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The Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Columns
The Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Columns
Abstract: The retrofitting of a building requires an appreciation for the technical, economic and
social aspects of the issue. Choosing the optimal solution depends on a large variety of criteria, the
most important being the total cost, the construction time length (eventually with the possibility of
continuous usage of the building), the ease of technologies application etc. The first part of this paper
briefly presents classic and modern retrofitting technologies for industrial buildings. The second part
represents a study case of a single storey industrial building retrofitting, using four different
intervention options.
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Precast concrete columns with a constant trusses that support precast caissons. Vertical
cross section 60x60 cm2 are fixed on pad clearance under the trusses is 6,00 m and the
(bucket) foundations. The roof structure is a total height of the building is 8,50 m. The
bidirectional net, consists of 18 m and 12 m building has no cranes.
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Also, the maximum lateral displacement the Y-Y direction, perpendicular to X-X
exceeded the allowable limits. Regarding direction.
the metal roof structure, it was established Retrofit method V1 (reinforced concrete
that it met the acceptable limits required by jacketing on all four sides of column cross
the new codes. section)
According to P100-3/2008, structure was This variant represents the classical solution
framed RsII seismic risk class, corresponding of increasing column strength and
to a building that, under the site-specific deformation capacity by using longitudinal
seismic loads, could suffer major structural and transverse reinforcement and a concrete
damage, but the loss of stability is unlikely. jacket on every side of the column. It aims
Therefore, certain retrofitting measures have to achieve the following objectives:
to be taken, in order to reintroduce the - regarding the element: to increase flexural
building into the safety domain. and shear force capacity;
2.1. Analysed retrofitting methods - regarding the structure: to reduce lateral
The report of technical expertise proposed displacement under seismic loads.
two types of intervention: the first one, Thereby, existent columns, with a 60 x 60
keeping the existent structural system, using cm2 cross section, were designed to be
a metal jacketing with steel angles and retrofitted using a 15 cm thickness jacket of
welded bands, and the second one, changing C20/25 concrete. The added longitudinal
the structural system by introducing a reinforcement is 12Ф16 PC52 placed on two
vertical bracing system. rows (interior / exterior) on every side; the
Once with the retrofit design project added transversal reinforcement consists of
starting, another two variants of Ф8 PC52 stirrups, placed on every side at 10
intervention was added, both keeping the cm plus another perimetral one (Figure 2a).
existent structural system: reinforced In order to achieve a proper bond between
concrete jacketing for all the columns and the existent concrete and the new jacket, the
steel European profiles placed on one longitudinal rebars should be fixed in
column side, in order to increase the section foundation using chemical anchors and on
strength capacity. the existent corner rebars using metal
These four variants were analyzed using a connectors. During and immediately after
response spectrum method and the effect the concrete casting, the vibrating operation
combination of horizontal seismic is important to achieve a good quality of the
components, according to seismic code [1], jacket.
was taken into consideration as follows: Advantages of this retrofitting method:
E PX + 0.3 ⋅ E PY (1) - an efficient bond between the new and the
0.3 ⋅ E PX + E PY (2) existent concrete that leads to uniformly
distributed increase in strength and stiffness
where E PX represents the action effects due
of columns;
to the application of seismic motion in X-X - improved durability (in contrast to the
direction; E PY - represents the action effects corrosion and fire protection needs of other
due to the application of seismic motion in techniques where steel or epoxy resins are
used);
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a) b) c)
Figure 2: Cross-section of RC column for analyzed retrofitting methods
- does not require specialized workmanship. Regarding the bond between steel angles
Disadvantages of this retrofitting method: and column discussions the experimental
- personnel have to be relocated during the test have demonstrated that the performance
execution of construction work; of deficient RC columns under combined
- long duration of the rehabilitation; axial and cyclic lateral loading can be
- relatively high total cost. greatly improved by steel caging technique
Retrofit method V2 (reinforced concrete without using any binder material in the gap
jacketing on all four sides of column cross between concrete column and steel angles
section) [5]. Nevertheless, the solution applied for
This retrofit technique is widely used in two steel jacketing proposed M12 expansion
variants: full jacket steel and steel cage bolts, placed on every leg of the angles at
system. Experimental tests had let to the 30 cm.
conclusion that both variants have as results Advantages of this retrofitting method:
the increasing of axial load capacity but - structural response after rehabilitation
also of ductility, as effect of a better easily to determine;
concrete confinement [2], [3]. The metal - short duration of the rehabilitation, only
addition also increases the bending capacity with local personnel relocations and brief
and the shear force capacity. On the other interruption of technological process;
hand, the rehabilitated structure becomes Disadvantages of this retrofitting method:
more rigid, having as direct result an - relatively high total cost.
