calculations are performed using a simple
language based on FORTRAN 77. The language permits the use of
mathematical functions, branching and looping, and assignment statements
commonly used in programming. Special intrinsic functions are available for
retrieving flowsheet component and stream information. Special subroutines are
provided for storing calculated results directly in flowsheet streams. Calculated
results may also be stored in the “Results” array, making them available to the
other unit operations in PRO/II. A special solution “flag” is provided for use when
a Calculator models a unit operation.
Note: The PROCEDURE section must end with a RETURN statement.
The FORTRAN procedure is entered directly into the Procedure field on the
Calculator main data entry window. The procedure may be checked as is it
composed by clicking Check Procedure.
The supported features of the language are discussed in the following sections.
Predefined Variables
Definitions of predefined variables, including default dimensions for arrays,
appear in the following table. Use a DIMENSION statement in the Calculator
setup section to reset the number of elements in each array.
Arrays C, P, V, and R store values in floating-point form. Array IX stores integer
values. Forms of use include:
An
where A is any of C, P, V, R, or B, and n is an integer that indicates a single
element of the array.
A(index)
A is any of C, P, V, R, or B, and (index) is an expression, such as (IX2 * 5).
The parentheses are required. “A(n)” denotes the same element as “An”.
Instead of, or in addition to the supplied V and IX arrays, standard FORTRAN
variables may be used. They may be up to 8 characters long and may not
duplicate the names of any supplied variables; otherwise they follow the
conventional FORTRAN rules. The introduction of this feature in PRO/II 5.0
means that the V and IX arrays need not be used. If this is the case, the arrays
can be dimensioned to one word each to save memory.
Array "IS" is normally used as the index of a DO loop to step through a sequence
of streams in the order defined on the SEQUENCE statement.
It may serve as the stream index in PRO/II intrinsic functions. The only form
allowed is ISn. IS(index) is never valid.
Predefined Variables
FORTRAN Statements
Procedure
This statement marks the start of the FORTRAN-based procedure section of the
Calculator. It is required.
Declaration Statements
REAL rname1, rname2(i), rname3(j, k)...
INTEGER iname1, iname2(i), iname3(j, k)...
DIMENSION name1(i), name2(j, k)...
These statements are used to define local scalars and arrays for use in the code.
Each subscript may be an integer constant, or two integer constants separated
by a colon to specify both the lower and upper array bounds. When defined by
the DIMENSION statement, variables assume the normal FORTRAN convention
that assigns names starting with I through N as integers, and all others as real.
Name lengths may be 8 characters long. Variables defined here may be changed
in the code. Variables not defined here are assumed to be real or integer
according to the first character.
Variable names must not conflict with any reserved words or predefined variables
(see table entitled Predefined Variables).
Examples:
DIMENSION A(20,20), B(20), X(20)
REAL MASS
INTEGER COUNT, TAB(100)
REAL REVENU(1990:1995), PROFIT(1990:1995),
LOSS(1990:1995)
Assignment Statements
nn variable =expression
The “expression” is governed by standard FORTRAN conventions. The
operations on a given statement are executed in the following order:
1. Expressions within parentheses ( ) 4. Multiplications and divisions ( *, /)
2. Functions 5. Additions and subtractions (+,-)
3. Exponential ( ** )
With the exception of exponentiation, calculations with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right. Multiple exponentiations without parentheses to
explicitly specify the evaluation order are not permitted.
For example, the following is invalid:
BADVAL = A**B**C
Note: The Calculator-supplied arrays C and P may not appear on the left side
of an assignment statement.
Arguments Result
value This argument supplies or identifies the value of the property to store. It
can be a real constant or variable.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form ISn. For example:
CALL SRXSTR(STEMP, R(14), SR4)
SRXSTR stores the value of element 14 from array R as the temperature
of stream SR4.
nn CALL SRVSTR(type, array, sid, i, j) A call to SRVSTR stores a range of
values representing component stream properties from a Calculator
array into a stream. The resulting stream is flashed at the new conditions
to determine its thermodynamic state.
type This entry identifies the component property to store in the stream.
Available options are listed in the following table.
array The initial element of a real Calculator array containing values to store as
properties of components in a stream.
sid The sid entry identifies the stream in which to store the property. It may
be any stream identifier listed on the SEQUENCE statement of the setup
section, or an element of array IS in the form ISn.
i, j These two entries are component id numbers. They indicate the first and
last components, respectively, for which the property is stored.
For example,
100 CALL SRVSTR( SCWR, V(12), FD1, 2, 5 )
IF Statements
nn IF (expression) conditional clause.
This statement allows logical branching during calculations and conforms to
standard FORTRAN rules for “IF” statements. If the parenthetic expression is
true, it executes the conditional clause. The conditional clause may not be one of
the following:
IF
ELSEIF
ELSE
ENDIF
The following table lists logical operators allowed in the expression.
Operator Description
.EQ. equal to
.NE. not equal to
.LT. less than
.GT. greater than
.GE. greater than or equal to
.LE. less than or equal to
.AND. both true
.OR. either true
.EQV. equivalent
nn IF (expression) THEN
ELSEIF (expression) THEN
ELSE
ENDIF
These statements conform to standard FORTRAN IF-THEN-ELSE statements,
allowing for structured branching of code. “ELSE IF” and “END IF” written as two
words are also accepted. Block “IF” constructs may be nested.
DO Loops
nn DO mm iname= i, j, k
This statement defines the beginning of a DO loop having a range extending
through statement label mm. “i” and “j” are initial and final indices, respectively.
The increment step “k” is optional and defaults to 1.
nn DO mm ISn= sid1, sid2
This statement defines the beginning of a stream DO loop having a range
extending through statement label mm.
ISn is a stream variable, and sid1 and sid2 must be stream ids appearing on the
SEQUENCE statement. No incremental step index (comparable to k) is allowed.
OPEN Statement
nn OPEN(FILE=fileid, ACCESS=OVERWRITE or APPEND)
The OPEN statement opens a file for CALCULATOR output. For PC, VAX, and
UNIX platforms, the default output name is fileid.CAL, where fileid is the current
input file name. A unique filename of up to 12 characters can be specified, if
necessary. It must, however, have a “.CAL” extension. Underscore characters
are not allowed (e.g., FILE_01). Any OPEN statement automatically closes the
previously opened file.
OUTPUT Statement
nn OUTPUT {R(i :j ),P(i :j ),C(i :j ),V(i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS (i :j )}
This is a special OUTPUT statement provided with PRO/II. It outputs calculator-
supplied arrays or portions of these arrays to the currently open file. Entries “i”
and “j” refer to the first and last elements of the array to be output. If they are
absent, the entire array will be output.
DISPLAY Statement
nn DISPLAY {R( i :j ),P( i :j ),C( i :j ),V( i :j ),IX(i :j ),IS(i :j )}
The DISPLAY statement prints out calculator-supplied array values to the
standard report file during calculations. Entries “i” and “j” are defined in the same
way as the OUTPUT statement.
TRACE Statement
nn TRACE option
TRACE statements control printing an historical trace as calculations proceed to
facilitate debugging the code in the procedure. Options are:
ON Prints line number, statement number, and (action taken/new
variable value) as each statement executes.
BRANCH Prints TRACE information only for branching statements such as
IF, GOTO or DO.
OFF Turns off all TRACE options.
Examples:
CAPE-OPEN
General Information
The PRO/II CAPE-OPEN unit operation enables the users to add third party
CAPE-OPEN units. This will help the user to simulate and perform any type of
calculation for a specific unit operation placed in a flowsheet.
CO-LaN (the CAPE-OPEN Laboratories Network) is a neutral industry and an
academic association promoting open standards in process simulation software.
CAPE-OPEN has uniform standards for interfacing process modeling software
components developed specifically for the design and operation of chemical
processes. These standards allow integration of different software components
like unit operations and thermodynamic property packages from different vendors
into a single simulation.
PRO/II supports both versions of 0.9.3 and 1.0 of the CAPE-OPEN interfaces.
The CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation has access to the following:
• Flash and Physical property calculations provided by PRO/II
• Third party CAPE-OPEN property package.
Property values exchanged between PRO/II and CAPE-OPEN unit operation are
in SI units.
CAPE-OPEN interface descriptions and information are available at
http://www.colan.org/
Note: If transport properties are required in the CAPE-OPEN unit operation, you
must select a suitable method in the Thermodynamic Data if PRO/II
thermodynamics is selected.
Calculation
During calculations, PRO/II calls the Validate() and Calculate() method of the
CAPE-OPEN unit operation. Property and flash calculations are delegated to
property package if property package is selected as unit thermodynamics. If
PRO/II thermodynamics is selected for a CAPE-OPEN unit operation, it may call
TP, TH, PH, TV, and PV flashes (CalcEquilibrium) for input or output streams.
The following properties can be calculated using PRO/II thermodynamics.
Phases
CAPE-OPEN identifier Property meaning
Supported
vaporPressure Vapor Pressure only for Pure Liquid
calc type
surfaceTension Surface Tension Liquid
Compressibility Factor Compressibility Factor Z= Liquid, Vapor,
PV/RT Overall
heatCapacity Heat Capacity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
idealGasHeatCapacity Heat Capacity of ideal gas Vapor
viscosity Viscosity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Liquid, Vapor,
Overall
fugacity Fugacity Liquid, Vapor
logFugacityCoefficient Logarithm of Fugacity Liquid, Vapor
Coefficients
kvalues K factors of a pair of phases in Overall
Equilibrium
dewPointPressure Dew point Pressure at a given Overall
temperature
Report Generation
If the custom reports is supported by CAPE-OPEN unit operation, select and
right-click the unit operation. This action will display a menu with “Produce
Report” as one of the options. Select Produce Report to open a text file.
ChemApp
General Information
The ChemApp unit operation uses ChemApp thermo method to calculate the
thermodynamic state of any stream when certain specifications are given.
Once the phase equilibrium is determined, the phases may be separated into
distinct product streams.
Isothermal
When this type of calculation is selected the temperature and pressure are the
required.
Hp by ChemApp:
When this type of calculation is selected the duty , pressure, High Temperature
and Low Temperature are required.
Hp by PRO/II:
When this type of calculation is selected the duty , pressure, High Temperature
and Low Temperature are required.
The ChemApp unit can have up to three product streams with different phases
in each stream. The possible product phases are vapor, liquid, decanted
water/second liquid phase, a mixture of vapor and liquid, and solids. If there are
multiple product streams leaving the ChemApp unit, the phase condition for
each stream must be specified using the Product Phases Window.
The ChemApp unit performs equilibrium calculations for the solid phase, they
can be removed as a separate product stream if desired.
Column, Batch
General Information
The Batch Column unit operation models a wide range of column operating
scenarios. The Batch Column unit may be run in a true batch simulation mode,
with the feedstock charged to the stillpot prior to distillation and products taken
from the accumulator at various times, or in a semi-batch mode where feedstock
may be introduced during distillation and products drawn from the column or
accumulator over some time interval. Batch distillation calculations may also be
integrated into a steady-state process simulation.
The unit configuration automatically considers the presence of implicit holding
tanks for continuous flow streams which provide the time-variant feedstock to the
batch unit. Implicit consideration of holding tanks for all product streams (as
drawn from the accumulator at different times, or as drawn from the column
during distillation) is also made because of the cyclic operation. A representation
of the product continuous flow stream comes from the amount of product divided
by the batch cycle time.
BATCHFRAC®
®
This is a batch distillation model obtained from Koch-Glitsch, LP. BATCHFRAC
has been integrated with PRO/II to handle reaction on trays for VLE, VLLE on all
the stages and heat duty specification for trays apart from Batch distillation.
Detailed Information
®
For detailed information about the use of BATCHFRAC and Batch Column unit
operations, consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide.
Column, Distillation
General Information
The Column unit operation may be used to simulate any distillation or liquid-liquid
extraction process. Liquid-liquid extraction units are described in the Liquid-
Liquid Extraction Column section of this chapter. A column must contain at least
one equilibrium stage or theoretical tray. For purposes of this discussion, the
term “trays” is used to denote “equilibrium stages”. The trays are considered to
be linked with the vapor from each tray entering the next higher tray and the
liquid from each tray feeding the next lower tray. There is no limit on the number
of trays in a column model.
The condenser, when present, is always numbered as tray one and the reboiler,
when present, is assigned the highest tray number in the model. Any tray may
have a feed, product draw, or duty. The top and bottom trays must have either a
feed or a duty.
Distillation columns may simulate vapor/liquid, vapor/liquid/water or
vapor/liquid/liquid equilibrium processes.
Pseudo-products
Pseudo-products are used to create streams corresponding to column internal
streams, making them available for flowsheet calculations. Define pseudo-
products in the Column Pseudo-products window which you may reach by
clicking Pseudo-products on the Column Feeds and Products window. The
following types of pseudo-products are available:
¾ Net tray liquid or vapor flow
¾ Total tray liquid or vapor flow
¾ Pumparound liquid or vapor bypass flow
¾ Thermosiphon reboiler feeds and products
Thermosiphon reboiler streams are limited to the Inside-Out algorithm.
Reactions
Reactions in the column can be modeled by the Chemdist or Liquid-Liquid
®
extraction and RATEFRAC algorithms found in the Algorithm drop-down list of
the Column window. Enter pertinent data in the Column – Reaction Selection
window accessible via the Reactions… button on the Column window. In the
Column - Reaction Selection window, you can select and modify column
reactions, specify stage-wise reacting volumes, designate non-condensable
components, select non-volatile catalysts and specify data for user-added
subroutines or kinetic procedures. The reactions specified here are limited in
Reacting Volumes
The user can specify volume available for reaction (effective volume) per stage
for both liquid and vapor phase reactions in the Column –Tray Effective Reaction
Volumes window accessible from the Reaction Selection window. A tabulation of
tray numbers and the respective volumes is provided for data entry. This
specification is used in calculating the rate of kinetic reaction.
For Ratefrac column, user can specify segment volume percents of both liquid
and vapor. This data is used in non-equilibrium calculations of Ratefrac. Data
supplied on only one tray will be copied to all other trays and data supplied to
multiple trays will be interpolated to any missing trays during calculations.
Nonvolatile Catalyst
Components that catalyze a reaction without volatilizing can be selected and the
quantity of their charge specified as an amount or a fraction in the Column - Non-
Volatile Catalyst for Boiling Pot window accessible from the Column - Reaction
Selection window.
Non-condensable
Non-condensing components can be specified in the Column - Non-Condensing
Components window accessible from the Column –Reaction Selection window.
Subroutine/Procedure Data
Data used for user-added subroutines and kinetic procedures can be specified in
the form of Integer, Real and Supplemental Data entries in the Column - User
Calculated Phases
Select the appropriate phase system in the drop-down list box on the Column
main data entry window. All distillation algorithms support the default phase
system of vapor/liquid. The Sure and Chemdist algorithms also support the
vapor/liquid/liquid system. In addition, the Sure and Enhanced IO algorithms
support the phase system vapor/liquid/water that allows a free water phase on
any tray of a column.
Number of Trays
Enter the number of trays in the model, in the data entry field provided on the
Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Number of Iterations
Supply the number of iterations in the data entry field provided on the Column
main data entry window. The number of iterations corresponds to the number of
outer loop trials for the Inside-Out algorithm and the number of trial solutions for
the other algorithms. A non-convergence is flagged when this number of
iterations is performed and the column equations are not satisfied within the
tolerances. The default values are 30 for the Inside-Out algorithm, 20 for the
®
Sure algorithm, 20 for the Chemdist algorithm, and 30 for the RATEFRAC
algorithm.
