Energy Storage

Definition of Energy Storage
• It is a process of converting electrical energy from a power

network into a form that can be stored for converting back to
electrical energy when needed
• It enables electricity to be produced at times of either low

demand, low generation cost or from intermittent energy sources
• and to be used at times of high demand, high generation cost or

when no other generation means is available
5 November 2017 1
Source: Zobaa, Ahmad Faheem. Energy storage-technologies and applications. InTech, 2013.
Basics of Energy Storage
5 November 2017 2
Role of Energy Storage Device
• Reduced cost of energy during Peak load condition
• Peak load problem reduced
• Stability of grid enhanced
• power quality disturbances could be eliminated
• The combination with the power generation by renewable energy,

the ESS provide, in real time, the balance between production
and consumption and improve the management and the reliability
of the grid
5 November 2017 3
Role of Energy Storage Device
• It makes easier integration of the renewable, increases their
penetration. rate of energy and the quality of the supplied energy
by better controlling frequency and voltage.
• It used to reduce the peak load and eliminate the extra thermal
power plant operating only during the peak periods, enabling
better utilization of the plant functioning permanently and
outstanding reduction of emission of greenhouse gases
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Energy storage components
• Storage Medium
• Power Conversion System (PCS)
• Balance of Plant (BOP)
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Storage medium
• It is the ‘energy reservoir’ that retains the potential energy within a
storage device.
• It ranges from mechanical (Pumped Heat Electricity Storage –
PHES),
• Chemical (Battery Energy Storage - BES)
• Electrical (Superconductor Magnetic Energy Storage – SMES)
5 November 2017 6
Power Conversion System (PCS)
• It is necessary to convert from AC to DC and vice versa
• Acts like a rectifier while the ESS is charged (AC to DC) and as an
inverter when the it is discharged (DC to AC)
• The customization of the PCS for individual storage systems is

required as each storage device operates differently during
charging, standing and discharging
• Costs around 33-50% of the entire storage facility

5 November 2017 7
Balance of Plant (BOP)
• Are used to house the equipment
• Control the environment of the storage facility
• Provide the electrical connection between the PCS and the power
grid
• includes electrical interconnections, surge protection devices, a
support rack for the storage medium, the facility shelter and
environmental control systems
• Most variable cost component within ES system
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5 November 2017 9
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Generation
• Commodity Storage:
• Storing bulk energy generated at night for use during peak
demand periods during the day.
• This allows for arbitrating the production price of the two periods
and a more uniform load factor for the generation, transmission,
and distribution systems
• Contingency Service:
• It is power capacity capable of providing power to serve customer
demand should a power facility fall off-line.
5 November 2017 11
Generation
• Area Control: Prevent unplanned transfer of power between one
utility and another
• Grid Frequency Support: It means real power provided to

distribution grid to reduce any sudden large load/generation
imbalance and maintain a system freq.
• Large and rapid changes in the load can damage the generator
and customer’s equipment
• Black-Start: This refers to units with the capability to start-up on

their own in order to energize the transmission system and assist
5 Noovetmhbeer2r01f7acilities to start-up and synchronize to the grid. 12
Financial benefits of energy storage systems
• Cost Reduction or Revenue Increase of Bulk Energy
Arbitrage:
• Purchase of inexpensive electricity available during off-peak
periods to charge the storage plant, so that the low priced energy
can be used or sold at a later time when the price for electricity is
high
5 November 2017 13
• Cost Avoid or Revenue Increase of Central Generation
Capacity:
• For areas where the supply of electric generation capacity is tight,
ES could be used to offset the need to:
• a) Purchase and install new generation and/or
• b) “rent” generation capacity in the wholesale electricity
marketplace.
5 November 2017 14
• Cost Avoid or Revenue Increase of Ancillary Services:
• It can provide several types of ancillary services.
• In short, these are what might be called support services used to

keep the regional grid operating.
• Two more familiar ones are spinning reserve and load following
5 November 2017 15
• Cost Avoid or Revenue Increase for Transmission
Access/Congestion:
• ES could improve the performance of T & D system by giving the
utilities the ability to increase energy transfer and stabilize voltage
levels.
• Further, transmission access/congestion charges can be avoided
because the energy storage is used.
5 November 2017 16
• Cost Avoid or Revenue Increase for Transmission
Access/Congestion:
• ES could improve the performance of T & D system by giving the
utilities the ability to increase energy transfer and stabilize voltage
levels.
• Further, transmission access/congestion charges can be avoided
because the energy storage is used.
5 November 2017 17
• Reduced Demand Charges:
• These are possible when ES is used to reduce an electricity end-
user’s use of the electric grid during peak
• Reduced Reliability-related Financial Losses:

• ES reduces financial losses associated with power outages.
• This benefit is very end-user-specific and applies to commercial
and industrial (C&I) customers, primarily those for which power
outages cause moderate to significant losses.
5 November 2017 18
• Reduced Power Quality-related Financial Losses:
• ES reduces financial losses associated with PQ anomalies.
• PQ anomalies of interest are those that cause loads to go off-line

and/or that damage electricity-using equipment and whose
negative effects can be avoided if storage is used
5 November 2017 19
• Increased Revenue from Renewable Energy Sources:
• ES could be used to time-shift electric energy generated by
renewables.
• Energy is stored when demand and price for power are low, so
the energy can be used when
• a) demand and price for power is high
• b) output from the intermittent renewable generation is low.
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Techno-economic characteristics of energy
storage systems
• Storage capacity:
• This is the quantity of available energy in the storage system after
charging.
• Discharge is often incomplete.
• Thus, defined on the basis of total energy stored, which is
superior to that actually retrieved (operational).
• In conditions of quick charge or discharge, the efficiency
deteriorates and the retrievable energy can be much lower than
storage capacity
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storage systems
• Storage capacity:
• In conditions of quick charge or discharge, the efficiency deteriorates
and the retrievable energy can be much lower than storage capacity
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storage systems
• Storage System Power
• It determines the constitution and size of the motor-generator in
the stored energy conversion chain.
• A storage system’s power rating is assumed to be the system’s

nameplate power rating under normal operating conditions.
• It is assumed to represent the storage system’s maximum power

output under normal operating conditions.
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storage systems
• Storage ‘Emergency’ Power Capability
• Some types of ES can discharge at a relatively high rate (1.5-2
times nominal rating) for relatively short periods (several min. to
as much as 30 min.).
• Example: A Na/S battery, capable of producing two times its rated

(normal) o/p for relatively short durations
5 November 2017 24
storage systems
• Storage ‘Emergency’ Power Capability
• Often referred to as the equipment’s ‘emergency’ rating – is
valuable if there are circumstances that occur infrequently that
involve an urgent need for relatively high power output, for
relatively short durations
• While discharging at the higher rate,  is reduced and storage

equipment damage increases
5 November 2017 25
storage systems
• Autonomy
• It is the amount of time that storage can discharge at its rated
output (power) without recharging.
• It is an imp criterion affecting the technical viability of a given
storage system for a given application and storage plant cost
• It depends on the depth of discharge and operational conditions of
the system, constant power or not.
• For small systems in an isolated area relying on intermittent
renewable energy, autonomy is a crucial criterion
5 November 2017 26
storage systems
• Energy and power density
• Power density is the amount of power that can be delivered from
a storage system with a given volume or mass.
• Energy density is the amount of energy that can be stored in a
storage device that has a given volume or mass.
• These criteria are important in situations for which space is
valuable or limited and/or if weight is important
• Important for portable applications
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storage systems
• Efficiency
• It reflects the amount of energy that comes out of storage relative
to the amount put into the storage
• It must therefore be based on one or more realistic cycles for a
specific application
• Typical values are 60% to 75% for conventional batteries;
• 75% to 85% for advanced electrochemical batteries;
• 73% to 80% for CAES;
• 75% to 78% for pumped hydro;
• 80% to 90% for flywheel storage;
• 95 % fo r capacitors and SMES
5No ve mb er201 7 42
storage systems
• Efficiency
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storage systems
• Storage operating cost
• It consists of two key components:
• 1) energy-related costs and 2) operating costs not related to
energy.
• Non-energy operating costs include at least four elements:

• labour associated with plant operation,
• plant maintenance,
• Equipment wear leading to loss-of life,
• Decommissioning and disposal cost
5 November 2017 30
storage systems
• Self-discharge and energy retention
• Energy retention time is the amount of time that storage retains its
charge.
• The concept of energy retention is important because of the
tendency for some types of storage to self discharge or to
otherwise dissipate energy while the storage is not in use.
• In general terms, energy losses could be referred to as standby
losses
5 November 2017 31
storage systems
• Feasibility and adaptation
to the generating source
• To be highly efficient, ES needs

to be closely adapted to the
type of application and to the
type of production (permanent,
portable, renewable, etc.)
5 November 2017 46
Classification of energy storage systems
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• Electrical ES:
• Electrostatic ES including capacitors and supercapacitors
• Magnetic/current energy storage including SMES
• Mechanical ES:
• Kinetic energy storage (flywheels)
• Potential energy storage (PHES and CAES)
5 November 2017 34
• Chemical energy storage:
• Electrochemical ES (batteries)
• Chemical ES (fuel cells)
• Thermal energy storage:

• Low temp. ES (Aquiferous cold energy storage, cryogenic energy
storage);
• High temp. ES (sensible heat systems such as steam or hot water
accumulators, graphite, hot rocks and concrete, latent heat
systems such as phase change materials).
5 November 2017 35
Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
• Water stored at a relatively high elevation represents a PE.
• During peak hours the water in the upper reservoir is lead through
a pipe downhill into a hydroelectric generator and stored in the
lower reservoir.
• Along off-peak periods the water is pumped back up to recharge
the upper reservoir and the power plant acts like a load in power
system
• It has conversion efficiency, from the point of view of a power
network, of about 65–80%, depending on equipment
characteristics
5 November 2017 36
Pumped hydro storage (PHS)
5 November 2017 37
Batteries energy storage
• They store energy in electrochemical form creating electrically
charged ions.
• When the battery charges, a direct current is converted in
chemical energy,
• When discharges, the chemical
energy is converted back into a flow

of electrons in direct current form
• They are the most popular energy
storage devices
5 November 2017 54
Flow batteries energy storage (FBES)
• These are a two-electrolyte system in which the chemical
compounds used for ES are in liquid state, in solution with the
electrolyte.
• They overcome the limitations of standard batteries in which the
electrochemical reactions create solid compounds that are stored
directly on the electrodes on which they form
• Thus a limited-mass system, which obviously limits the capacity of
standard batteries.
• They uses bromine as a central element: with zinc (ZnBr), sodium
(NaBr)
5 November 2017 39
• By using large reservoirs and coupling a large number of cells,
large quantities of energy can be stored and then released by
pumping electrolyte into the reservoirs.
5 November 2017 58
• Advantages:
• High power and energy capacity
• Fast recharge by replacing exhaust electrolyte
• Long life enabled by easy electrolyte replacement
• Full discharge capability
• Use of nontoxic materials
• Low-temp operation
• The main disadvantage is the need for moving mechanical parts
such as pumping systems that make system miniaturization
difficult
5 November 2017 41
Flow batteries Energy storage (FBES)
• Dis-advantages:
• High power and energy capacity
• Fast recharge by replacing exhaust electrolyte
• Long life enabled by easy electrolyte replacement
• Full discharge capability
• Use of nontoxic materials
• Low-temp operation
5 November 2017 42
Flywheel energy storage (FES)
• It is a mechanical device specifically designed to store rotational
energy.
• It resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia.
• The amount of energy stored in a flywheel  rotational speed2.
• The way to change a flywheel's stored energy is by increasing or
decreasing its rotational speed applying a torque aligned with its
axis of symmetry
5 November 2017 43
• It comprised of a massive or composite flywheel coupled with MG
and special brackets (often magnetic), set inside a housing at very
low pressure to reduce self-discharge losses
• They have a great cycling capacity (a few 10,000 to a few
100,000 cycles)
5 November 2017 62
• Friction losses of a 200 tons flywheel are estimated at about 200
kW.
• Thus for instantaneous  of 85 %, the overall  would drop to 78
% after 5 hours, and 45% after one day.
• Thus Long-term storage with this apparatus is not foreseeable.
5 November 2017 63
Supercapacitors energy storage (SES)
• These are the latest innovational devices in the field of electrical
energy storage.
• Compared to capacitor it has high energy density (5Wh/kg)
• As like battery systems, capacitors work in direct current
• They are very durable, about 8–10 years, 95% 
• 5% per day self-discharge, which means that the stored energy