important reducing of lateral displacement. Retrofit method V3 (European wide flange
For the analyzed industrial building, a steel steel profile fixed on one column side)
cage system was chosen, with continuous This innovative retrofit technique is not
angles L120x120x12 on every corner of the largely used, so that there is no science paper
column and transverse plates 150x12, regarding this rehabilitation method. A
placed at every 75 cm (Figure 2c). HEB320 wide flange steel profile is placed
Experimental tests demonstrated that the in contact to one column side, with the
number of horizontal straps did not have a position alternating from column to column
noticeable effect on the ultimate capacity of (on longitudinal and transversal directions)
the columns. Due to the wide spacing (Figure 2b). The steel profiles are not taking
between the horizontal straps, the axial loads, but they have the main goal to
confinement did not affect the entire increase the bending moment and shear force
column, and failure occurs in the space capacities of existent RC column. The global
between the horizontal straps [4]. structure rigidity also is influenced by this
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rehabilitation method, lateral displacement shear force. In addition, the execution
being considerably reduced. period and total costs are compared for
The wide flange steel profiles are fixed on every analyzed retrofitting method.
the existent foundations using four M20 Initial amount of longitudinal reinforcement
resin anchors and on the column height is insufficient in the ultimate limit state and
using two M16 resin anchors at every 75 the values of the bending moments are
cm. consequently situated far beyond the
Advantages of this retrofitting method: capacity limit curve of unconsolidated
- very short duration of the rehabilitation, column section.
with only local personnel relocations and The bending moment capacity significantly
brief interruption of technological process; increases for all the rehabilitation technique
Disadvantages of the method: cases (Table I); the value of the safety factor
- lack of experimental tests to adequately was obtained for a combined bending and
calibrate the method, so the structure axial loads. Once again, the RC jacketing
response after rehabilitation is characterized solution offers the highest value for the
by a limited degree of trust; safety factor.
- relatively high total cost. The capacity limit curves have two axes of
2.2. Results of comparative analysis symmetry (square sections symmetrical
The structure response to seismic loads for reinforced and retrofitted), with the
all the presented rehabilitation techniques exception of the third variant (V3), where
are automatically obtained performing static the consolidation proposed the
linear analyzes, using modal response asymmetrical steel profile position (Figure
spectra. 3). The fact that the steel profile is
In order to efficiently determine the alternatively positioned left-up-right-down
structures dynamic characteristics and for for columns in a row makes the structural
comparative eloquent results, safety factors response being globally uniform.
have been set as the ratio between the The initial transversal reinforcement is
maximum possible capacity and maximum obviously insufficient to offer enough shear
probable requirement in terms of lateral force capacity for the unconsolidated column
displacement generated by the seismic under site-specific major seismic loads.
action, capable bending moment, capable
Figure 3: Bending capacity curves for initial unconsolidated column and for all three
analyzed retrofitting methods
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Table 1 - Safety factor values for every evaluation criteria
Natural vibration Lateral Capable bending Capable
Retrofitting method
period (s) displacement moment shear force
Unconsolidated
0.85 0.858 0.379 0.624
structure
V1 - RC jacketing 0.42 2.075 2.033 2.516
V2 - steel jacketing 0.61 1.485 1.297 3.607
V3 - steel profile
fixed on one 0.57 1.678 1.753 1.373
column side
Acknowledgement
This paper has been financially supported within the project entitled “Horizon 2020 - Doctoral and
Postdoctoral Studies: Promoting the National Interest through Excellence, Competitiveness and
Responsibility in the Field of Romanian Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research”, contract number
POSDRU/ 159/1.5/S/140106. This project is co-financed by European Social Fund through Sectoral
Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013. Investing in people!
References
[1] *** - Romanian Seismic Code P 100–1/2013
[2] RUPP J. F. - Modeling of Steel-jacketed Reinforced Concrete under Axial Compressive
Loads, A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University, 2012
[3] Pasala Nagaprasad et al. - Seismic strengthening of RC columns using external steel cage,
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 38:1563–1586 pp, 2009
[4] Mohamed K. Elsamny et al.- Experimental Study of Eccentrically Loaded Columns
Strengthened Using a Steel Jacketing Technique, International Journal of Civil,
Architectural, Structural and Construction Engineering, Vol:7 No:12, 558 – 565 pp, 2013
[5] Bishnu Gupt Gautam et al.- Experimental study on retrofitting of square RC short column
subjected to concentric axial loading by jacketing , International Journal of Civil
Engineering
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