Condensers
The condenser is always a heat sink on tray one. It is defined in the Column
Condenser window, which you may access by clicking Condenser… on the
Column main data entry window. The top products from columns with
condensers correspond to the products from the reflux accumulator drum. The
pressure for all types of condensers is supplied in this window.
The condenser type is selected with the appropriate radio button from the
following options:
Partial: This condenser is an equilibrium stage and may or may not have a net
liquid product as well as vapor product. The net liquid product, if present,
is defined as a “Fixed rate liquid draw” from tray one. The condenser
temperature is the dew point of the equilibrium vapor. An optional
estimate for the condenser temperature may be supplied in the Column
Condenser window. The condenser pressure and duty may also be
supplied.
Bubble Temperature: The vapor from tray two is cooled to a bubble point liquid
phase. While one portion is returned as reflux to tray two, the other
portion is withdrawn as the “Overhead” product from the column. An
optional estimate for the condenser temperature may be supplied in the
Column Condenser window. The condenser pressure and duty may also
be supplied.
Reboilers
Column reboilers are described in the Column Reboiler window which is entered
via the Reboiler button on the Column main data entry window. The reboiler type
is selected with a radio button on this form.
The default type is the Kettle (Conventional) reboiler, which corresponds to a
duty on the bottom tray of the column with the equilibrium liquid withdrawn as the
“Bottoms” product.
For both Inside-Out and Enhanced IO algorithms, following reboiler types are
available to the user.
Flash Zones
The Flash Zone calculation models a fired heater added to a tray in an Inside-Out
column. Flash zones are associated with column heaters when a feed stream
entering the column is heated in a separate furnace. The furnace is considered
as an additional theoretical stage. Liquid from the tray above the flash zone or
vapor from the tray below the flash zone could enter the flash zone or they can
bypass it. Data entry fields for flash zones can be accessed through the like-
named button on the Heater data entry window. Specification options include
fired heater efficiency, vapor and liquid by-pass fractions and transfer line
temperature drop.
®
Note: If you are working with RATEFRAC , this option is disabled.
Initial Estimates
All column algorithms use an iterative solution technique, starting from an initial
estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. The initial
estimate may be produced internally using an initial estimate generator and/or
provided by the user as initial profile data. User-supplied profiles may also be
used to selectively replace values produced by an estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window. To use an initial estimate generator, select the
generator method from the drop-down list box. Methods provided are:
Simple: Profiles are determined by a simple material balance. Temperatures are
determined from estimated product compositions. This model is quick
and adequate for simple column configurations.
Conventional: A general method designed to produce an adequate estimate for
most distillation problems. Shortcut calculations are used to estimate the
product flows and compositions. The compositions are used to estimate
temperatures. Internal flows are estimated by using the product flows
and a reflux estimate. This method works best for conventional
fractionators with condensers and reboilers in which classic Fenske
techniques provide reasonable results. Special techniques are also
included for absorbers and strippers.
Refinery: This method is designed for complex refinery columns which have
bottom steam instead of reboilers such as crude and vacuum columns,
F.C.C. main fractionators, etc. These columns may also have side
columns, pumparound cooling circuits, and decanted water at the
overhead accumulator. A multi-product shortcut technique developed by
SIMSCI is used for these columns. The user-supplied estimates for the
product rates are used in the shortcut model. Adjustments in the profiles
are made for side coolers.
Chemical: This generator should be restricted to highly non-ideal chemical
distillation problems. The method is time-consuming and uses
successive series of adiabatic flashes up and down the column to
establish the tray compositions.
When using an estimate generator, you may optionally provide temperature
estimates for the following trays: condenser, top tray, bottom tray of column, and
Convergence Data
Convergence data include Convergence Parameters, Convergence Tolerances,
Homotopy Options for Convergence Specifications and Convergence History
(printout options) for Column iterations. These data are entered in the Column
Convergence Data window accessible via the Convergence Data… button on the
Column main data entry window.
Convergence Tolerances
Tolerances for the column equations may also be changed although this should
rarely, if ever, be done and never as a means to reach a converged solution.
Tolerances are:
Bubble Point: The maximum bubble point error for each tray. The default of
-4 ®
10 is not used by the RATEFRAC .
Enthalpy Balance: The maximum heat balance error for each tray. The default
-4
is 10 .
Equilibrium K-value: The maximum allowable relative change in a component
K-value generated in the outer loop of the Inside-Out algorithm versus
-4
the last value used in the inner loop. The default of 10 is not used by
®
RATEFRAC .
Component Balance: The maximum relative component balance error for
-4
each tray. Not used for the Inside-Out algorithm. The default is 10 .
®
RATEFRAC is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
Convergence History
Printout of the column iterations is useful in the diagnosis of a convergence
failure. History printout for the iterations may be requested by selecting the
printout level desired for the following options.
• Convergence History Print Level
• Print Column Profiles in Keyword Input File Form Format
®
• RATEFRAC routines Initial Estimate Print Level
®
RATEFRAC is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
Tray Hydraulics
Tray hydraulic calculations may be used to size new columns and to rate existing
tray or packed columns. To perform sizing or rating calculations, click Tray and
Packing Data… on the Column main data entry window. For sizing and rating
purposes, the column is divided into sections of trays or packing on the Column
Tray Hydraulics window. Enter tray/packing sizing and rating information in the
Column Tray/Packing Rating or Column Tray/Packing Sizing windows accessible
via the Enter Data… button. The Glitsch valve tray method is used to perform the
tray calculations. The valve tray results are de-rated by five and twenty percent
respectively, to represent the performance of sieve and bubble cap trays.
Heat Transfer
Check Correlation and Select Chilton - Colburn Correlation from the drop-down
list to calculate Heat Transfer.
Mass Transfer
Check Correlation and select the appropriate correlation name from the drop-
down list to calculate Mass Transfer:
• Scheffe & Weiland (Internals - Trays and Sizing calculation type)
• Chan & Fair (Internals - Trays and Rating calculation type)
• Rocha 1996 (Internals - Structured Packing and for both Sizing and
Rating calculation type)
• Onda (Internals - Random Packing and for both Sizing and Rating
calculation type)
Tray Efficiencies
All trays in a column model are treated as equilibrium stages or theoretical trays
unless one of the tray efficiency models is used. This implies that the user must
apply some type of tray efficiency to the actual number of trays in the column, to
determine the number of theoretical trays to use in the model. Engineers typically
use overall tray efficiency factors based on experience to convert actual trays to
theoretical trays. This is almost always the best manner in which to model tray
efficiency, since generalized correlations for overall tray efficiency are
nonexistent in the literature.
For the Inside-Out algorithm, PRO/II provides several tray efficiency models:
• Murphree
• Equilibrium
• Vaporization.
For the Chemdist algorithm, only the Vaporization model may be used.
However, none of these models predicts the overall tray efficiency. All of the
models use an equation or factor to adjust the equilibrium vapor composition
leaving a tray. The models are useful for tuning a tray or a few trays in a Column
model, but their general application to all trays in a column is not recommended.
To use tray efficiencies, click Tray Efficiencies… on the Column main data entry
window to enter the Column Tray Efficiency window. Select the efficiency model
Side Columns
A column using the Inside-Out or Sure algorithm may have attached Side
Columns, where a Side Column is a stripper or rectifier. The Side Column draws
feed from the main Column and returns a product to the main Column. A finished
product is withdrawn from the Side Column.
Side Columns are attached as part of the flowsheet construction in the PFD main
window. They may be completed and edited by double-clicking on the side
column icon on the PFD. The side column data entry windows are identical to the
Column main data entry windows with the exception that irrelevant features are
eliminated.
The Inside-Out algorithm merges a side column with the main column, for
calculations. This simultaneous approach means that the SPEC’s and VARY’s
for the main column and side columns need not be balanced provided that the
SPEC’s and VARY’s for the total column configuration are balanced.
The Sure algorithm solves side columns as separate columns in recycle. This
approach is more time consuming, and demands that the SPEC’s and VARY’s
for the main column and every side column are balanced.
The Chemdist algorithm does not permit side columns.
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
®
RATEFRAC Software Print Options: Click RateFrac… to bring up Print
Options dialog box. By default, Calculated HETP for each segment option is
checked. Check the other options to make the data available in the generated
report.
Thermodynamic Systems
A thermodynamic system is required for the equilibrium calculations on each tray.
The thermodynamic system may be changed from the global default in the
Column Thermodynamic Systems data entry window, which is reached by
Pseudo-products
Pseudo-products are used to create streams corresponding to column internal
streams, making them available for flowsheet calculations. Pseudo-products are
defined in the Column Pseudo-products window accessible via the Pseudo-
products… button on the Column Feeds and Products window. The following
types of pseudo-products are available:
Net tray light or heavy liquid flow
Total tray light or heavy liquid flow
Column Algorithm
The solution algorithm is selected in the drop-down list box on the Column main
data entry window. The Inside-Out (default), Sure, and Chemdist algorithms are
for distillation columns. To specify a liquid-liquid extraction column, select the
Liquid-Liquid option.
Calculated Phases
When the Liquid-Liquid algorithm is selected, the phase system will automatically
be set to liquid/liquid.
Number of Trays
The number of trays in the model is entered in the data entry field provided on
the Column main data entry window. Every Column must have at least two trays.
There is no limit on the number of trays in a Column.
Pressure Profile
The pressure for every tray in a column model must be defined. All calculations
are performed at the defined tray pressures. The tray pressures are defined in
the Column Pressure Profile window, which is reached by clicking Pressure
Profile… on the Column main data entry window. Tray pressures may be
supplied on an overall or tray by tray mode by choosing a radio button in this
window.
For the overall mode, the top tray pressure must be supplied and either the
pressure drop per tray or the total pressure drop across the column. A default
value of zero is supplied for the pressure drop per tray and the column pressure
drop. All tray pressures are derived by linear application of the supplied pressure
drop.
Individual tray pressures are supplied for the tray by tray mode. Note that the top
and bottom trays must be included when supplying a table of individual tray
pressures. Missing pressures are determined by linear interpolation of supplied
values.
Initial Estimates
The Liquid-Liquid algorithm uses an iterative solution technique, starting from an
initial estimate of the tray temperature, flow and composition profiles. By default,
the initial estimate is produced internally using the initial estimate generator.
User-supplied profiles may be used to replace some or all of the values produced
by the estimate generator.
Click Initial Estimates… on the Column main data entry window to enter the
Column Initial Estimates window.
Performance Specifications
Performance specifications or SPEC’s may be imposed on a liquid-liquid
extraction column operation such that product stream flows or properties, column
internal flows, column tray temperatures, etc., are at desired values in the
solution. For each SPEC, a degree of freedom or VARY must be calculated. For
a liquid-liquid extraction column, a VARY may be a feed stream rate, heat duty,
or draw rate. Furthermore, for convergence to be achieved, there must be a
direct effect on all of the SPEC’s by the collective set of VARY’s.
To supply SPEC’s and define VARY’s, access the Column Specifications and
Variables window via the Performance Specifications… button on the main
Column data entry window. SPEC’s and VARY’s are entered or edited via the
hypertext strings. PRO/II requires that there be an equal number of SPEC’s and
VARY’s. Thus, when a SPEC is added or deleted, you are required to add or
delete a VARY.
SPEC’s and VARY’s use the general form in PRO/II and are discussed more fully
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. A list of the stream and
liquid-liquid extraction column parameters available for SPEC’s and VARY’s also
is given in this section.
Convergence Data
Convergence data include algorithm tuning parameters, tolerances, and history
printout options for Column iterations. Open the Column Convergence Data
window via the Convergence Data… button on the Column main data entry
window to enter these data. The tuning parameters are as follows:
Print Options
Click Print Options… on the Column main data entry window to enter the Column
Print Options data entry window. Select the desired report options with the check
boxes provided. To request plotted results, click Plot Column Results… and
select the desired plots with the check boxes on the Column Plot Options data
entry window.
Thermodynamic Options
A thermodynamic system which supports liquid-liquid equilibrium is required for
the equilibrium calculations on each tray. The thermodynamic system may be
changed from the global default in the Column Thermodynamic Systems data
entry window which is reached by clicking Thermodynamic Systems… on the
Column main data entry window. A single thermodynamic system may be
defined for the complete column or different systems may be used in individual
sections of the column.
General Information
The Side Column unit operation models side strippers and side rectifiers
associated with a main Column. The Side Column model is currently restricted to
the Inside-Out, Enhanced I/O and Sure algorithms. See Column Algorithm in the
Distillation Column discussion (page 191) for further information on these
methods. Side Columns always use the same distillation algorithm as the main
Column. Multiple Side Columns attached to one main Column are possible and,
in fact, are common practice in the petroleum refining industry.
Solution Methods
Solution methods for Side Columns vary with the algorithm. The Inside-Out (and
Enhanced I/O) algorithm merges the Side Column with the main column and
solves the complex column arrangement simultaneously.
There are three benefits to this approach:
• The simultaneous method results in more precision in the solution.
• The simultaneous solution is more efficient and uses less computing
time.
• The simultaneous solution provides more flexible product specifications.
For example, the last benefit permits the use of both a D86 (5%) and a D86
(95%) specification for a side stripper product. To solve this same set of
specifications with the Sure method requires the use of a Multi-variable Controller
unit wrapped around the main column/side column units.
The Sure method solves each side column separately from the main column and
uses recycle streams to relate the side column and main column. When using
special recycle logic to converge the column/ side column recycle problem, this
Compressor
General Information
The Compressor simulates a single stage isentropic compression. Outlet
conditions and work requirements may be determined using either adiabatic or
polytropic efficiency. Optional tabular input may be used to determine
performance from supplied curves for outlet pressure or pressure ratio, head,
work, and/or efficiency. An optional after-cooler calculation may be included.
Both VLE and VLLE calculations are supported. Multistage compressors may be
modeled by linking single stage compressor units.
Aftercooler Option
An aftercooler may be added via the Aftercooler… icon on the Compressor main
data entry window and supplying the cooler outlet temperature and pressure drop
in the Compressor Aftercooler window.
Calculation Method
Select the method to calculate the Compressor head by clicking Calculation
Method… on the Compressor main data entry window. This displays the
Compressor Calculation Mode window. The method may be chosen with the
radio buttons provided, with choices as follows:
GPSA Engineering Data Book: The GPSA Data Book equation is used to
compute head.
ASME Power Test Code 10: The ASME Power Test Code 10 equation is used
to compute head. This method, the default, is the most rigorous.
The compression ratio above which the head equation is used to compute the
isentropic/ polytropic coefficient may also be supplied in this window. This entry
only applies to the GPSA method, with a default value of 1.15 supplied. Below
this compression ratio, the GPSA “temperature equation” is used to compute the
isentropic/polytropic coefficients.
Controller
General Information
The Controller simulates the action of a feedback process controlled by adjusting
an upstream flowsheet parameter to achieve a specified result for a process
stream or unit operation. A controller must have one Specification and one
VARY, where the SPEC may be a stream flow rate or property, a unit operating
condition, or a Calculator result. The control variable (VARY) must be a stream or
unit operation flowsheet parameter that is otherwise at a fixed value in the
flowsheet.
Specification
The Specification is supplied via the appropriate underlined hypertext in the
Specification field of the Feedback Controller main data entry window (accessed
by double-clicking on the Controller flowsheet icon). By clicking the hypertext
string Parameter, the Parameter window appears in which you can select the unit
parameter or stream parameter to use as the SPEC. The SPEC may be a single
parameter or a mathematical expression that relates two flowsheet parameters.
