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Metamorphic rocks

Quartzite , a type of metamorphic rock

Metamorphic rocks (or rubble rocks) are

one of the main groups of rocks that are
the result of transformation or alteration
of a pre-existing rock type, protolith , by a
process called metamorphism , which
means "shape change". [1] Origin rocks or
heat-treated protoliths (greater than 150 °
Celsius ) and extreme pressures (1500
bar), [2] will undergo large physical and / or
chemical changes. Protoliths can be
sedimentary rocks , igneous rocks , or
other older metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic rocks form a fairly large part

of the earth's crust and are classified by
texture, as well as by their mineral
composition and chemical composition (
metamorphic facies ). This type of rock
can be formed easily due to being in high
depth, experiencing high temperatures and
great pressure from the rock layers above.
They can be formed from tectonic
processes such as continental collisions,
which cause horizontal pressure, friction
and distortion. They also form when rocks
are heated by intrusion from molten and
hot rocks called magmafrom the interior
of the earth. The study of metamorphic
rocks (which are now exposed on the
surface of the earth due to erosion and
uplift) provides information about
temperatures and pressures that occur at
great depths in the earth's crust. Some
examples of metamorphic rocks are slate ,
filit , schist , gneis , and others.

Mineral - metamorphic
mineral
Metamorphic minerals are minerals that
form only at high temperatures and
pressures associated with the process of
metamorphosis. These minerals, known as
index minerals , include silimanite , kyanite
, staurolite , andalusite , and some garnets
.
Other minerals, such as olivine , pyroxene ,
ampibol , mica , feldspar , and quartz can
be found in metamorphic rocks, but this is
not necessarily the result of a process of
metamorphism. This mineral is formed
during crystallization of igneous rock. They
are stable at high temperatures and
pressures which are chemically unchanged
during the process of metamorphism.
However, all minerals are stable only within
certain limits, and the presence of several
minerals in metamorphic rocks shows an
estimate of the temperature and pressure
at which they formed.
Changes in the size of rock particles during
the process of metamorphism are called
recrystallization . For example, small
calcite crystals in limestone turn into larger
crystals in marble in metamorphic rocks,
or in metamorphosed sandstones,
recrystallization from the quartz origin of
sand grains produces very compact
quartzite, or commonly called
metakuarsite, in which quartz crystals are
larger usually interlocked. Both high
temperatures and pressures contribute to
recrystallization. High temperatures allow
atoms and ions in crystalline solids to
migrate, thus forming an arrangement in
the crystals, while high pressure causes
the dissolution of crystals in the rocks at
their contact points.

Foliation

Metamorphic rocks foliate in Norway .

Layering in metamorphic rocks is called

foliation (derived from the Latin word folia,
which means "leaf"). Foliation is formed
when rocks shorten on one of the axes in
recrystallization. This causes the platys or
crystals that extend from minerals, such
as mica and chlorite , to rotate so that
their long axis is perpendicular to the
orientation of the shortened axis. This
results in rocks that are banded, or
foliated, with bands that show the color of
the minerals that form them.

The texture is separated into foliation and

non-foliation categories . Foliated rocks
are differential stress products that deform
rock in one plane, sometimes creating a
hemisphere plane . For example,
batusabak is a foliated metamorphic rock,
which originates from shale . Non-foliation
rocks do not have a planar strain pattern.

Rocks that experience uniform pressure

from all sides, or those that lack minerals
with typical growth habits, will not foliate.
Where rocks have been subject to
differential stress , the type of foliation that
develops depends on the level of
metamorphism ( grade ). For example,
starting with a mudstone , the following
sequence develops with increasing
temperature: batusabak is a metamorphic
rock is very smooth and berfoliasi, which
are characteristic of the very low level of
metamorphism, while phyllite fine-grained
and is at a low level of metamorphism,
schistmedium to coarse grained and are
found in areas of moderate and last
metamorphism gneiss coarse-grained to
very coarse, found in areas with a high
degree of metamorphism. [3] Marble is
generally non-foliating, which allows its
use as material for sculpture and
architecture.

Another important mechanism of

metamorphism is that chemical reactions
that occur between minerals occur without
their melting. In this process, atoms are
exchanged between minerals, and thus
new minerals are formed. Many complex
high-temperature reactions may occur, and
each of the mineral assemblies produced
gives us clues about the temperature and
pressure at the time of the metamorphism.

Metasomatism is a drastic change in the

rock's chemical composition that often
occurs during the process of
metamorphism. This happens because of
the introduction of chemicals in rocks from
surrounding rocks. Water can transport
these chemicals quickly over long
distances. Because of the role played by
water, metamorphic rocks generally
contain many elements that were not
originally present in the original rocks, and
lacked some of the elements that were
originally present. However, the
introduction of new chemicals is not
necessary in recrystallization

Types of metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks can be divided into the
following gtw.

Contact Metamorphism …
Metamorphic contact type metamorphism rocks
consisting of calcite and serpentinic layers, pre-
Cambrian age, Canada .

