ADVANCED

MATERIALS

Presentation on
“ADVANCED MATERIALS”
Author
Dr. Gauri S. Deshmukh
Department of Applied Chemistry

Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Research

Hingna, Nagpur-441110
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Contents
1. Biodegradable Polymers……………………… .Slide no. 1
1.1 Polylatic Acid ………………………..Slide no. 2
1.2 Polycaprolactone ……………… ..…..Slide no. 4

2. Conducting Polymers…………………………….Slide no. 6

2.1 Polyaniline …………………………. .Slide no. 7
2.2 Polyacetylene ……………………… .Slide no. 9
2.3 Polypyrrole ……………………….….Slide no. 11

3. Composite Materials …………………………….Slide no. 13

3.1 Classification …………………………Slide no. 15
3.2 Applications …………………………..Slide no. 17
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

4. Liquid Crystal Polymers………….… ………...Slide no. 18

4.1 Properties …………………………Slide no. 20
4.2 Applications ……………………….Slide no. 20

5. Nanomaterilas…………………………..….….Slide no. 21
5.1 Carbon Nanotubes…………………Slide no. 22
5.2 Types ……………………………....Slide no. 23
5.3 Applications
5.3.1 Medicine …………………………..Slide no. 24
5.3.2 Electronic ……………………….. Slide no. 25
5.3.3 Environment ………………………Slide no. 26
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Biodegradable Polymers

Biodegradable polymers are polymers which decompose into simple

molecules like carbon dioxide, water and biomass under aerobic or
anaerobic conditions by the action of microorganisms.

Biodegradable polymers are classified as

• Natural polymer – e.g. fibrin, collagen, chitosan, gelatin
• Synthetic polymers – e.g. Polycaprolactone, Polylactic acid,
Polyorthoesters

1
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Synthesis: It is prepared by ring opening polymerization of -caprolactone
using stannous octate as a catalyst.

2
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties:
1. Melting point of 60°C and a glass transition temperature of -60°C
2. Low mechanical properties but high elongation.
3. Good adhesion to substrate.
4. Soluble in organic solvents.
5. It modifies the properties of other polymers.
Applications:
1. Used as a plasticizer for PVC
2. Used in tissue engineering for preparation of implantable devices.
3. Used in targeted drug delivery in body.
4. Used in dentistry as a root canal filling material.
5. Used in housing applications.
3
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Poly-lactic acid (PLA)

Synthesis: Starch obtained from renewable sources like corn is
fermented to produce lactic acid. Two lactic acid molecules are then
condensed into a cyclic molecule called as lactide. The lactide is then
polymerized using stannous octate as a catalyst which produces
polylactic acid.

4
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties:
1. PLA is resistant to moisture and grease.
2. It is transparent in nature can be processed in film or fiber form.
3. It has 37% crystallinity, glass transition temperature 60-65°C &
melting temperature 173-178°C.
4. It has good flavor and odor barrier properties.
5. PLA on degradation gives lactic acid which is be metabolized in
body.
Applications:
1. It is used in biomedical devices like sutures, drug delivery devices.
2. As it is biodegradable it is used as bioplastic in food packaging.
3. It is used to prepare compost bags and disposable table ware.
4. It is used in textile industry for preparation of disposable garments,
diapers, blinds.
5. It is used as a replacement to nylon in “silken” tea bags.
5
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Conducting Polymers
Polymers which conduct electricity are known as conducting polymers. Such
polymers can have metallic conductivity or act as p or n type
semiconductors.

Types of conducting polymers are:

1. Intrinsically conducting polymers or conjugated π electrons conducting
polymers e.g. polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene.
2. Extrinsically conducting polymers
3. Doped conducting polymers:
E.g. reaction of polymer with oxidizing agent like halogen (I2) is called p-
doping and reaction of polymer with reduction agent like alkali metal
(Na) is called n-doping.

6
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Poly-acetylene
It is intrinsically conducting polymer. Its hydrocarbon chain has alternate single and
double bonds i.e. a conjugated system. The p orbitals form a delocalized π-system
through which electrons can flow and hence the polymer conducts electricity.