You may next enter the value and the tolerance for the SPEC by clicking the
appropriate linked text. See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for
further details on the generalized SPEC form used in PRO/II.
Variable
The control variable (VARY) is selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable field of the Feedback Controller window. The
Parameter window is used to designate the stream or unit parameter to use for
the VARY in a manner analogous to that used in selecting the SPEC above. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. You will also find tables of the flowsheet variables that may be
used for SPEC’s and VARY’s in controller units.
Parameters
Several parameters regarding the operation of the Controller may be supplied on
this section of the Feedback Controller window. You may change the maximum
number of iterations from the default value of 10. Use the radio buttons may to
select the action taken when the control variable exceeds the prescribed limits:
• The value is set to the limit as a solution and flowsheet calculations
continue (the default), or
• Flowsheet calculations are halted.
Non-convergence of Controllers
The controller uses a Newton-Raphson technique to search for the value of the
control variable that meets the specified flowsheet parameter result. Therefore, it
is important that there be a continuous and monotonic relationship between the
control variable and the specification. Control functions with discontinuities or
localized maxima and minima may fail to converge or converge to an undesired
result.
For some cases, the limits and step sizes entries may keep the control function
within a range of feasible solutions.
General Information
The Counter Current Decanter is used to recover one or more liquid phase
components from slurry, by countercurrent decantation with a solvent. The
Counter Current Decanter can be used either as a clarifier or thickener,
depending on the application.
Calculation Mode
Counter Current Decanter can be simulated in the Design mode or the Rating
mode.
i. Design Mode
Operating Conditions
Pressure Specification and Separation Factors constitute the operating
conditions for counter current decanter. The separation factors used in
calculation are Volumetric Flow rate and Mass Concentration. These are
expressed as the ratio of the value in overflow product to that in the underflow
product.
Crystallizer
General Information
The Crystallizer unit operation simulates crystallization processes for the
manufacture of organics, inorganics, fertilizers, biochemicals and polymers. The
crystallizer transforms a supersaturated solution into a mixed solid/liquid crystal
slurry.
The crystallizer is modeled as a Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal
(MSMPR) crystallizer or Continuous Stirred Tank Crystallizer (CSTC). These
models assume ideal mixing in the unit and that the product conditions are the
same as the bulk conditions. The model also assumes that breakage or
agglomeration of solid particles is negligible. A feed heat exchanger may be
included in the model with recirculation if required.
The crystallization process depends on phase equilibria as well as kinetic or non-
equilibrium considerations. Solid-liquid equilibrium is defined in terms of
solubility, which is calculated from either the Van't Hoff equation or user-supplied
solubility data.
You must select Design or Rating calculations in the Crystallizer Calculation
Mode window. In design mode, a specification is required and the volume is
calculated. In the rating mode, the vessel volume is defined.
The formation rate relationships are expressed as power law expressions in the
Crystallizer Growth and Nucleation Rates window. These relationships are
Unit Specification
A Crystallizer unit operation is specified by filling in the data variables for Solute
and Solvent, Crystal Shape Factor, Calculation Mode, Design Specification (in
Design Mode) and Growth and Nucleation Rates. Access the appropriate data
entry windows from the Crystallizer main data entry window. Access the main
Crystallizer Data Window by double-clicking the Crystallizer unit icon.
Calculation Mode
Click Calculation Mode… to specify the Design or Rating calculation mode.
In Design mode, a specification is required and the vessel volume is calculated.
Specification options are:
Crystal Production Rate: Enter the production rate of the crystals in weight
units.
Fraction of Solute Crystallized: Enter the fraction of the total solute in the
combined feeds that is to be crystallized.
Magma Density in the Bottom Product: Enter the density of the bottom
product as weight of crystals per unit volume of slurry.
Supersaturation Ratio: Enter the supersaturation ratio which is defined as:
Operating Conditions
Click Operating Conditions… to specify Crystallizer Operating Conditions. By
default, the crystallizer operates at the combined feed temperature and pressure
with no recirculation.
Pressure Specification: The pressure may be specified as a drop below the
combined feed pressure or you may specify the pressure value directly.
Second Specification: If an option other than At Merged Feed Temperature is
selected, the unit is assumed to include a feed heat exchanger. You may specify
either the crystallizer operating Temperature or the Duty of the exchanger.
Recirculation Flow rate: Some of the bottom product may be remixed with the
feed and passed through the feed exchanger. To specify this option, you must
either specify the recirculation Volumetric Rate or the Temperature Change
across the exchanger. A negative change denotes a temperature drop.
Alternatively, instead of entering a numeric value for the parameters in this
window, they may be referenced using the DEFINE system relative to any
Print Options
Click Print Options… to access the Crystallizer Print Options window.
Check the Include Crystal Size Distribution box to request additional output,
including tables of fractions and population densities for the feed and product
streams as functions of the crystal size distribution.
Cyclone
General Information
The Cyclone unit operation models the separation of particulate solids from a
solid and gas stream. The particulate collection efficiency is determined by the
solids loading, component characteristics, particle size distribution, stream flow
rate, and cyclone geometry. The Cyclone unit operation will calculate the
collection efficiency for every particle size range of each solid component as well
as the pressure drop through the unit. The Cyclone is assumed to operate
isothermally and mechanisms such as agglomeration and crumbling are
discounted.
Unit Specification
A cyclone unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate real and integer
data variables for operating mode, geometry, pressure drop calculations,
efficiency calculations, and multiple cyclone configuration in the Gas/Solid
Cyclone main data entry window that is accessed by double-clicking the Cyclone
unit icon on the PFD.
Design Mode
If you select Design Mode, you need not provide the cyclone diameter. Again, if
you select User Defined Geometry, you must enter all of the geometric ratios as
described below. In addition, you must specify a target for total solids collection
(see entry for RPARM(13) below). You may also wish to override the default
maximum pressure drop of 10 inches of water by entering a value in whatever
input pressure units you prefer (see entry for RPARM(16) below). In addition to
the normal Rating Mode output, Design Mode will calculate the number and size
of identical cyclones that are necessary to meet the specification. There may be
many cyclone systems that meet the specification. In all cases, Design Mode will
return the system requiring the fewest cyclones.
Multiple Cyclones
The Cyclone can model a system of identical cyclones that are arranged either in
parallel or in series. In the case of parallel cyclones, the feed streams are split
evenly among the cyclones. The overhead products from all cyclones merge into
one overhead and the bottoms products from all cyclones merge into one bottom
stream. In the case of series cyclones, the overhead from the first cyclone is the
feed to the second and so on. The overhead product is the overhead product
from the final cyclone while the bottom product is the combined bottom product
from all the cyclones in the system. Both product streams are at the outlet
pressure of the final cyclone in the system. It is not possible to specify recycle
streams inside the unit or to reference intermediate stage data from the
flowsheet. For example, if you wish to set a specification on the second cyclone
in a three-cyclone series or set a recycle from the second cyclone to the first
cyclone, you should model the system as three separate units. Note that while
increasing the number of identical cyclones will increase efficiency and pressure
drop in a series system, it will decrease the efficiency and pressure drop in a
parallel system.
General Information
The Rotary Drum Filter unit is used to decrease the liquid content of a stream
containing solids. The model assumes a rotating, horizontal drum partially
submerged in a trough of slurry mixture, which is to be filtered.
Unit Specification
A Rotary Drum Filter unit operation is specified by filling in the appropriate real
and/or integer data variables in the tabs named as: Calculation mode, Operating
Conditions and Cake Properties in the main data entry window. It is accessed by
double-clicking the Rotary Drum Filter unit icon on the PFD. The variables
associated with each tab are discussed below.
Calculation Mode
In calculation mode Tab, one will see that the Rotary Drum Filter can be operated
in either of the two modes:
i. Rating Mode
Operating conditions
Value for Rotational speed of the drum (in RPM’s) is a mandatory user input, but
one has a choice to specify either the angle of filtration or the percentage of drum
submerged. The default values for angle of filtration and percentage of drum
submerged are available.
Cake properties
Porosity, Percentage of solids in the cake, Average Sphericity, Cake Resistance
at existing pressure drop and Cake Compressibility have default values and
hence are optional fields.
User can either specify the percentage of solids in the cake or ask PRO/II to
calculate it. In the latter case, Average Particle Diameter has to be made
available through one of the following possible ways:
(i) Particle Size Distribution (PSD) should be given so that PRO/II can
calculate Average Particle Diameter and use it in further calculation
sequence.
(ii) It can be given directly as a user input in the Float field provided.
PS: Though the Float field is shown as optional, there is no default value for
Average Particle Diameter.
In the similar way, user can either specify the Filtration Resistance or ask PRO/II
to calculate it. If user wants PRO/II to calculate the Filtration Resistance, then the
Specific Resistance is a mandatory user input.
Solids Dryer
Calculation Method
The Solids Dryer provides the option of specifying two specifications to satisfy
the degrees of freedom. Two types of specifications are available for this unit
operation; they are Operation Specification and Design Specification. Flash
calculations are used to meet the provided specifications.
General Information
The MELTER/FREEZER unit operation model provides the capability to melt a
solid to transform it into the liquid phase and freeze a liquid to transform it into
the solid phase. The component phase type must be VLS or LS for each
component to be considered for this operation.
Calculation Method
The calculations are based on the melting temperature of the component.
However, the liquid-solid equilibrium effects are not considered. The unit is
capable of operating in two modes. These include performing calculations when
the user provides the specification as Melting/Freezing fraction and the other by
performing calculations based on Normal Melting Point (NMP). If the optional
MELFRAC or FREFRAC keywords are not supplied on the OPERATION
statement, the melting temperature is used to determine appropriate phase
transformations. If the MELFRAC and FREFRAC keywords are used, the unit will
ignore the melting temperature for those components with MELFRAC/FREFRAC
specified. The specified fractions then determine the extent of phase
transformation. The products are flashed at outlet pressure and temperature to
determine vapor-liquid distribution. The duty is reported by taking the initial and
final thermodynamic states into account (which includes the heat of fusion for
transformed solid components).
Unit Specifications
User can specify the thermal condition and melt/freeze condition as
specifications. None of these specifications are compulsory. Pressure drop of
zero and temperature drop of zero are being considered as default specification
values.
Thermal Condition
First Specification
Select one of the following parameters:
Melt/Freeze Condition
After selecting the Melt/Freeze Fraction radio button, the grid associated with the
radio button is enabled and the focus will be changed to Starting Component list
box. User can provide the Melt/Freeze fraction by selecting the starting
component, ending component, melt/freeze type and the value of the fraction.
Melt/Freeze fraction can be provided for range of components and can also be
defined using PRO/II Define system. In case of defining fraction, both the starting
and ending component must be same. However, define feature is not allowed for
multiple components. The other parameters that can be defined with PRO/II
define system include Temperature, Pressure, Pressure Drop, Temperature Drop
and Melt/Freeze fraction.
Depressuring Unit
General Information
The Depressuring Unit simulates the time-pressure-temperature relationships
that occur when a vessel is depressured through a relief or control valve. Several
Calculation Options
Calculation options include procedures from API Standard 2000, API
Recommended Practice 520, and other industry standards.
Valve Data
Data can be entered on the Depressuring Valve Data window to define the flow
characteristics of the relief valve or control valve. This window is brought up by
clicking Valve Data… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window. A Valve
Model must be selected from the four choices by choosing the appropriate radio
button. The available valve models are Supersonic Flow, Subsonic Flow,
Constant Flow, Orifice, and User Model. The default is Supersonic Flow. The
equation for the selected model is displayed as an aid to entering the parameters
in the valve equation. The units displayed for the equation are consistent with the
default UOM for the problem and may not be changed.
A Valve Constant (C) must be entered for all models except for the User Model.
For the Supersonic Flow model, the valve constant is the only entry allowed. For
the Subsonic Flow model, an optional back pressure may be entered along with
the required the valve constant. For the Constant Flow model, the only allowable
entry is the valve constant. For the User model, the control valve coefficient must
be entered.
The Valve Constant (C) can be provided either as a single value or as a profile
through the policy grid. If you are using a profile, the Valve Constant is
calculated, at the respective time steps, by using the liner profile.
The default value for back pressure is 0.0 and the default value for critical flow
factor is 1.0. You may enter different values if desired.
Vessel Data
The Depressuring Vessel Data window is used to define the configuration of the
depressuring unit. This window is accessible via the Vessel Data button on the
Depressuring Unit main data entry window. One of the following must be
selected by choosing the appropriate radio button.
• Sphere
• Horizontal Cylinder
• Vertical Cylinder
• Unspecified Shape
If Sphere is the selected vessel geometry, a value for the diameter must be
entered. If Horizontal Cylinder is the selected vessel geometry, the diameter and
tangent-to-tangent length must be entered. For the Vertical Cylinder vessel
geometry, the diameter and tangent-to-tangent height must be entered. For
vessels of any of these defined geometries, entering a value for liquid height is
optional. For vessels of the Unspecified Shape geometry, the vessel volume
must be entered. Liquid Holdup is optional only if the geometry is Unspecified
Shape. By default, the holdup liquid is saturated liquid of the combined feed
composition at the initial conditions. The remaining vessel volume contains vapor
in equilibrium with this liquid. The holdup may be on a mole, weight, or actual
volume fraction basis with the default being the mole fraction basis.
The Vessel Weight and the Vessel Specific Heat can be entered for any vessel
geometry. Vessel Weight can be calculated by using Vessel Density and Vessel
Wall Thickness. If Vessel Specific Heat is given, either Vessel Weight is required
or Vessel Wall Thickness and Vessel Density are required. Vessel Density and
Vessel Wall Thickness are applicable to spherical, horizontal, cylindrical, and
vertical vessel geometries. These items are required only if “Blowdown” appears
on the Heat Input window, otherwise they are optional. (See discussion on vessel
Heat input options below.)
Heat Input
Click Heat Input… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry window to open the
Heat Input window. A heat input model may be selected from the drop-down list
box, which includes the following options:
• User-defined
• API 2000
• API 2000 Method with Scaling
• API RP 520 with Scaling
• API RP 520
• Isothermal
• Rigorous Blowdown
• Semi-rigorous Blowdown
• Fire Relief.
User-Defined is the default as this supplies no heat input to the vessel. The
difference between the Rigorous and Semi-rigorous Blowdown models is the
physical property calculations. The selected heat transfer equation is displayed,
along with the equation’s units of measure. Depending on the Heat Flow Model
selected, from one to five of the coefficients may be supplied. For the User-
Defined or Semi-rigorous or Rigorous Blowdown models, values for these
coefficients default to 0.0.
The User-Defined model allows up to six coefficients while the Blowdown model
allows five coefficients. In these two models, each coefficient ‘Ci’ is used as a
separate term. By omitting or providing zero as the value of coefficient effectively
removes it from the equation (i.e. the contribution of the term is zero). Therefore,
by selecting non-zero values for different combinations of coefficients, these two
equations will support wider variety of equation forms. For example, the sixth
coefficient in the User-Defined model allows a modelling called NORSOK
correlation.
For the Fire Relief Model only, the first two coefficients C1 and C2 are required.