5 Nomvemubesrt201b7eused quickly. 66
Supercapacitors energy storage (SES)
• They used in UPS
• Also used in smoothing strong and short-time power solicitations

of weak power networks.
• Their main advantages are the long life cycle and the short
charge/discharge time
5 November 2017 47
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES)
• An emerging technology, systems store energy in the magnetic
field created by the flow of DC in a coil of cryogenically cooled,
superconducting material
• They have a high operating cost and are therefore best suited to
provide constant, deep discharges and constant activity.
• They have fast response time (under 100 ms)
• Power is available almost instantaneously and very high power
output can be provided for a brief period of time
• Available in the range of 3MW
5 November 2017 48
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES)
• Used for grid stability in a DS and power quality at manufacturing
facilities
• Major advantage of great instantaneous , 95 % for a charge-
discharge cycle
• They are capable of discharging the near totality of the stored
energy, as opposed to batteries
• Useful for applications requiring continuous operation with a great
no of complete charge-discharge cycles.
5 November 2017 49
Fuel cells-Hydrogen energy storage (HES)
• These are means of restoring spent energy to produce H2 through
water electrolysis
• Can operate in three steps

• Electrolysis which consumes off-peak electricity to produce H2
• FC uses that H2 and O2 from air to generate peak-hour electricity,
• H2 storage to ensure adequate resources in periods of need.
5 November 2017 50
Fuel cells-Hydrogen energy storage (HES)
• It can be used for decentralised production (low power station,
mid-power cogeneration)
• They can used for isolated areas where the installation of power
lines is too difficult or expensive
• H2 storage modes, such as: compressed, liquefied, metal hydride
• Investment cost is high

5 November 2017 51
Thermal energy storage (TES)
• It exists in a wide spectrum of applications
• It uses materials that can be kept at high/low temp. in insulated

containments.
• Heat/cold recovered can then be applied for electricity generation

using heat engine cycles.
5 November 2017 52
• Energy i/p can, in principle, be provided by electrical resistance
heating or refrigeration/cryogenic procedures
• Thus overall  of TES is low (30–60%) although the heat cycle 

could be high (70–90%),
• But environment point of view, particularly advantages for

renewable and commercial buildings.
5 November 2017 53
• It is classified into low-temp TES and high-temp. TES depending
on whether the operating temp of the ES material is higher than
the room temp.
• Categorised into
• industrial cooling (below -18C),
• building cooling (at 0-12C),
• building heating (at 25-50C) and
• Industrial heat storage (higher than 175C).
5 November 2017 54
Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS)
• Comprised of two or more ES
• ES1 is dedicated to cover “high
power” demand, transients and fast
load fluctuations and therefore is
characterized by a fast response
time, high  and high cycle lifetime.
• ES2 will be the “high energy”

storage with a low self-discharge
rate and lower energy specific
installation costs
5 November 2017 55
Source :Bocklisch, Thilo. "Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable energy applications." Energy Procedia 73 (2015): 103-111.
HESS Advantages
• Reduction of total investment costs compared to a single
storage system (due to a decoupling of energy and
power)
• Increase of total system efficiency (due to operation of

ES2 at optimized, high  operating points and reduction of
dynamic losses of ES2)
• Increase of storage and system lifetime (optimized

operation and reduction of dynamic stress of ES2)
5 November 2017 56
HESS Applications
• HESS in hybrid and FC powered electric vehicles
(supercap/battery-HESS)
• HESS-applications in renewable autonomous energy supply

systems mainly based on a battery/hydrogen combination
• Grid-connected HESS on a household , district or regional level
• HESS for large scale wind- and PV-park power management