Synthesis: It can be synthesized from acetylene using Zeigler Nata catalyst as

follows.

7
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties:
1. It is a simplest conjugated polymer.
2. Polyacetylene is a semiconductor, and its conductivity can be
increased by doping.
3. It can be doped by oxidation with halogen (iodine) called p-doping
or by reduction with an alkali metal (sodium) called n doping.

Applications:
1. It is used in plastic batteries because of its high power density.
2. It is used in optoelectronics.

8
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Polyaniline
It is first kind of synthesized conducting polymer. It is a doped
conducting polymer.
Synthesis: It is prepared by chemical or electrochemical oxidation
of aniline.

9
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties:
1. It exists in different oxidation states.
2. It can be processed in melt and solution form. It can also be mixed
with conventional polymers and fabricated in required shape.
3. Its products are not harmful to human health can be easily disposed
without environmental risks.
4. Due to its conductivity it acts as an ideal shield against static
electricity discharges. Hence used in packaging of electronic
products.
Applications:
1. It is used in packaging of electronic products.
2. Used against electromagnetic radiation.
3. It is used as a corrosion protective coating on metals.
4. It can be used in printed circuit boards and chemical vapor sensors.
10
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Polypyrrole
Polypyrrole is a conducting polymer formed from a number of connected pyrrole ring
structures.
Synthesis: Polypyrrole is synthesized by electropolymerization reaction.

11
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties:
1. Polypyrroles are insulators but their oxidized derivatives are good
electrical conductors.
2. Their conductivity depends on the conditions and the reagents used in
oxidation.

Applications:
1. It is used for testing the blood lithium levels of patients with bipolar
disorder.
2. It is used in electronic devices and chemical sensors.
3. It is used in low temperature fuel cell technology.
4. It is used in microwave fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotubes.
5. It is used to coat silica and reverse phase silica to produce a material
capable of anion exchange.
12
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Composite Materials
Composites are structural materials which consist of two or more
constituent materials with distinct physical and chemical properties and
which remain as separate phases in the finished structure.
Composite materials are made of two constituents

Matrix – The matrix is the continuous phase which surrounds and supports the
reinforcement. There are three kinds of matrix: 1) Polymer 2) Metal, 3) Ceramic.
The functions of matrix are:

Reinforcement: It is the discontinuous phase and is also called the dispersed

phase. Examples of reinforcement- glass fibers, carbon fibers, boron fibers,
aramid fibers.

13
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

14
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

15
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

16
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Applications of Composites:
 Automobiles: polymer composites are used to fabricate
different parts of vehicles in order to reduce their weight and
increase fuel efficiency,
 Marine applications: used in propellers, shafts, racing boat
parts.
 Aeronautical applications: aircrafts, helicopter, rocket
components, missiles.
 Plywood is used in furniture industry
 Consumer goods, agriculture instruments, sports goods, tires.
 Electronic circuit boards, pipes, tanks, industrial floorings and
roofs.

17
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Liquid Crystal Polymers

Liquid crystal polymers are unique class of materials which
combine properties of liquid crystals and polymers. Polymer liquid
crystals have a tendency to align chains in parallel over a long
distance prior to crystallization from melt or solution.

18
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Phases in Polymer Liquid Crystals

Nematic phase: Cholesteric phase
The molecules are rod like. They do not have It is visualized as a stack of very thin 2D
any positional order but they all point in nematic layers with direction in each layer
same direction. twisted with respect to the other.

Smectic phase Columnar phase

The molecules have general nematic In this phase the molecules are disc like in
orientation but they align themselves in layers structure.
or planes.