The Initial Wetted Area field is made unavailable when a value has been entered
for Liquid Height on the Vessel Data window. Otherwise, a value for Initial Wetted
Area must be entered for the API 2000, Scaled API 2000, RP 520, Scaled RP
Makeup Stream
One feed stream to the depressuring unit can be designated as a constant-rate
makeup stream. Click Makeup… on the Depressuring Unit main data entry
window to open the Makeup Stream window, where a makeup stream can be
designated. Checking the box enables a drop-down list box which contains the
names of all feed streams to the depressuring unit shown on the PFD. One
stream may be selected as a makeup stream. The flow of this stream will always
begin at time = 0, regardless of when the depressuring begins. By default, no
makeup stream is included.
Products
The vent gas product streams can be set either at the calculation time steps or at
the specified time steps. If the total number of time steps is less than the total
number of product streams, the total number of time steps is considered for
associating the data generated by the depressuring unit with the product
streams. Similarly, if the number of product streams is lesser than the total
number of time steps, the number of product streams is considered.
For example, if the number of time steps is 2 and the total number of product
streams is 5. The data is associated only with the first two product streams, the
rest 3 are not considered.
Thermodynamic System
For problems where more than one thermodynamic method has been specified,
a drop-down list box allows the selection of a thermodynamic method set to be
used for the Depressuring Unit.
Dissolver
General Information
The Dissolver unit operation models the dissolution of solids into liquid solutions.
This mass transfer operation is widely used in the chemical industry in both
organic as well as inorganic processes.
Filtering Centrifuge
General Information
The Filtering Centrifuge unit is used to decrease the liquid content of a stream
containing solids. The most common types of filtering centrifuge are basket
types. A slurry mixture to be filtered is fed to a rotating perforated basket lined
with a cloth or mesh insert. This insert retains the solids as the liquid is forced
through the basket by centrifugal force. The Filtering Centrifuge may be operated
in design or rating mode. In design mode, a list of allowed bowl diameters (and
optionally rotational speeds) is provided. One diameter and speed is selected
from this list, which satisfies the required flow rate. In rating mode, the pressure
drop is calculated for a given diameter and speed.
Where:
gcent = Centrifugal force
R= radius of centrifuge basket.
Where:
= solid density
Where:
Where:
K = permeability of filter cake
The values of the constants A and B in equation (7) are a function of,
the ratio of the cake sphericity to the cake porosity. A and B is given by:
The residual cake saturation, a result of small amounts of liquid held between the
cake particles by surface tension forces, is a function of a dimensionless group
known as the capillary number, Nc. The capillary number is given by:
Where:
= liquid density
Where:
Finally, the actual rate of filtrate through the basket is given by:
Where:
= rate of filtrate
Design Specifications
Diameter and RPM List: For DESIGN case, enter a list of allowable diameters in
course length units in the first column of design specifications grid. A
corresponding list of rotational speeds may also be entered into the second
column of the grid. The “best” diameter is selected such that the maximum filtrate
throughput of the centrifuge is just larger than the actual filtrate flow rate.
Rating Specifications
Diameter: Diameter of the bowl in course length dimensions
Rpm: Rotational speed of the bowl. If Centrifuge TYPE is not selected, RPM is
required.
Centrifuge Type: PRO/II provides the support for five different kinds of
centrifuges as indicated below. Default selection is “Centrifuge type “Not
Specified” ”.
Table 2 : Centrifuge Types
Type Description
WIDE Wide angle. Half angle of basket cone angle of repose of solids.
Operating Conditions
The Liquid ratio, Cake ratio and Height ratio constitute the operating conditions
for filtering Centrifuge. All the ratios have default values.
The ratios are defined as:
Liquid Ratio: The ratio of the radius of the liquid surface to the radius of the
centrifuge. The default value is 0.738.
Cake Ratio: The ratio of the radius of the filter cake surface to the radius of the
centrifuge. The default value is 0.79.
Height Ratio: The ratio of the height of the centrifuge to the radius of the
centrifuge. The default value is 0.9545
Cake Properties
Data for cake properties is provided using this group box. The user is expected to
provide cake properties as determined from laboratory experiments or actual
operating unit measurements. If this data is not available, the model calculates
the cake properties based on default values. The percentage of solids in the cake
can be provided directly or calculated using the sphericity of the particles and the
particle diameter.
The particle diameter can be specified directly or by the definition of a particle
size distribution for the feed stream(s). If the feed stream contains the particle
size distribution information, data entry for average particle diameter becomes
optional.
The cake properties include:
Porosity: The porosity of the cake. It has the default value of 0.45.
Filter Medium Resistance: The resistance of the filter cloth or screen to the
filtrate. This has dimensions of reciprocal course-length. The default value is
0.2E+07/m or equivalent in other dimensional units.
Specific Cake Resistance: The specific resistance of the cake. This has
dimensions of course-length per weight. The default value is 0.2E+07 m/kg or the
equivalent in other dimensional units.
Percentage of Solids: The percentage of solids in the filter cake. The default is
50 percent. It is calculated using the defined value of sphericity and particle
diameter.
Excel Unit
General Information
The Excel unit operation allows using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet files to model
general unit operations in the flowsheet. During calculation, PRO/II transfers feed
stream information to the spreadsheet, invokes a user-defined macro, then reads
the resulting product stream information back into PRO/II.
An Excel file usually contains several worksheets of information. One of these
worksheets is used to exchange data between PRO/II and Excel. This data
transfer worksheet has a specific format which is described below in the section
Data Transfer Sheet. All other sheets in the workbook are ignored by PRO/II and
can be used for any other purpose.
When PRO/II is installed, an "empty" Excel file (ExcelTemplate.xls) is installed
which can be used as a starting point for developing custom spreadsheets.
Note: ExcelTemplate.xls does not perform any calculations.
A developer can copy and customize the spreadsheet by adding the required
macros and/or spreadsheet formulas to calculate the output stream conditions
based on the input feed streams and the unit operation data.
After the spreadsheet has been customized, a user can add it to a PRO/II
flowsheet using the Excel unit operation:
¾ After starting PRO/II, select File/New from the menu. The PFD Icon
palette is displayed.
¾ Scroll to the bottom of the PFD palette, click the Excel button, and click
an empty area of the flowsheet to add a new Excel unit operation.
¾ Connect the required feed and product streams.
Limitations
The Excel unit operation has the following limitations:
• The Excel macro cannot make any direct function calls back into PRO/II.
All communication with PRO/II is done through the data transfer sheet.
• Use of the PRO/II COM Server functions to access data in the current
flowsheet is not supported.
• The Excel spreadsheet is not stored in the .prz simulation file.
Column
or Cell * Contents
H25:Lnn At calculation time, the spreadsheet must fill this range of cells
* with component rate information of the product streams. The
number of columns is defined by cell H2; the number of rows is
defined by D2. The values should be expressed in PRO/II internal
units-of-measure.
M, O At calculation time, PRO/II will write values to columns M and O.
* Column M will contain the names of the unit operation Integer
(INT) attributes as defined in the Unit Operation Data Definition
(.ini) file; column O will contain the current values. After the
spreadsheet macro is complete, the updated values in column O
will be returned back to PRO/II.
P, R During calculations, PRO/II writes values to these columns.
* Column P contains the names of the unit operation Parameter
(PAR) attributes defined in the Unit Operation Data Definition
(.ini) file. Column R contains their current values. After the
spreadsheet macro finishes, updated values in column R are
returned back to PRO/II. Values are transferred in the units-of-
measure specified in the [UOM] section of the Data Definition file.
S, U During calculations, PRO/II writes values to these columns.
* Column S contains the names of the double-precision (DBL)
attributes as defined in the Unit Operation Data Definition (.ini)
file. Column U contains their current values. After the
spreadsheet macro ends, updated values in column U are
returned back to PRO/II. Values are transferred in the units-of-
measure specified in the [UOM] section of the Data Definition file
V Contains the descriptions of the attributes that are included in the
* PRO/II default text report. PRO/II does not change these values.
The number of descriptions and values included in the PRO/II
report is specified by the number in cell W4.
W Contains the values calculated by the spreadsheet macros and/or
* formulas. PRO/II does not change these values. When generating
the default text report, PRO/II will include the descriptions from
column V and values from column W in the text report. The
number of descriptions and values included in the report is
specified by the number in cell W4.
* The actual column used for this data depends upon the declared number of
feeds and products. Changing the number of feeds or products changes the
column correspondingly. As delivered, the unit has 5 feeds and 5 products.
Additional Customization
The Excel unit operation in PRO/II provides generic data attributes and GUI
capability. It is possible to perform additional customization using the capabilities
of the Modular User-Added Unit Operations. Specifically, the following items can
be customized:
• Custom Data attributes names and full support for units-of-measure.
• Custom tabbed dialog box.
• Custom icon on the PFD palette.
To perform these modifications, refer to the PRO/II User-Added Subroutines
User Guide.
Expander
General Information
The Expander operation may be used to model any isentropic expansion such as
an expander unit in a natural gas processing plant or a steam turbine, etc.
Adiabatic expansion efficiency may be applied to the calculations. Rigorous
calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
Adiabatic Efficiency
The isentropic work is adjusted by application of the adiabatic efficiency supplied
in the Expander window. When not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is
used (perfect isentropic expansion).
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for expander calculations
may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-
down list box on the Expander main data entry window.
General Information
The Flash unit may be used to model any equilibrium calculation where two of
the conditions are defined, e.g., temperature and pressure, pressure and
enthalpy, etc. The phase equilibrium is determined and the product may be
separated into product streams corresponding to the phases. The duty required,
if any, to bring the feed to the final conditions is also reported. Both VLE and
VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
First Specification
The temperature, pressure, or pressure drop from feed conditions is supplied by
choosing the appropriate drop-down list box on the Flash main data entry window
and supplying the value in the data entry field provided. Only one entry is
allowed.
Second Specification
This specification is used in conjunction with the First Specification given above
to define the equilibrium calculation desired. The Second Specification may be
either a Unit Specification or a Product Specification as denoted by the radio
Unit Specification
The desired second specification is chosen with the drop-down list box and the
data entry supplied in the field provided. Options are:
Pressure Drop or Pressure: These entries are only applicable when the
temperature is chosen as the primary specification and correspond to an
isothermal (constant temperature and pressure) flash. The Duty required
to bring the feed to the specified conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Duty: This entry corresponds to an adiabatic (duty defined) flash. When the
temperature is supplied as the primary specification, the pressure is
computed. When the pressure or pressure drop is supplied as the
primary specification, the temperature is computed. The duty may be
positive (heating), negative (cooling), or zero (constant enthalpy
calculation).
Dew Point: The dew point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The dew point temperature is
determined when the pressure or pressure drop is provided as the
primary specification. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Hydrocarbon Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the hydrocarbon portion of
the stream is computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary
specification. The dew point temperature is determined when the
pressure or pressure drop is provided as the primary specification. This
option is only applicable for thermodynamic systems which support a
free water phase. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Water Dew Point: The dew point pressure for the water portion of the stream is
computed when the temperature is supplied as the primary specification.
The dew point temperature is determined when the pressure or pressure
drop is provided as the primary specification. This option is only
applicable for thermodynamic systems which support a free water phase.
The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified conditions is
calculated by PRO/II.
Bubble Point: The bubble point pressure is computed when the temperature is
supplied as the primary specification. The bubble point temperature is
determined when the pressure or pressure drop is provided as the
primary specification. The Duty required to bring the feed to the specified
conditions is calculated by PRO/II.
Product Specification
When this radio button is selected, the pressure is computed when the
temperature is provided as the first specification such that a calculated stream
parameter meets a specified value. When the pressure or pressure drop is
supplied as the first specification, the temperature is computed. The Duty
required to bring the feed to the final conditions is also calculated by PRO/II.
The stream parameter specification is entered by clicking on the hypertext strings
and uses the general PRO/II specification format. This format is further described
in the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter. The stream parameter
specification must correspond to one of the flash unit products and may be either
an absolute or relative value. An absolute or relative tolerance value may also be
supplied. Note that a default relative tolerance of 0.02 is used if none is given.
Entrainment
Entrainment from one phase to another phase is requested in the Flash Drum
Entrainment dialog. Access that window by clicking Entrainment… on the Flash
main data entry window. Users must identify the From and To phases, and
specify the quantity of entrainment as either (a) the fraction or percent of the
donor phase, or (b) the absolute rate of material. The entrained material has the
same composition as the donor phase. Since entrainment calculations are
performed after the flash calculations, the resultant products may be different
from the original flash specifications. Multiple entrainments are permitted.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for flash calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Flash main data entry window.
General Information
The Flash with Solids unit models a flash drum unit operation with a solid product
stream. If a solids product stream is to be present, you must use the Flash with
Solids unit rather than the conventional Flash unit operation.
Flowsheet Optimizer
General Information
The Flowsheet Optimizer maximizes or minimizes an objective function by
varying one or more flowsheet variables while meeting a number of
specifications. Optionally, you can place constraints on minimum and maximum
values on the flowsheet variables. The objective function may be an operational
criterion, such as maximum recovery or minimum loss, or an economic criterion,
such as maximum profit or minimum cost. In order to optimize an economic
function, you must first include a Calculator in the flowsheet in order to define the
profit or cost. Then use the Optimizer to minimize or maximize the Calculator
result.
Objective Function
Either you must choose either Maximize or Minimize as the objective function by
selecting the appropriate radio button in the main Optimizer window. Enter the
objective function by clicking the linked text string Parameter in the Objective
Function field to make the Parameter window available selecting the unit or
Variables
The optimizer variables (VARY’s) are selected by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variables grid of the Optimizer main data entry window. In the
Parameter window, designate the stream or unit parameter that will be varied,
selecting from the same choices given above for the Objective Function. For unit
or stream variables, you must also input minimum and maximum values. The
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter gives more information on the
VARY concept. The tables in that section list the flowsheet variables that may be
used for SPEC’s and VARY’s for flowsheet optimizer units.
Specifications
Specifications (SPEC’s) may be entered for flowsheet parameters other than the
control variables. Click Specifications… on the Optimizer main data entry window
to bring up the standard Specifications window. Check the Use Specifications
box to enable the grid which contains the standard specification linked text. Enter
the parameters for each Specification by clicking the appropriate text strings in
each specification. Click the linked text string Parameter, to open the Parameter
window where you can select the unit or stream parameter to use as the SPEC.
The SPEC may be a single flowsheet parameter or a mathematical expression
that relates two flowsheet parameters. Next, enter the value and the default
tolerance for the SPEC by clicking on the appropriate text strings. See the
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for details on the generalized SPEC
form.
Calculation Options
Number of Calculation Cycles
Several options regarding the operation of the Optimizer may be specified by
clicking Options… on the Optimizer main data entry window.
The default for the number of calculation cycles is set by PRO/II as 18 plus the
current number of variables. Alternatively, you may specify the number of cycles
by selecting the appropriate radio button on the Options window.
Advanced Options
The Optimizer Advanced Options are intended for experienced users of PRO/II. If
you are unsure how these features may apply to your simulation, consult SIMSCI
Technical Support or refer to the PRO/II Reference Manual.
¾ Click Advanced Options... to specify additional options for the Optimizer.
Special Line Search Logic
This option enables a line search mode method for optimization
calculations. By default, this feature is Off. The option Specified Number
of Trials in the drop-down list box enables this feature.
When this feature is enabled, you may specify the maximum number of
line search trials for any one optimizer cycle. The number must be a
positive integer no greater than 20.
Derivative Analysis
By default, this option is Off. Select On in the drop-down list to produce an
analysis printout of the derivative step sizes for each optimizer cycle; in
addition, a modified perturbation step size will be suggested, if appropriate.