• Other specific HESS-configurations, e.g. SMES/battery-HESS,
CAES/battery-HESS and flywheel/battery-HESS
5 November 2017 57
HESS
• Lithium-ion batteries, play a key role in many HESS-applications.
• They can be used both as the “high energy” or “high power”
storage.
• Supercaps and flywheels are characterized by even higher power

densities, efficiencies and cycle lifetimes compared to batteries.
• Renewable hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) are both very
promising options for long-term energy storage.
• Also heat storage and power-to-heat concepts will gain

importance in the context of future HESS-applications.
5 November 2017 58
HESS
• The storage of heat produced from excessive RE and from power-
to-gas conversion processes (e.g. FC) will increase the overall
utilization rate of renewable energies.
• Moreover, power-to-heat will enable HESS to perform peak
shaving and hereby significantly reduce the stress for the other
storage components and for the public grid.
• Optimizing design, control and energy management strategies for
HESS at the interface between electricity, heat and gas sector will
play an important role and will unfold significant potentials for
further improvements of cost, efficiency and lifetime of renewable
energy systems.
5 November 2017 59
HESS in hybrid and FC powered electric
vehicles
• It uses FC and battery as two ES device
• The SC is utilized as a short-term ES to meet the power demand
in acceleration and regenerative braking instants.
• While the battery is utilized as a mid-term ES for EV mode
operation due to its higher energy density
5 November 2017 60
vehicles
5 November 2017 61
vehicles
• The En-Gen set supplies the power uni-directionally,
• The SC supplies the power bi-directionally through the dc-link

voltage regulation,
• The battery supplies the power bi-directionally through the power-

control mode
Source:Yoo H et al. System Integration and Power-Flow Management for a Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Supercapacitors and Batteries. IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl. vol.44. no.1; 2008.pp.108-114.
5 November 2017 62
HESS for Large Solar PV plant
5 November 2017 87
Source WangG, CiobotaruM, AgelidisVG, MemberSS.Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV Plant Using Hybrid Energy Storage, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy.
vol.5.no.3; 2014. pp.1-9.
HESS for Large Solar PV plant
• Typically SC and Vanadium battery used to smoothen the
oscillations produced by PV
• SC is use to handle high frequency power oscillations
• Battery is use to manage low frequency oscillations
• It results into reduction of SC rating to almost 1/5th of battery
rating
• Improves overall 
Source WangG, CiobotaruM, AgelidisVG, MemberSS.Power Smoothing of Large Solar PV Plant Using Hybrid Energy Storage, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy.
vol.5.no.3; 2014. pp.1-9.
5 November 2017 64
Thank You
&
Best of Luck
5 November 2017 65

Energy Storage

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Energy Storage

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Definition of Energy Storage

• It is a process of converting electrical energy from a power

• It enables electricity to be produced at times of either low

• and to be used at times of high demand, high generation cost or

• The combination with the power generation by renewable energy,

• Power Conversion System (PCS)

• Balance of Plant (BOP)

• The customization of the PCS for individual storage systems is

• Costs around 33-50% of the entire storage facility

• Grid Frequency Support: It means real power provided to

• Black-Start: This refers to units with the capability to start-up on

• In short, these are what might be called support services used to

• Reduced Reliability-related Financial Losses:

• PQ anomalies of interest are those that cause loads to go off-line

• A storage system’s power rating is assumed to be the system’s

• It is assumed to represent the storage system’s maximum power

• Example: A Na/S battery, capable of producing two times its rated

• While discharging at the higher rate,  is reduced and storage

• Non-energy operating costs include at least four elements:

• To be highly efficient, ES needs

• Thermal energy storage:

energy is converted back into a flow

• Compared to capacitor it has high energy density (5Wh/kg)

• As like battery systems, capacitors work in direct current

• They are very durable, about 8–10 years, 95% 

• 5% per day self-discharge, which means that the stored energy

• Also used in smoothing strong and short-time power solicitations

• Can operate in three steps

• H2 storage modes, such as: compressed, liquefied, metal hydride

• Investment cost is high

• It uses materials that can be kept at high/low temp. in insulated

• Heat/cold recovered can then be applied for electricity generation

• Thus overall  of TES is low (30–60%) although the heat cycle 

• But environment point of view, particularly advantages for

• ES2 will be the “high energy”

• Increase of total system efficiency (due to operation of

• Increase of storage and system lifetime (optimized

• HESS-applications in renewable autonomous energy supply

• Grid-connected HESS on a household , district or regional level

• HESS for large scale wind- and PV-park power management

• Supercaps and flywheels are characterized by even higher power

• Also heat storage and power-to-heat concepts will gain

• The SC supplies the power bi-directionally through the dc-link

• The battery supplies the power bi-directionally through the power-

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