19
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Properties of Liquid crystal polymers

 They are partially crystalline.
 They exhibit multiple internal reflections.
 They have outstanding mechanical properties at high temperature.
 They have chemical resistance and good durability.
 They have low solubility in industrial solvents.
 They have low thermal expansion and high dimensional stability.
Applications of Liquid crystal polymers
 High strength fibers: LCP have high strength e.g. Kevlar which is used in
helmets and bullet proof jackets.
 Optical applications: They are used in display devices like laptop screens,
watches, signals.
 Ballistic applications: Due to their high strength and visco-elasticity they are
used in impact resistant systems like missiles and rockets.
 Protective clothing: LCP can withstand high temp. E.g. aramid fibers have
high thermal stability upto 500°C and are used in heat proof clothing.
 Research work: used in gas chromatography and NMR
 Used in optical recording and optical sensors. 20
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials are
defined as materials
in which at least one
dimension is less
than 100 nm. 1 nm is
one millionth of
millimeter.
1nm = 10-9 m

21
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are allotrope of carbon having cylindrical shape. They are
formed by rolling of graphene sheets. In carbon nanotubes carbon atoms are
arranged in hexagonal pattern and each carbon atom is attached to three other
carbon atoms by covalent bonds. Carbon nanotubes have a diameter of 1 nm to
50 nm and length in centimeters.

22
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Types of Carbon Nanotubes

23
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

24
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Applications of Nanomaterials
Medicine:

 Drug delivery: nanomaterials are used in targeted drug delivery to

specific cells e.g. cancer cells for more effective treatment with small dose
of drug.
 Nanoscale devices: nanoscale devices are used for medial diagnosis and
as contrast agent in MRI imaging.
 Nano biosensors: nano biosensors are used for monitoring of human
health.
 DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing with nanomaterials will become cheap
and easy. Genetic sequencing will help the doctors to tell the possibility of
various diseases in patients.
 Nanomaterials can be developed to defeat viruses.

25
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Electronics:
 Electronic circuits: carbon nanotubes are used in electronic circuits. Such
nano transistors are used in computer chips, information storage and sensors.
 Large structures are also used for thermal management of electronic circuits.
 Electrical wires and cables: nanotubes are used to fabricate wires and
cables with specific conductivity. Some nanomaterials have better
conductivity than copper.
 Paper batteries: these are paper thin batteries made of cellulose sheet in
which carbon nanotubes are aligned. These nanotubes act as electrode and
provide steady power output.
 Display technology: nano-emissive materials are used in display
technologies.
 Solar cells: due to their ability to absorb UV and visible radiations
nanomaterials are used in solar cells.
 Ultra capacitors: they are used to improve ultracapacitors.
26
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

Environment:
 Electronic circuits: carbon nanotubes are used in electronic circuits. Such
nano transistors are used in computer chips, information storage and sensors.
 Large structures are also used for thermal management of electronic circuits.
 Electrical wires and cables: nanotubes are used to fabricate wires and
cables with specific conductivity. Some nanomaterials have better
conductivity than copper.
 Paper batteries: these are paper thin batteries made of cellulose sheet in
which carbon nanotubes are aligned. These nanotubes act as electrode and
provide steady power output.
 Display technology: nano-emissive materials are used in display
technologies.
 Solar cells: due to their ability to absorb UV and visible radiations
nanomaterials are used in solar cells.
 Ultra capacitors: they are used to improve ultracapacitors.
27
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

References Books

1. Chemistry of Advanced Materials –CNR Rao, Rsc Pub.

2. Materials science and engineering an introduction :William D. Callister, (Jr. Wiley publisher)
3. Polymer science and technology: Joel R Fried (Prentice- Hall of India)
4. Chemistry of Engineering Materials: Robert B Leighou Mc Graw – Hill Book Company, Inc
New York

Recommended Books

1. Text Book of Engineering Chemistry: S.S. Dara, S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi
2. Engineering Chemistry: Arty Dixit Dr. Kirtiwardhan Dixit, Harivansh Prakashan, Chandrapur.
3. Textbook of Engineering Chemistry: P.C. Jain and Monica Jain, Dhanpat Rai and Sons, New
Delhi.
4. Applied Chemistry: A.V. Bharati and Walekar, Tech Max Publications, Pune.

28
ADVANCED
MATERIALS

References Web
1. http://nptel.ac.in
2. https://www.scribd.com
3. https://www.slideshare.net

29