General Information
The LNG Heat Exchanger simulates the exchange of heat between any number
of hot and cold streams. The exchanger is divided into cells representing the
individual cross-flow elements. Cells are designated as Hot, where the streams
are cooled or as Cold where they are heated. The unit must contain at least one
hot cell and one cold cell.
The number of cells is initially defined on the LNG Heat Exchanger Configuration
window that appears when the unit is first placed on the PFD. Cells may be
added or deleted in the main LNG Heat Exchanger window.
Performance Specifications
Any cell may have either a duty or an outlet temperature specification. However,
at least one cell must remain unspecified. The product streams from all
unspecified cells leave the exchanger at the same temperature.
Cell Data
The pressure drop for each cell defaults to zero. Pressure drop values are
entered in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell Data window. The thermodynamic
system used for the calculations for an individual cell may also be changed in this
window.
Zones Analysis
Zones Analysis may be requested in the LNG Heat Exchanger Zones Analysis
window accessible via the Zones Analysis… button on the main data entry
window. This feature allows internal temperature crossovers and pinch points to
be identified by dividing the exchanger into a number of zones. Warnings are
issued if crossovers or pinch points are found.
The Zones Analysis calculations are normally performed when the exchanger is
calculated. However, if the exchanger is in a recycle, computation time may be
saved by performing the analysis at output time.
Zone Analysis will always be performed at calculation time if required by
Controller specifications on the LNG heat exchanger.
Print Options
The Print Options window is opened via the Print Options… button on the main
data entry window. A number of different Y versus X plots may be generated for
temperature, duty, and UA. The options are:
• Temperature vs. Duty (default)
• UA vs. Duty (default)
• ΔT vs. Temperature (default)
• ΔT vs. Duty
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for LNGHX calculations may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the LNG Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
Note: The thermodynamic system used for the calculations for an individual
cell (specified in the LNG Heat Exchanger Cell data window) overrides
this thermodynamic system for specific cells.
General Information
An Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (ACE) uses air as the cooling medium to remove
heat from a process fluid. The process fluid is a stream that flows through the
tube-side of the ACE through a tube bundle. Configuration options allow either
heating or cooling. The air side is analogous to the shell side of a shell-and-tube
exchanger, but the air is propelled using fans. A forced draft configuration locates
fans at the air entrance below the tube bundle. An induced draft configuration
places the fans above the tube bundle at the air exit.
The model allows a single (air side) bay that exchanges heat with one or more
(process side) tube bundles configured in series, in parallel, or both. Tube side
options configure one tube bundle. When more than one bundle are configured,
all bundles have the same physical configuration. Tube-side options allow tube
fins and tube-side nozzles.
The model executes in either rating (performance) mode or design (sizing) mode.
The default rating mode computes heat transfer and other performance data
based on a fixed exchanger configuration. It allows either none or one operating
specification. Design mode varies the physical dimensions of the exchanger to
satisfy a performance specification. It requires exactly one operating specification
with additional design constraints on the physical configuration.
General Information
The Rigorous Heat Exchanger simulates the operation of an existing heat
exchanger. The geometry of the unit has to be defined and the unit is rated to
determine the duty, exit temperatures, and pressure drops.
Calculation Type
The calculation type is selected from a drop-down list in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger window. The available options are:
Rating: Determine the heat transferred with the defined area and fouling factors.
This is the default.
Fixed Duty: Determine the fouling factors and exit temperatures from the defined
duty.
Tube Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and shell exit
temperature from the defined tube outlet temperature.
Shell Outlet Temperature: Determine the duty, fouling factors, and tube exit
temperature from the defined shell outlet temperature. If the selected
calculation type is not Rating, a value must be supplied for the duty or
exit temperature as appropriate.
Overall Configuration
The overall configuration is defined in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger window by
entering one or more of the configuration parameters:
• Number of Tubes/Shell
• Area/Shell
• Shell Inside Diameter
A value for at least one of these parameters must be supplied. If any of these
parameters is missing, it will be calculated from the others.
Configuration Data
The configuration details are defined in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Configuration Data window accessible via Configuration… on the main data entry
window. All data in this window have default values:
Number of Shells in Series: This is the number of identical shells connected in
series in the unit. Both shell and tube sides are considered to be piped in
series. The default is 1 shell.
Number of Shells in Parallel: This is the number of identical shells connected in
parallel in the unit. Both shell and tube sides are considered to be piped
in parallel. The default is 1 shell.
Number of Tube Passes/Shell: This can be any integer value between 1 and
16. The default is 2. Odd numbered values are allowed, but are not
recommended.
Orientation: The exchanger orientation is selected from the drop-down list as
either Horizontal or Vertical. The default is Horizontal.
Configuration: The direction of fluid flow is selected from the drop-down list as
either Countercurrent or Cocurrent. The default is Countercurrent.
Tube Data
Details of the exchanger tubes are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger Tube
Data window which is accessed via Tubes… on the main data entry window. All
tube data have default values.
Length: The nominal tube length includes the thickness of both tube-sheets. For
U-tubes, it includes the thickness of the tube sheet and the last baffle.
The length defaults to 20 ft (6.1 m).
Outside Diameter: The tube outside diameter defaults to 0.75 inches (19.05
mm).
Thickness: The tube thickness may be defined as:
Inside Diameter
Wall Thickness
BWG
Bare tubes default to an inside diameter of 0.58402 inches (14.834 mm).
Finned tubes default to an inside diameter of 0.49598 inches (12.573
mm).
Pitch: The center-to-center distance between tubes defaults to 1.0 inch (25.4
mm).
Pattern: The tube pattern is selected from the drop-down list. The options are
Triangular–30 Degrees, Square–90 Degrees (default), Rotated
Triangular–60 Degrees, and Rotated Square– 45 Degrees.
Sheet Thickness: The tube sheet thickness is calculated if it is not supplied.
Fin Data
The default is not to have finned tubes. If fins are specified, the surface area may
be entered directly or calculated from the fin data.
Extended Surface Area: This is the total surface area of the tubes including the
finned and bare surface areas. A value entered here, overrides the
calculated area.
Fins/Inch: This is the number of fins per inch of tube length. (Default is 19).
Thickness: The fin thickness defaults to a value in inches equal to 0.5/ (Fins per
Inch).
Baffle Data
Details of the exchanger baffles are entered in the Rigorous Heat Exchanger
Baffle Data window accessible via Baffles… on the main data entry window. All
baffle data have default values.
Baffle Type: The type is selected from the drop-down list. The options are No
Baffles, Single (default), Single Baffles - No Tubes in Window and
Double.
Baffle Geometry Data: The baffle cut is the height of the window divided by the
shell inside diameter and it defaults to 0.2. Alternatively, the Net Free
Area Ratio may be entered instead. This is the area of the window
divided by the cross-sectional area of the shell.
Center Spacing: If a value is not supplied, the baffle center-to-center spacing is
calculated by default to be 0.2*(Shell Inside Diameter). Any value
entered will be ignored if both Inlet Spacing and Outlet Spacing are
defined and the value will be calculated to provide even spacing.
Inlet Spacing: This is the center-to-center spacing between the tube sheet and
the inlet baffle. If the inlet spacing is not supplied, it is calculated to meet
the center spacing or, if no center spacing is defined, it defaults to 5
inches (133 mm) for bare tubes or 3 inches (88 mm) for finned tubes.
Outlet Spacing: This is the center-to-center spacing between the tube sheet and
the outlet baffle. If the outlet spacing is not supplied, it is calculated to
meet the center spacing or, if no center spacing is defined, it defaults to
5 inches (133 mm) for bare tubes or 3 inches (88 mm) for finned tubes.
Thickness: If a value is not supplied, the baffle thickness defaults to 0.1875
inches (4.763 mm).
Number of Sealing Strips: This is the number of pairs of sealing strips per
cross-flow pass. It defaults to zero.
Material Data
Tube and shell material property data are entered in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Material Data window accessible via Materials… on the main data
entry window.
The default material is carbon steel. A different material may be selected from a
drop-down list which shows the materials in the library.
Individual properties of the selected material may be overridden. Alternatively,
the user may select User-added Material from the list and then supply the name
and properties of the material. The list of materials in the library is tabulated
below.
Straight Chrome Steel STR CHRM 487.0 7801 14.0 20.8 24.2
12Cr
304 Stainless Steel 304 S.S. 501.1 8027 9.3 13.8 16.1
18Cr, 8Ni
310 Stainless Steel 310 S.S. 501.1 8027 7.8 11.6 13.5
25Cr, 20Ni
316 Stainless Steel 316 S.S. 501.1 8027 9.4 14.0 16.3
17Cr, 12Ni
321 Stainless Steel 321 S.S. 494.2 7916 9.2 13.7 15.9
18Cr, 10Ni
Aluminum 1060 H14 A1060H14 170.0 2723 128.3 190.9 222.1
Red Brass 85Cu, 15Zn RED BRAS 546.0 8746 92.0 136.9 159.2
Nozzle Data
The default nozzle type and sizes can be overridden in the Rigorous Heat
Exchanger Nozzle Data window accessible via Nozzles… on the main data entry
window.
The default is to use conventional nozzles with calculated inside diameters.
Nozzle data only affects the calculated pressure drop in the exchanger.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the rigorous
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Rigorous Heat Exchanger main data entry
window.
General Information
The Simple Heat Exchanger may be used to heat or cool a single process
stream, exchange heat between two process streams, or exchange heat
between a process stream and a utility stream. Rigorous calculations may be
performed for VLLE systems. It is also possible to attach an exchanger to any
tray of a distillation column and exchange heat between a process stream and a
column internal stream, either liquid or vapor.
Utility Streams
For simple heat exchangers with one process side, a hot or cold utility stream
may be defined. The required utility rate for the specified heat transfer is always
computed. Utility streams may be specified by clicking Utility Stream… on the
Heat Exchanger main data entry window to access the appropriate hot or cold
utility window.
Cold utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Cold Side Utility window.
Options are:
Water: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Air: Temperature in and out must be supplied. Sensible heat transfer only.
Refrigerant: A designated component is vaporized at its saturation pressure or
temperature. Latent heat transfer only.
Hot utility streams are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Hot Side Utility window.
Options are:
Steam: Steam is condensed at its saturation temperature or pressure. Latent
heat transfer only.
Heating Medium: A designated component is condensed at its saturation
temperature or pressure. Latent heat transfer only.
Configuration Data
Configuration data are supplied in the Heat Exchanger Configuration Data
window accessed by clicking Configuration… on the main data entry window.
Performance Specifications
Exchanger performance is specified in the Heat Exchanger Specifications
window accessed via Specifications… on the main data entry window.
Exchanger performance may be specified in a variety of ways:
Outlet Temperature: Temperature out for hot or cold process fluid. Temperature
Approach (Two-sided exchangers only)
• HOCO: Hot out minus cold out.
• HOCI: Hot out minus cold in.
• HICO: Hot in minus cold out.
• Minimum: Smaller of HOCI and HICO.
• Minimum Internal Temperature Approach (MITA): Minimum internal
approach based on a zones analysis for the exchanger.
Duty: Overall heat transfer duty for the exchanger.
Outlet Stream Liquid Fraction: The liquid fraction for the hot or cold side exit
fluid where 1.0 indicates bubble point and 0.0 indicates dew point
conditions.
Degrees of Superheat: The degrees of superheat (above the dew point) for the
hot or cold side exit fluid.
Degrees of Subcooling: The degrees of subcooling (below the bubble point) for
the hot or cold side exit fluid.
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U): The area is calculated from this entry
when not supplied. When both U and Area are given, the heat transfer is
computed to satisfy the U*Area and no other performance specifications
are allowed for the exchanger.
Zone Analysis
Zone analysis is requested by clicking Zones Analysis… on the main data entry
window. The duty-weighted LMTD of exchangers that encounter phase changes
may be computed by dividing the exchanger into at least five zones of equal
duty. More zones may be requested as desired. Zones analysis is automatically
performed during convergence calculations for exchangers with MITA, a zoned
MTD specification, a UA specification, or both a U and an AREA specification
together. Each of these configurations requires a zone analysis to reach a
solution. Warning messages are given for temperature crossovers.
For other types of specifications, the zone analysis may be performed during
exchanger calculations or at the completion of all calculations, as requested.
Usually, the only zone analysis of interest is the one performed on the final
converged exchanger. In this case, convergence calculations may be reduced
significantly by requesting zone analysis during OUTPUT rather than during
calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for each side of the simple
heat exchanger may be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box on the Heat Exchanger main data entry window.
Heating/Cooling Curves
General Information
The Heating/Cooling Curve utility module develops heating or cooling curves for
any stream in the flowsheet. The tables are a composite of equilibrium flashes,
and present the data typically required for the design of heat transfer equipment.
Curves may be generated by using equal temperature increments or equal duty
increments. Additional points are included when phase boundaries are crossed.
For the Flash, Heat Exchanger, and Column unit operations, a convenient means
is provided to retrieve the streams involved in heat transfer and generate curves
based on the actual duties for the units. For other flowsheet streams, you may
define the desired temperature or duty ranges for the curves.
In addition to the standard thermal properties, additional properties may be
requested for the reports. These properties include physical, critical,
thermodynamic, transport, and petroleum properties.
Pressure
Increment Dew Point User supplied Equal
pressure, dew pressure
point increments at
dew point.
A check box may be used to select printout of liquid activity coefficients, vapor
fugacity coefficients, and Pointing correction factors for thermodynamic systems
based on liquid activity coefficients. The equilibrium K-values for the components
may also be selected for printout with a check box.
Standard Reports
Standard reports include the data in the table below:
Molecular Weight X X
Actual Density X X
Volumetric Flow X X
Compressibility X
Factor
Specific Gravity X
Flowing Entropy X X X
Latent Heat X X
Heat Capacity X X
Viscosity X X
Thermal Conductivity X X
Surface Tension X
Critical Pressure X X
Critical X X
Compressibility
API Gravity X X
Watson K Factor X X
Molar Average X X
Boiling Point Temp.
Plots
Refer to Chapter 11, Printing and Plotting, for more information about generating
graphical plots of Heating/Cooling Curve results.
Thermodynamic System
You may select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for
heating/cooling curves calculations by choosing a method from the
Thermodynamic System drop-down list box on the Heating/Cooling Curves main
data entry window.
Mixer
General Information
The Mixer unit combines two or more streams into a single product stream. The
outlet pressure may be specified if desired. The outlet temperature and phase
condition are always determined with an adiabatic flash from the feed conditions.
This unit supports both VLE and VLLE calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for mixer calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the Mixer main data entry window.
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Multivariable Controller
General Information
The Multivariable Controller (MVC) is an expanded form of the Controller and
simulates two or more feedback process controllers. The MVC is capable of
adjusting an unlimited number of upstream variables to reach the same number
of specified objectives. Each Specification may be a stream flow rate or property,
a unit operating condition, or a Calculator result. The control variables may be
stream and unit operation conditions, thermodynamic parameters, and Calculator
results that are otherwise at fixed values in the flowsheet.
For the Multivariable Controller, the number of variables must equal the number
of specifications. The linked text above the Specifications grid in the Multivariable
Controller main data entry window indicates whether the current number of
Specifications
Establish the Specifications by clicking the appropriate linked text in the
Specification grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC Specifications are
established in the same manner as for the simple Controller Specifications. See
the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for further details on the
generalized SPEC form.
Variables
Establish the control variables (VARY’s) by clicking the linked text string
Parameter in the Variable grid of the Multivariable Controller window. MVC
VARY's are established in exactly the same manner as simple Controller
VARY’s. See the SPEC/VARY/DEFINE section of this chapter for more
information on the VARY concept. Tables are also given in that section listing the
flowsheet variables that may be used for SPEC’s and VARY’s for multivariable
controller units.
Phase Envelope
Selection of Streams
You may select feed and product streams from any unit operation in the
flowsheet for phase envelope generation. Up to five flowsheet streams may be
selected using drop-down list boxes in the Phase Envelope main data entry
window. You may optionally supply a liquid mole fraction for any of the selected
flowsheet streams to generate a curve at a constant liquid mole fraction. This
option is useful for generating liquid fraction curves to be superimposed on the
phase envelope. Normally, you would first select a flowsheet stream with no
liquid fraction entry to generate the phase envelope, followed by one or more
selections with specified liquid fraction entries to generate a family of curves. It is
not permissible to duplicate the same stream with the same liquid mole fraction in
a single phase envelope.
Plot Options
Select a plot option for the phase envelope in the Phase Envelope Plot Options
window which you can access by clicking Plot Options on the Phase Envelope
main data entry window.
For each selected stream, a default descriptive label is provided in this window.
The default label will contain the stream name and an L/F value if specified. You
may modify each label. Duplicate labels are not allowed. An example default
stream label with a specified L/F is: “S100 - L/F= 0.9".
A drop-down list box contains plot options as follows:
None - This is the default. No plots are generated.
Individual - Individual generates a plot with only the stream selected.
Comparison All streams with the Comparison option are plotted on the
same graph. The Comparison option is useful for plotting a stream phase
envelope with superimposed curves of constant liquid mole fraction.
When you select the Comparison option for a stream, you will be
prompted to provide a comparison plot symbol to label the data points for
the generated curve. The symbol may be an integer number in the range
Thermodynamic System
Select the thermodynamic system of methods to be used for Phase Envelope
calculations by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Phase Envelope main data entry window.
General Information
The PIPEPHASE Unit Operation (PPUOP) encapsulates a PIPEPHASE
simulation enabling it to be solved in sequential modular form within a
conventional PRO/II simulation. The PPUOP allows the user to link PRO/II
simulation streams to PIPEPHASE simulations streams so that stream properties
from a PRO/II simulation is passed to the PIPEPHASE simulation, and back to
PRO/II upon solution of the PIPEPHASE simulation. As with any unit operation in
PRO/II, the PPUOP can be accessed multiple times in calculation loops, and a
PRO/II simulation can have multiple instances of PPUOP's in the flowsheet.
The PPUOP is represented as an icon and is similar to other PRO/II unit
operations. It can be initialized with a PIPEHASE simulation.
Note: Refer to the PRO/II Installation Notes for the specific versions of
PIPEPHASE currently supported by PRO/II.
Component mapping
Component mapping is allowed only if the number of components in both PRO/II
Initialization
The PPUOP can be initialized with a PIPEPHASE simulation (.inp for
PIPEPHASE 8.2 and either an .inp or a .ppzip for PIPEPHASE 9.0) by clicking
Initialize from PIPEPHASE simulation… in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window. If the
user reinitializes a PIPEPHASE simulation with another simulation, then all the
information of the previous simulation will be removed.
Note: When using PIPEPHASE version 8.2 files for initialization, it is necessary
for the GUI database files, (.pp0 and .pp1) to be present. Otherwise, the user
must generate the PIPEPHASE GUI database files by importing the
corresponding keyword file.
PIPEPHASE GUI
The PIPEPHASE GUI can be launched from within the PRO/II flowsheet. The
user can commit the changes made to the simulation in the GUI, and export the
changes to the keyword input file. The user can launch the PIPEPHASE GUI by
clicking the PIPEPHASE GUI button in the PRO/II PIPEPHASE window.
Note: The PIPEPHASE v8.2 requires the PIPEPHASE GUI files (.pp0 and .pp1)
of the simulation. If not present, a warning message is displayed and the
user is required to export the keyword file. However, for PIPEPHASE
version 9.0, changes made in the PIPEPHASE GUI automatically are
exported to the keyword file while saving the simulation.
Export
The user can export a copy of the PIPEPHASE simulation to an external location
by clicking Export to external PIPEPHASE simulation….
PIPEPHASE Reports
The PIPEPHASE Report displays only the results of the PIPEPHASE simulation
and not the PRO/II PIPEPHASE integration flowsheet.
File Handling
When you drag and drop a new PPUOP on the PFD, and initialize it with a
PIPEPHASE simulation, a copy of the PIPEPHASE file along with its database
files is stored in the PRO/II Temp directory. This Temp folder is called the
Managed folder and it will be the working directory for that specific PPUOP. All
PIPEPHASE related files reside in this folder during the PRO/II simulation run.
The files in the Managed folder are under the control of PRO/II and any changes
made to these files by providing inputs through the PIPEPHASE GUI launched
by clicking PIPEPHASE GUI… are saved to the files in the Managed folder and
not to the PIPEPHASE database files in the original location.
When PRO/II saves a set of simulation files, a new zip file is created by copying
all the PIPEPHASE files from the Managed folder. These include all the
PIPEHASE files (.inp, .pp0, .pp1, .out , and other intermediate files for
PIPEHASE version 8.2, or ppzip for PIPEPHASE version 9.0) The .zip file name
has the form “PRZfilename_UnitID.zip”, where “PRZfilename" is the simulation
file name and “UnitID" is the ID of the PIPEPHASE unit in the simulation. This
Pipe
General Information
The Pipe unit is used to model single or multiphase pressure drops in pipes
and/or fittings which connect unit operations. This unit may be used in two
modes: Rating Mode where the pressure drop is computed based on a specified
line diameter, and Design Mode where the line diameter is calculated to meet a
specified pressure drop and/ or velocity criteria. Numerous algorithms are
provided for the pressure drop calculations to model a variety of piping
applications. A rigorous heat balance may also be performed for the calculations,
in which heat is transferred through the pipe to or from an ambient medium, or a
duty is uniformly applied to the length of the pipe. The phase equilibrium is
determined for the product and it may be separated into streams according to the
phases. Both VLE and VLLE calculations are supported by this unit.
Calculation Type
The Calculation Type may be selected with the radio buttons provided on the
Pipe main data entry window. Options are as follows:
Line/Fitting Data
Line and fitting data are supplied in the Pipe Line/Fitting Data window which is
reached by clicking Line/Fitting Data on the Pipe main data entry window. For
fixed line diameter calculations, radio buttons on this window are used to select
the input mode for the pipe diameter. When the Inside Diameter radio button is
selected, the pipe inside diameter is supplied directly. When the Nominal Pipe
Size radio button is selected, a drop-down list box is used to select the desired
pipe nominal diameter from a table of common pipe sizes. For this option, the
pipe schedule may also be chosen with a drop-down list box. When no schedule
is chosen, schedule 40 pipe is assumed in most cases.
The line length is supplied directly in this window. The maximum allowable line
length is 900,000 feet (274,000 meters).
An elevation change over the line length may be entered in the Pipe Line/Fitting
Data window. A plus value indicates an increase in elevation; a minus sign
indicates a decrease in elevation. The absolute value of the elevation change
must not exceed the line length.
One fitting K-factor may be attached to a pipe unit and supplied in this window.
The K-factor is defined as the total resistance coefficient, and is limited to a
maximum value of 100.0. Note that the supplied K-factor may be used to
represent multiple fittings, valves, and exit losses. When a pipe unit is being used
to represent a fitting or fittings only, a negligible line length should be provided.
Radio buttons are used to select the pipe roughness in this window. The
Absolute roughness may be entered in length units or the Relative roughness
may be supplied. The roughness applies to both the line and the fitting. A default
absolute roughness of 0.0018 inches or equivalent (new steel pipe) is used when
no roughness is supplied.
The number of calculation segments is selected by clicking the text string at the
bottom of this window. A maximum of 50 segments may be used. The pressure
drop calculations are based on the average fluid properties in a segment;
therefore, it is important to use multiple segments for systems in which the fluid
properties vary significantly over the line length (such as multiphase systems).
• Fixed Duty
• Ambient Heat Transfer
• Isothermal Operation
For Fixed Duty calculations, the supplied duty is applied evenly over the entire
length of the line. A positive value is used for heating and a negative value
signifies cooling. This option with a duty of zero is used as the heat transfer
default option. This option may be used for both forward and backward
calculations.
An overall U factor and ambient temperature must be provided for the Ambient
Heat Transfer option. The U factor has units of energy/ (area)(time)(degree). A
default value of 6°F is used for the ambient temperature. The heat transfer is
computed from the pipe segment inlet and outlet temperatures, U factor, pipe
inside area, and the ambient temperature. This option may not be used with
backward calculations.
The Isothermal Operation option performs all pressure drop calculations at the
inlet temperature to the pipe unit. This option is not allowed for backward
calculations.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the pipe calculations may be selected with the
drop-down list box on the Pipe main data entry window. The problem Default
system is used when no other thermodynamic system is selected.
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Polymer Reactor
General Information
The Polymer Reactor model simulates either a free radical or stepwise
polymerization process in an ideal Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) or
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Polymer Reactor model, consult the PRO/II Add-On
Modules User Guide.
Procedure Data
General Information
Procedures provide a way to calculate the reaction rate based on a user’s own
calculation method. The reaction rate calculation is required by the plug, CSTR,
reactive distillation and batch reactor units. PRO/II’s default method for reaction
rate calculation is based on power law rate expressions. For any other rate,
expression type (such as Langmuir-Hishelwood) or any reaction rate which
deviates from the base rate (such as a reaction with a mass transfer limitation),
Procedures and the alternative User-Added Kinetic Subroutines (see PRO/II
Procedure Setup
Use the Procedure Data dialog to enter procedure data. Access the dialog
window through the Input/Procedure Data… menu option, or by clicking the
Procedure Data toolbar button . Each Procedure in this window
has a mandatory name and an optional description. As soon as the name for a
Procedure is entered, the Enter Data… button becomes available. The button
opens the Kinetic Procedure Definition window where you may click Edit/View
Declaration to access the Declarations of variables and parameters.
¾ Any variable names entered in Defined Procedure Variables will be
available to transfer information from the reactor unit to the Procedures it
calls. They can be DEFINE'd in the reactor unit, and accessed in the
same manner as any other variable in the Procedure code.
¾ There is only one Parameter available to be specified, which is the
maximum number of reactions allowed. This only needs be changed if
the Procedure must handle more than the default of 15 reactions.
After completing the setup, click Hide Declaration to close the Declarations
dialog.
Procedure Code
Note: The Procedure Code section is required and must terminate with a
RETURN statement.
The actual FORTRAN procedure is entered directly in the Code field on the
Kinetic Procedure Definition data entry window. You may check the procedure as
you compose it by clicking Check Code. The following predefined variables are
provided from the calling reactor unit:
¾ Kinetic data: These are the kinetic parameters are provided via K… of
the Reaction Data section, and/or Unit Reaction Definitions… of the
Reactor unit.
¾ Reactor data: These data include the reactor sizing parameters and
operating conditions.
Predefined Variables
The following variable names are reserved. They are used to pass values
between the procedure and the unit operation that uses the procedure.
The first tables list variables that provide input values to the procedure. They may
not appear on the left side of an assignment statement.
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
REAL Scalar Variables - Supplied in standard problem dimensional units
Temperature RTEMP X X X X
Pressure RPRES X X X X
Total Molecular weight RMW X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMW X
Liquid Phase RLMW X
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
L1 Phase RL1MW X
L2 Phase RL2MW X
Specific gravity (60/60) RSPGR X X X X
Total Molar Rate RMRATE X X X X
Vapor Phase RVMRAT X
Liquid Phase RLMRAT X
L1 Phase RL1MRA X
L2 Phase RL2MRA X
Weight Rate RWRATE X X X X
Standard Volumetric
2 RSVRAT X X X
Rate
Actual Volumetric Rate RAVRAT X X X
Vapor Phase RVVRAT X
Liquid Phase RLVRAT X
L1 Phase RL1VRA X
L2 Phase RL2VRA X
Liquid Fraction RLFRAC X X X X
L1 Phase RL1FRA X
L2 Phase RL2FRA X
Vapor Phase Viscosity RVVISC X X X X
Liquid Phase Viscosity RLVISC X X X X
REAL Scalar Variables - Supplied in standard problem dimensional units
Vapor Phase
RVCOND X X X X
Conductivity
Liquid Phase
RLCOND X X X X
Conductivity
Vapor Phase Sp. heat RVCP X X X X
Liquid Phase Sp. heat RLCP X X X X
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Surface tension RSURF X X X X
Absolute Temperature RTABS X X X X
Tube Diameter (fine
TDIAM X
length)
Tube Length TLEN X X
Cumulative Length CUMLEN X
Plug Flow Step Size
DELX X
(fine length)
Total reactor volume
(CSTR & BATCH)
or VOLUME X X X
volume step size of
PLUGFLOW reactor
Vapor Phase Volume RVVOLU X
Liquid Phase Volume RLVOLU X
L1 Phase Volume RL1VOL X
L2 Phase Volume RL2VOL X
Gas Constant RGAS X X X X
1 Volumetric flow rates for CSTR and PLUGFLOW are calculated using bulk
compositions assuming the specified reactor phase, even if the phase is
actually mixed. A warning is printed if the actual phase is mixed.
2 Standard vapor volume conditions are different from liquid mole volume
standard conditions. Refer to Table 1: Standard Conditions on page 50.
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Dimension : NOC
Total Molar
XTOTAL X X X X
Composition
Total Molar
XCONC X X X
Concentration
Vapor Phase XVCONC X
Liquid Phase XLCONC X
L1 Phase XL1CON X
L2 Phase XL2CON X
Vapor Phase Fugacity XVFUG X X X X
Liquid Phase Fugacity XLFUG X
L1 Phase XL1FUG X
L2 Phase XL2FUG X
Variable
Property PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Liquid Phase Activity XLACT X
L1 Phase XL1ACT X
L2 Phase XL2ACT X
Vapor phase Mole
XVAP X X X X
Fractions
Liquid phase Mole
XLIQ X X X X
Fractions
L1 Phase XLIQ1 X
L2 Phase XLIQ2 X
Vapor phase Mass
XVMFRA X
Fractions
Liquid phase Mass
XLMFRA X
Fractions
L1 Phase XL1MFR X
L2 Phase XL2MFR X
Dimension: 70 Real
numbers supplied on RDATA X X X X
RDATA statement
Dimension: 200 Real
numbers supplied on SUPPLE X X X X
SUPPLE statement
Dimension: NOR ACTIVE X X X X
Activation Energy*
PREEXP X X X X
Pre-exponential factor
Temperature Exponent TEXPON X X X X
Dimension: X
(NOC,NOR) STOICH X X X
X
Stoichiometric factor ORDER X X X
Reaction order
Variable
PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Dimension: 10 Integer
supplied on IDATA IDATA X X X X
statement
Dimension: NOR Base
IDBASE X X X X
Component
Calculation basis for
each reaction rate
(liquid phase)
0 = molar
1
1 = partial pressure ILBASI X
2 = fugacity
3 = mole-gamma
4 = mole fraction
5 = mass fraction
Calculation basis for
each reaction rrate
(vapor phase)
0 = molar
1
1 = partial pressure IVBASI X
2 = fugacity
3= mole-gamma
4 = mole fraction
5 = mass fraction
Dimension:
(NOC,NOR) Phase of
components in rxn IPHASE X
1 = Vapor
2 = Liquid
1
Available only for Boiling Pot CSTR
PROCEDURE Results
Variable
PFR CSTR Batch RxDist
Name
Values of solution flag:
0 Default value.
Assumes the
PROCEDURE step
has solved.
1 PROCEDURE solved.
2 PROCEDURE failed; X X X X
continue calculations if
in a recycle or control
loop.
3 PROCEDURE failed,
stop all flowsheet
calculations.
Reaction rates for each
reaction moles/ (liqvol*
time) for OPERATION RRATES
1
PHASE=L , (NOR) X X X X
moles/(vapvol*time) for
OPERATION
1
PHASE=V
Temperature derivatives DRDT
2 X
for each reaction (NOR)
DRDX
Composition derivatives
(NOC, X
for each reaction 2
NOR)
1 CSTR and PLUGFLOW should not be used when multiphase reactions
are expected. Except for Reactive Distillation and the CSTR boiling pot
model, PRO/II assumes the phase is 100% liquid or vapor as defined on
the OPERATION statement.
2 The use of this is optional.
Pump
General Information
The Pump may be used to compute the energy required to increase the pressure
of a process stream. This quantity of energy is added to the feed enthalpy to
determine the outlet temperature. Only the bulk liquid phase is considered in the
calculations.
Specifications
Outlet Conditions
The Pressure Specification for a pump is selected with the appropriate radio
button on the Pump main data entry window as:
• Outlet pressure
• Pressure rise (” P)
• Pressure ratio based on the lowest feed stream pressure.
Pump Efficiency
A pumping efficiency in percent may be supplied in the data entry field provided
on the Pump main data entry window. This value is used for the work and outlet
temperature calculations. If not supplied, a default value of 100 percent is used.
Reaction Data
General Information
Use the Reaction Data Sets data entry window to supply reaction stoichiometry,
heat of reaction, kinetic and equilibrium data, and to specify the base component
for each reaction. One or more reactions may be saved as separate reaction
data sets and used in all reactor types (conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs free
energy minimization, plug flow, CSTR, and boiling pot reactors). Multiple unit
operations can have common access to the same reaction data.
The PRO/II graphical user interface now supports multiple equilibrium
expressions for each Equilibrium Reactor.
Note: You may specify the base component of the reaction and provide heat of
reaction and equilibrium and kinetic data in the Reactor data entry
window. For conversion reactors, these data are considered to be local
and are entered at the unit operation level. See the Reactor section later
in this chapter.
Reactor
General Information
The Reactor unit operation simulates the operation of many chemical reactors
including conversion reactors, equilibrium reactors, Gibbs (Free Energy
Minimization) reactors, Plug Flow Reactors (PFR’s), Continuous Stirred Tank
Reactors (CSTR’s), and Boiling Pot Reactors.
In addition to the above reactor types, PRO/II contains built-in Shift and
Methanation reaction data sets for either conversion or equilibrium reactors.
Reactor Type
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs, or plug flow reactors, select the reactor type
by choosing the appropriate reactor icon from the PFD palette. CSTR and boiling
pot reactors share the CST/Boiling Pot Reactors icon. Select the desired reactor
type from a drop-down list box on the main Reactor data entry window.
Reaction Set
For all reactor types other than the Gibbs reactor, you must select a reaction data
set from the Reaction Set Name drop-down list box (options include a built-in
reaction set, e.g., Shift reaction, or a user-defined set) on the Reactor main data
entry window. For the Gibbs reactor type, either no reaction data set may be
Thermal Specifications
For most reactor types, the fixed operating temperature, the temperature rise
across the reactor, or the fixed reactor duty may be specified by using radio
buttons and entering values in the appropriate data fields. The available options
are:
Temperature Rise: This is the temperature increase across the reactor. This
option is available for conversion and equilibrium reactors only where it is
the default.
Combined Feed Temperature: Enter the average temperature for all feed
streams to the reactor. This is available for plug flow and Gibbs reactors,
and CSTR's only where it is the default.
Fixed Temperature: You may specify the final reactor temperature for all reactor
types.
Fixed Duty: You may specify the reactor duty for all reactor types. A default
value of 0 will be used if a value is not specified. The following additional
reactor information may also be given via the main Reactor window:
External Heat: You may specify information on the external heating or cooling
source by selecting the External Heat option. This is for plug flow
reactors only. Click Enter Data… and enter data in the External
Heating/Cooling window.
Temperature Profile: You may enter the reactor temperature profile in tabular
form as a function of the actual reactor length, or as a function of percent
or fractional distance along the reactor. This is for plug flow reactors
only.
Reactor Data
Click Reactor Data… from the main Reactor data entry window to open the
Reactor Data window where you can supply reactor configuration information.
Realative Duty Tolerence (Only for Equilibrium Reactor): This sets the error
tolerance for duty used in internal calculations. The default is a relative tolerance
of 0.001.
You must provide the reactor volume for CSTR’s in the Reactor Data window.
Optionally, you may also provide estimates of the product flow rate.
Enter the following data for PFR’s in the Reactor Data window:
Reactor Length: The total length of the reactor. Data for this field is mandatory.
Tube Inside Diameter: The inside diameter of the PFR tubes. Data for this field
is mandatory.
Number of Tubes: The total number of tubes in the PFR. Default is 1.
Number of Points for Profile: The number of equidistant locations along the
reactor length for the temperature profile. Default is 10.
Integration Options: You may select one of four integration options:
Pressure Drop
Significance
Correlation
Beggs-Brill-Moody This is the default PRO/II method, and is the
recommended method for most systems, especially
single phase systems.
Olimens Used for gas condensate systems, which uses the
Eaton correlation to calculate liquid holdup and
Moody diagrams for friction factor.
Dukler-Eaton-Flanigan This hybrid correlation is for gas condensate
systems that are mainly gas.
Gray Recommended for vertical gas condensate
systems. It is not suitable for horizontal lines.
Hagedorn-Brown This method also is recommended for vertical pipe
lines, and should not be used for horizontal pipes.
Mukherjee-Brill Used for gas condensate systems. This method
must be used with care due to its discontinuities.
Use at least 2 pipe segments to avoid failures due
to changing flow regimes.
Beggs-Brill-Moody-Palmer This is the same as Beggs-Brill-Moody, but also
includes the Palmer modification to account for
liquid holdup, based on experimental data for uphill
and downhill lines.
Gibbs Reactor
For the Gibbs reactor, the user may provide a number of optional calculation
options in the Reactor Data window:
Maximum Iterations: The maximum number of iterations allowed. The
default is 50.
Convergence Tolerance: The relative convergence tolerance. The
-4 -6
default is 10 for isothermal conditions and 10 for adiabatic conditions.
Fibonacci Tolerance: The convergence tolerance for the Fibonacci
search calculations. The default is 0.01.
In addition, you may specify the physical property evaluation method by
clicking on the underlined hypertext. The options are:
C 2 H 4 + Cl 2 ⇔ C 2 H 4 + Cl 2
There are 3 atomic species (C, H, Cl), but C and H always occur in a 1:2 ratio.
Therefore, the number of effective atoms is 2 (Cl and CH2). These two effective
atoms represent the three chemical species, so only one chemical reaction is
allowed.
The options available on the Phase Split Parameters window are:
Equilibrium Reactor
You may supply the operation phase of the reactor in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. By clicking Equilibrium Data… in this window, you gain
access to the fields where you may supply the following:
Equilibrium Coefficients: Eight coefficients (A-H) of the equilibrium equation.
Units: The temperature, weight, volume and pressure units of measure for the
equilibrium equation can be changed by clicking on the underlined linked
text. Options are restricted to ºR or ºK for the temperature units.
Conversion Reactor
You may overwrite the stoichiometric coefficients for the first reaction in the
selected reaction set by clicking the Define the Stoichiometry for the First
Reaction check box. The values of stoichiometric coefficients are to be
determined from the calculation results of the selected Calculator unit.
Frequently, this feature is applied to use a single reaction to represent the overall
Gibbs Reactor
You may specify the phase of the reactor operation in the Unit Reaction
Definitions window. The reaction phase options are Calculated (default), Vapor,
Liquid, Vapor–Liquid, Liquid–Liquid or Vapor–Liquid–Liquid. If Calculated is
selected, PRO/II determines the phase as part of the free energy minimization
calculation. If a phase is selected, the calculations are based on the selected
phase.
Extent of Reaction
To specify the extent of a conversion reaction (in Equilibrium and Gibbs
reactors only); click Extent of Reaction… on the main Reactor data entry
window to open the Extent of Reaction window.
Equilibrium Reactor
The base component for user-supplied reactions must be specified in the Extent
of Reaction window. You may access this window via the Reaction Set window,
which contains a list of the reactions that have earlier been defined for the
flowsheet. Upon choosing the desired equation, the Extent of Reaction window
appears. (The base components of built-in reactions such as Shift and
Methanation are predetermined and need not be supplied by the user.)
You may specify the approach to conversion either as a temperature or a
fractional approach. As was the case with the Conversion reactor, you may
supply constants for the second order temperature-dependent fractional
conversion equation in this window. Default values for the constants are given in
the table. Click on the underlined linked text to change the temperature units of
measure for the conversion reaction. If the temperature units of measure are not
specified locally, the problem temperature units are used.
Gibbs Reactor
The extent of reaction can be provided on a global basis in the Extent of
Reaction window (as a component percent converted, or as a component
product rate). The extent of reaction can also be specified for each individual
reaction as a temperature approach or a base component product rate.
Amount of Catalyst
For boiling pot reactors only, you can specify the amount of a nonvolatile catalyst
component on a weight or molar fraction, or total weight or mole basis in the
Catalytic Components window (which may be reached by clicking Catalysts on
the Reactor Data window). Before the button becomes active, the following
conditions must be met:
• You must specify the catalytic component with a reaction
stoichiometry of ‘0.’ (Input/Reaction Data(Enter Data…)/ Reaction
Definitions(Definition)/ Reaction Components). See the previous section
on Reaction Data for more information on defining reaction data sets.
Pressure
For conversion, equilibrium, Gibbs reactors and CSTR’s, click Pressure on the
main Reactor window to enter the following reactor pressure options in the
Pressure data entry window:
Pressure Drop: Provide the pressure drop across the reactor. This defaults to 0
if not supplied.
Outlet Pressure: The pressure at the reactor outlet.
For the plug flow reactor, either the inlet and outlet pressure or a pressure profile
along the reactor length (actual length, or percent or fraction of tube length) may
be entered on the Pressure window:
Inlet: Either the pressure drop below feed (the default is 0 psi), or the inlet
pressure may be supplied.
Outlet: Either the pressure drop below inlet (the default is 0 psi), or the outlet
pressure may be supplied.
Print Options
For all reactor types except the Gibbs reactor, the following print option is
available in the Print Options window:
Print Calculation Path for Enthalpy Balance: This option prints the calculation
path for the heat of reaction calculation.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods for the reactor calculations may be
selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down list
box on the main Reactor window.
Reactor, Batch
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system for the unit is selected by using the Thermodynamic
System drop-down list box in the Batch Reactor dialog box. Batch Reactor also
allows the use of electrolyte thermodynamic methods.
Detailed Information
For detailed information about the use of the Batch Reactor unit operation,
consult the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide.
Solid Separator
General Information
The Solid Separator unit models the separation of solid phase material from a
mixture of feed streams. The unit operates adiabatically at the lowest of the
individual feed stream pressures.
Calculation Method
The solid separator provides the option of specifying the fraction of the solid
components in the total feed that is removed in the bottoms stream. The default
fraction of the solid components removed in the bottoms stream is 1.00. An
adiabatic flash calculation is used to determine the product phases and the outlet
temperature based upon the thermal condition of the combined feed.
The solid separator unit supports both VLE (two phase) and VLLE (three phase)
calculations to determine the individual phase compositions. See the online
Technical Information discussion entitled VLE Model and VLLE Model for more
details. To access the main data entry window for VLE and VLLE calculations,
select Tools/Binary VLE from the menu bar.
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Splitter
General Information
This unit may be used to split a single feed or mixture of feeds into two or more
products of identical composition and phase condition. The outlet stream
pressure may be specified, if desired, and an adiabatic flash used to determine
the outlet temperature and phase. A choice of options is provided for splits in
which insufficient feed is available to meet the specified product rates.
Stream Calculator
General Information
The Stream Calculator unit blends any number of feed streams and splits them
into two product streams with defined compositions and thermal condition. It may
also be used to synthesize a product stream based on the blended feeds, or by
defining the amount of each component in the stream.
Stream Splitting
In order to define the component splits, specifications must be entered in the
Product Specifications window to define how much of each component goes into
either the overhead or the bottoms product. Specifications may be on single
components or on ranges of contiguous components. Several specifications may
be required and some may specify the amount of components in the overhead
and others the amount in the bottoms product. Each component must appear in
one, and only one, specification. The component rates, recovery or composition
in a product may be specified.
The thermal condition of the products may optionally be defined in the Overhead
Product Conditions window and the Bottoms Product Conditions window.
Pressure defaults to the lowest feed pressure. If no temperature specification is
supplied for either product, the product temperatures are set equal at a value
calculated from the enthalpy balance, using the duty entered on the Stream
Calculator window. If one temperature is supplied, the other temperature is
calculated to meet the enthalpy balance. If both temperatures are given, duty is
calculated.
Temperature specifications may be a temperature value, the temperature rise
above the feed, dew or bubble point or an approach to dew or bubble point.
Stream Synthesis
In order to synthesize a pseudo-product, specifications must be entered in the
Pseudo-product Specifications window to define how much of each component is
in the product. Specifications may be on single components or on ranges of
contiguous components and several specifications may be required. At least one
specification must be defined. Any component that does not appear in a
specification has a zero rate in the pseudo-product. If the unit has feeds,
component rates, recovery, or composition in the product may be specified.
Otherwise, the component rates must be defined.
If there is no feed to the unit, pseudo-product thermal conditions must be defined
in the Pseudo-product Conditions window. If there is a feed, the temperature and
pressure specifications are optional. The pressure defaults to lowest feed
pressure, and the temperature is calculated to satisfy the enthalpy balance. If a
duty is supplied, it is used only for the stream splitting enthalpy balance. Duty is
not used for the pseudo-product enthalpy balance.
Thermodynamic System
The thermodynamic system of methods to be used for the stream Calculator may
be selected by choosing a method from the Thermodynamic System drop-down
list box on the Stream Calculator main data entry window.
SPEC/VARY/DEFINE
General Information
PRO/II has an extensive system of cross-referencing for flowsheet parameters.
Flowsheet parameters include operating conditions for unit operations, calculated
results from unit operations, and stream flows, compositions, and properties. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Pump, the calculated temperature for
a dew point Flash, and the simulated D86 ninety-five percent distilled
temperature for a Column product stream are all flowsheet parameters.
Most unit operation parameters may be either DEFINE'd or SPEC'd relative to
any other flowsheet parameter in the problem. Some unit operations may VARY
a flowsheet parameter that would ordinarily remain constant at the input value.
The table below summarizes the methods for cross-referencing flowsheet
parameters:
SPEC: A unit operation or stream performance specification (calculated result)
must meet a desired value, either on an absolute basis or relative basis.
VARY: A unit operation or stream flowsheet parameter is varied from the
supplied value.
DEFINE: A unit operation parameter is defined by cross-reference to another
flowsheet parameter.
PRO/II uses a common format for the Specification (SPEC), VARY, and DEFINE
features. Each feature is discussed separately below. Tables are also presented
Specifications
By definition, a SPEC always must be a calculated flowsheet result. The
following unit operations use the generalized SPEC format to define the
performance of the unit: Flash, Splitter, Column/Side Column, and Controller.
A SPEC has the following general form:
Parameter = value within the default tolerance
A choice for the Parameter and a numeric entry for the value must be supplied by
clicking the underlined hypertext strings to gain access to the pertinent data entry
fields. Optionally, the tolerance basis may be changed from the default to
absolute or relative and the default tolerance value of 0.02 replaced by direct
entry.
¾ Click on the Parameter hypertext to access the Parameter window.
¾ Choose the Stream or Unit from the drop-down list box.
¾ Select the unit or stream name in the drop-down list box.
¾ Finally, click on the Parameter hypertext and select the desired
parameter from the window that is displayed. Note that only those unit or
stream parameters that are valid for use as a SPEC are available.
If the SPEC is not related to another flowsheet parameter:
¾ Click OK to return to the unit specification.
¾ Click on the value hypertext, and enter the desired numeric value for the
SPEC.
To create a mathematical expression for the SPEC:
¾ Select the = sign linked text and select an option from the pop-up
window. Choices are as follows:
No Operator
Primary parameter only (the default)
+ Operator
Primary parameter plus reference parameter
(SUM)
- Operator
Primary parameter minus reference parameter
Specification
Unit/Stream Stream Name {Parameter Window}
[Stream] [S103]
Parameter
[Vapor Pressure]
Keyword analog:
SPEC STREAM=S103, RVP, AS VALUE=6.0, RTOL=0.02
Parameter
[Duty]
Reference: [/ Parameter =]
Reference Parameter
Unit/Stream Unit Name {Parameter Window}
[Heat Exchanger] [X104]
Parameter
[Duty]
Keyword analog:
SPEC HX=X103, DUTY, DIVIDE, HX=X104, DUTY, VALUE=1.0, RTOL=0.001
Note: [ ] denotes user input.
VARY
For each SPEC in a flowsheet, there must be one VARY to provide one degree
of freedom. The VARY for the Flash unit is implicitly defined, i.e., not defined
explicitly by the user. For Flash units with specifications, the degree of freedom is
the temperature when the pressure or pressure drop is given and the pressure
when the temperature is supplied. Other unit Operations which have VARY’s are
the Column/Side Column and the Controller. A VARY is always a flowsheet
parameter that has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet.
For Columns/Side Columns a VARY may be a feed stream rate, product draw
rate, or a heat duty. For example, the lean oil feed rate to a column may be
defined as a VARY in order to meet a specification on the propane recovery for
the column. Ordinarily, the lean oil feed rate would have a fixed or constant rate
in the flowsheet.
Controllers have VARY’s that are associated with other unit operations. For
example, the supplied outlet pressure for a Compressor may be a VARY for a
Controller. Note that this flowsheet parameter would ordinarily have a fixed or
constant value in the flowsheet. On the other hand, the calculated temperature
for a dew point Flash unit could not be used as a VARY, since this is a flowsheet
parameter that is determined by the flowsheet calculations.
Specification
Unit/Stream Unit Name {Variable Window}
[Flash] [D101]
Parameter
[Temperature]
Keyword analog: VARY FLASH=D101, TEMP
Note: [ ] denotes user input.
DEFINE
The DEFINE is used to dynamically define the value for a flowsheet parameter
that ordinarily has a fixed versus calculated value in the flowsheet. Thus, the
value for a unit operating condition may be set to a value that is based on a
calculated flowsheet parameter. For example, the DEFINE may be used to set
the temperature for an isothermal Flash to the temperature that is calculated for a
Compressor outlet stream plus 10 degrees. This concept greatly enhances the
flow-sheeting capability of PRO/II, and, in fact, nearly every unit operation input
parameter may be DEFINE’d in PRO/II.
Stream Reordering
If the User-added Unit Operation has more than one feed or product, they will be
shown in the order in which they were laid down on the PFD. The user may need
to reorder the streams so that they are presented in the correct order to the User-
added Unit Operation. For example, the User-added Unit Operation may always
feed vapor to the first product stream and liquid to the second.
Reordering is done in the User-added Subroutine - Stream Reordering window
accessible by clicking Reorder Streams on the User-added Unit Operation Data
window.
Entering Data
Data are supplied to the User-added Unit Operation in four tables:
File UASLIST.INI
This file contains the user-specified names for specific user-added calculation
subroutines that will be displayed in place of the default names US1 - US20,
corresponding to the subroutines USER41 - USER60. Each line in the file has
two entries; the entry number in the list of user-added subroutine names, and the
actual text that is to be displayed for the user-added subroutine. An example of a
typical UASLIST.INI file is shown below:
1. PIPE DP Routine
2. Stream Heating Value
These entries in the UASLIST.INI file will result in the following list of available
user-added calculation subroutines being displayed when a User-added Unit
Operation is laid down on the PFD:
File USERXX.INI
This file contains the variable names and array locations for all of the Real,
Supplemental, Integer, and Heat Balance Data values that the specific user-
added calculation subroutine requires or that can be input by the user. For a
user-added subroutine with a customized data entry window, a user will only be
able to enter values for the data items specified in this file. The “XX” in the name
of the USERXX.INI file corresponds to the respective user-added subroutine
referenced, i.e. the user-added subroutine USER41 with a user-specified name
of “PIPE DP Routine” above would need a “USER41.INI” file to describe the
required data for the calculations. An example of a typical USERXX.INI file is
shown below:
Example: USER41.INI file:
IPARM 1 iPPrint ControllN Required
RPARM 1 iPDiameter (in)lm Required
RPARM 2 iPLength (ft)lg Required
...
SUPPLE 1 “No. Of Segments” Required
Detailed Information
Comprehensive discussion of modular user-added subroutines is beyond the
scope of this Guide. Please refer to the “PRO/II User-Added Subroutines User
Guide”.
®
RATEFRAC is a registered trademark of Koch-Glitsch, LP.
Electrolyte Module
General Information
The optional Electrolyte Module of PRO/II allows you to handle systems
containing electrolytes. See the PRO/II Add-On Modules User Guide for more
information. The following unit operations can be used with this electrolyte
version:
• Flash
• Pump
• Valve, Mixer, Splitter
Thermodynamic Models
Eight built-in electrolyte models in PRO/II simulate aqueous systems in a wide
range of industrial applications. The models apply to fixed component lists with a
predefined set of thermodynamic methods for K-values, enthalpies and densities.
It is not possible to define individual methods for K-value, enthalpy or density
when using electrolyte thermodynamic models.
Note: Electrolyte models may not be used to calculate the following properties:
(1) Non-aqueous electrolyte systems; (2) Free water decant;
(3) Water dew points; (4) Hydrocarbon dew points, (5) Entropy and heat capacity.
The following electrolyte models are available in this release:
• Amine Systems
• Acid Systems
• Mixed Salt Systems
• Sour Water Systems
• Caustic Systems
• Benfield Systems
• Scrubber Systems
• LLE and Hydrate Systems
To select an electrolyte model:
Valve
General Information
The Valve is used to model the Joule-Thompson effect that occurs
across a pressure restriction such as a valve, orifice plate, etc. The temperature
for the exit fluid is computed by assuming that the operation is adiabatic.
Rigorous calculations may be performed for both VLE and VLLE systems.
Outlet Conditions
The outlet condition for a valve is selected with the appropriate radio button on
the Valve main data entry window as:
• Pressure drop
• Outlet pressure
General Information
The Wiped Film Evaporator unit operation (WFE) provides the capability to model
the separation of solvents and/or monomers from a polymer melt. A Wiped Film
Evaporator should be used when the removal of volatiles from a viscous polymer
melt is diffusion limited. The blades inside the wiped film evaporator continually
mix and spread a thin film of the melt on the wall of the evaporator. As the melt
moves down the evaporator, the volatiles diffuse out of it and into the vapor
space of the evaporator. The volatiles are pulled out of the evaporator under
vacuum.
Detailed Information
For detailed information regarding operating modes, data requirements, and
range of applicability of the Wiped Film Evaporator model, consult the PRO/II
Add-On Modules User Guide.
Operation Description
Status Displays the global messages for the current simulation.
Check Data Checks the input data to determine whether there are any
View Results Displays the detailed output results of the highlighted unit
operation or stream in the flowsheet of the previously run
simulation. You can review the results of multiple units or
streams, if desired. If the simulation has been run
previously, you can view its results without executing it
again by opening the appropriate .OUT file.
Using Goto
Use Goto to start execution from a selected unit. This can be invoked at program
initiation or after execution pauses while stepping or stopping.
To start the execution from a specified unit:
¾ Select a unit on the PFD.
¾ Choose Goto from the Run toolbar.
The selected unit becomes the current unit. When execution completes on this
unit, its Goto status is removed.
Using Breakpoints
You can set a breakpoint on any unit. Breakpoints can be before the unit
operation, after it, or both. You can set breakpoints using the cursor or by utilizing
the Breakpoints window. In addition, you can set breakpoints before and after a
loop using the Breakpoints window.
Viewing Results
Viewing Calculation History
Use Messages to view the calculation history that has been produced so far. This
can be used while the simulation is executing, after the simulation finally ends, or
when the simulation reaches a breakpoint.
To view the calculation history for the simulation thus far:
¾ Choose Messages from the Run toolbar.
window .
¾ Highlight the desired unit or stream.
¾ Double-click the stream properties icon on the PFD to display the Stream
Property Table window.
¾ Choose the method for available stream selection by selecting the
appropriate radio button:
Include All Streams: This is the default. All the streams in the flowsheet are
displayed in the Available Streams list box.
Include Flowsheet Source/Sink Streams: Only those streams entering the
flowsheet as feeds and leaving the flowsheet as products are displayed
in the Available Streams list box, producing a material balance check for
the flowsheet.
The streams in the Displayed Streams list box may be sorted using the Up,
Down, Top and Bottom buttons.
Figure 10-9: Stream Property – Pop-up Message while opening a .prz file
Generating a Report
You can generate a report to a file. Use the Define Format option to define the
format of the report.
To generate a report from an executed simulation:
¾ Click Generate Reports on the toolbar, or choose
Output/Generate Reports from the menu bar.
As PRO/II generates the report, a window appears, displaying the status of the
report as it runs. Once the report has been generated, the default editor window
appears displaying the contents of the report. PRO/II appends an .OUT
Viewing a Report
To view a previously generated report of the current simulation:
¾ Choose Output/View Report from the menu bar.
To view a previously generated report for any simulation:
¾ Choose File/Open from the menu bar.
¾ Select Report Files in the List Files of Type list box and choose the
desired file.
Printing a Report
To print the report:
¾ Print from your text editor while viewing the report, or
¾ Choose File/Print from the menu bar.
¾ Select Report in the Print drop-down list box in the Print window.
¾ Click OK.
Plotting
PRO/II generates and displays a variety of plots for input data and tabulated
results. The following plots can be generated:
• Input Data
• Assay stream analysis
• Output Results
• Distillation column profiles (temperature, flow rates, composition, and
separation factor)
• Zones analysis for simple and rigorous heat exchangers
• Phase envelopes
• Heating/Cooling curves
Plots can be displayed using PRO/II’s Plot Viewer or Microsoft Excel. The section
Setting Up the Plot Driver later in this chapter describes how to select and
configure the plot driver.
Figure 12-10:
Figure 12-11: Individual Stream Style Dialog
Stream Menu
¾ Choose any of the options in the individual Stream Style menu. Notice
they are limited to some label properties and font formatting. They behave
analogously to the same options described above for the global Stream
Style dialog.
¾ To remove all local over-rides and re-apply the global Stream Style
settings, click the Restore Defaults button.
¾ Click the OK button to apply the changes to this one stream.
If the Stream Toggle button is not already on the tool bar, it must be
added to make the feature available for use.
¾ Choose View/Toolbar… from the menu bar to open the Toolbar
Customization dialog shown in Figure 12-14.
Figure 12-14: Adding the Toggle Stream Button to the Tool Bar
¾ Scroll the Available Items: list box and highlight the Toggle Stream entry
as shown in the figure.
Click the button on the toolbar and observe that all stream labels
change to the selected property table. This is illustrated in Figure 12-15.
¾ Choose Options/Drawing
Defaults/Stream Display… from
the menu bar to open the global
Stream Style dialog.
¾ Scroll the Stream Tooltip Display
list box and highlight an option.
The Stream Tooltip Display list box
shown in Figure 12-17 is highlighted in
green in the Stream Style dialog is
shown in Figure 12-13.
Click the OK button to complete the
installation. Figure 12-17: Stream ToolTip Display List
Box
Most entries in the Stream Tooltip Display list box are the names of stream property lists.
The Off entry sets the tooltip to display the basic stream label. It is the default setting.
.Figure 12-18 illustrates displays by both the Toggle Stream and the customized
ToolTips features.
Index I
import keyword input, 46 Menus
Fill from Structures, 90 Using, 17
Fixed Properties, 108 Minimize/Maximize Buttons, 15
Flash, 239 Mixer, 273
Flash With Solids, 242 mode
Floating Palettes. See Run Only, 47, 48
Flowsheet Multiple View and PFD Palette Buttons,
21
Building, 34, 55
Multivariable Controller, 274
Connect Unit Operations, 32
Objects
Define Components, 33
Deselecting, 79
Draw, 32
Flipping, 81
Flowsheet Optimizer, 243
Moving, 80
Gibbs Reactor, 305
Rearranging, 80
Go To Buttons, 27
Resizing, 79
Heat Exchanger
Rotating, 81
Air Cooled, 250
Selecting all, 78
LNG, 248
Selecting group, 78
Rigorous, 251
Palettes
Simple, 260
Using, 20
Heat Exchanger, Lng, 248
Pan
Heat Exchanger, Rigorous, 251
Left, Right, Up or Down, 87
Heat Exchanger, Simple, 260
Panning, 86
Heating/Cooling Curves, 264
PFD
Help Button, 29
Toolbar button, 21
Henry’s Law, 119
Phase Envelope, 276
import
Pipe, 280
Keyword input file, 46
Properties
Importing a PRO/II keyword input file, 46
Transport, 123
Linked text, 102
Property Methods
Main Window
Thermodynamic and Transport, 33
Using, 30
Pump, 294
Index III
Temperature-Dependent Properties, Unit Operations, 35
109
Connect, 32
Thermodynamic Methods, 35
Units of Measure Library, 59
Toolbar
User defined special properties
Buttons, 21
Thermodynamic Data, 144
Customizing, 29
User-Added Unit Operations, 167, 333
Navigation buttons, 27
User-defined Special Properties, 140,
Tools 142
Spreadsheet, 53 Valve, 344
Transport properties, 123 Vertical Scroll Bar, 15
turn off, 353 View Buttons, 29
Unit data entry window, 36 Viewing Results, 354
unit icon, 66 VLE Tools Buttons, 28
unit opeartion Water Decant Options, 124
Cyclone, 207 Window
unit operation, 150 Changing Position, 16
Column, Batch, 171 Customizing, 15
compressor, 197 Wiped Film Evaporator, 345
Controller, 201 Zoom Area, 29
Crystallizer, 204 Zoom Increment, 84
Distillation, 172 Zooming, 83