Contact metamorphism is the name given

to the changes that occur when magma is
injected into the solid rock around it (
country rock) . This change is the biggest
change wherever magma comes in
contact with rocks because the highest
temperatures occur at this limit and
decreases when farther away from
contact. The zone that metamorphism
around igneous rocks formed by cooling
magmas is called the metamorphism
contact aureole . Aureole shows all
degrees of metamorphism from the
contact area to the non-metamorphism
area (unchanged) in country rock far from
the contact area. The formation of
important ore minerals can occur by
metasomatism in or near the contact
zone.
When contact rocks are altered by igneous
intrusion, these altered rocks generally
become harder and have a rough
crystalline state. Many rocks are altered
from contact metamorphism commonly
called the horn ( hornfels or hornstone) .
The term is often used by geologists to
indicate they are fine-grained, compact,
and are a non-foliating product of contact
metamorphism. A flake can be a dark-
bricked argillaceous hornfels , full of
brownish biotite plates ; a marl or
limestone impure can turn into batutanduk-
silicate-calcareous or marblesilicaan gray,
yellow or greenish. A diabas or andesite
can be transformed into a diabas or
andesitic bricks by the development of
new hornblende and biotite and partial
recrystallization from the original feldspar.
Chert or batuapi may be transformed into
crystalline rocks quartz is smooth;
Sandstones that lose their clastic
structure and are turned into a mosaic of
small quartz granules that are close
together in a metamorphic rock are called
quartzite .
If the rock initially foliates or has ribbons
(such as sandstones with a laminated
texture) this character cannot be
eliminated, and foliated horns are
produced; fossils may even be preserved
in metamorphic rocks, even though they
are fully recrystallized, and in many
contact-altered lava, vesicles can still be
seen, although their contents are usually
new combinations and form minerals that
were not initially present.

As a result of recrystallization in this way

strange rocks with very different types are
often produced. So flakes might turn into a
rock - rock cordierite , or may indicate the
crystal - a large crystal andalusit (and
chiastolit ), staurolit , garnet , kyanit and
sillimanit , all derived from alumina
contents of shale origin. Large amounts of
mica (both muscovite and biotite ) often
form at the same time, and the resulting
product has a close resemblance to many
types of schists. Limestone, if pure, often
turns into marble - rough crystalline
marble; but if there is a mixture of clay or
sand in the original rock, minerals such as
garnet, epidote , idocras and wollastonite
will be present. Sandstones when heated
are very likely to turn into quartzite
consisting of clear quartz rough grains.
These stages of intense conversion are
not so often seen in igneous rocks,
because their minerals, which form at high
temperatures, are not so easily changed or
recrystallized.

In some cases, the rocks are fused and

spinel , sillimanite and cordierite can be
separated. Shale is sometimes altered by
the dike of basalt and sandstone
feldspatik able to fully experience
vitrification. Similar changes can be
stimulated in shale by burning coal seam
or even by ordinary furnaces.
There is also a tendency for
metasomatism between frozen magma
and sedimentary rocks , where chemicals
in each rock are exchanged or introduced
to others. Granite can absorb fragments of
shale or basal fragments. In this case,
hybrid rocks called skarn appear, which do
not have the normal characteristics of
igneous or sedimentary rocks. Sometimes
magma intrusion penetrates the
surrounding rocks, filling the burly and
bedding fields, with a number of quartz
and feldspar. This is very rare but the
possibility of its occurrence is on a large
scale. [4]
Regional Metamorphism …

Marble outcrops in the United States

Regional metamorphism , also known as

dynamic metamorphism , is the name
given to changes that occur in large
masses of rock over a wide area. Rocks
can metamorphose only by being at great
depths below the earth's surface,
experiencing high temperatures and
experiencing great pressure due to the
enormous weight of the overlying rock
layers. Most of the lower continental crust
is metamorphic rock, as well as intrusion
of newly formed igneous rocks. Horizontal
tectonic movements such as continental
collisions produce orogenic belts , causing
high temperatures, pressures, and
deformations in rocks along the belt. If the
metamorphic rocks are formed then lifted
and exposed due to erosion, they can be
exposed inside the long belt or other large
areas on the surface. The process of
metamorphosis may have destroyed the
original features that could reveal the
history of previous rocks. Rock
recrystallization will destroy the texture
and fossils present in sedimentary rocks.
Metasomatism will change the original
composition.

Regional metamorphism or dynamic metamorphism

Regional metamorphisms tend to make

rocks harder and at the same time cause
the formation of foliation, schistos, or
gneis textures, which consist of planar
mineral composition, thus causing plate or
prismatic minerals such as mica and
hornblende to have the longest axes
parallel to each other. That is why many of
these rocks are layered in one direction
along the mica-bearing zone in the schist .
In gneisminerals also tend to be separated
in the form of ribbons; so there is a change
of quartz and mica in mica schists, very
thin, but basically each layer or band
consists of one mineral. As long as the
mineral layer consists of shales, the rock
will be easily fragmented. In addition, gneis
also contains more feldspar than schists,
and is harder and less flaky. The schistos
and gneiss bands (the two main types of
foliation) are formed by directional
pressure at high temperatures, and
interstitial movements or internal flow
make up mineral particles when they
crystallize in that directional pressure field.

The rocks from which sedimentary rocks

and igneous rocks can metamorphose into
schists and gneists. Original rock
composition is increasingly difficult to
distinguish if the degree of metamorphism
is higher. A quartz-porphyry and feldspatic
sandstone can metamorphose into gray or
pink mica-schists. [5]
Cataclastic Metamorphism …

Cataclastic metamorphism occurs as a

result of mechanical deformation, such as
when two rock bodies shift past each
other along the fault zone. Friction along
the shear zone produces heat, and rocks
are deformed mechanically. The rock was
crushed and crushed due to the shift.
Cataclastic metamorphism is not
uncommon in the narrow zone where
horizontal faults occur.

Hydrothermal Metamorphism …
Rocks that change at high temperatures
and moderate pressures due to
hydrothermal fluids are called
hydrothermal metamorphisms. This is
common in basaltic rocks which generally
lack hydrate minerals. Hydrothermal
metamorphism causes alteration to Mg-
Fe-rich hydrate minerals such as talc ,
chlorite , serpentine , actinolites ,
tremolites , zeolites , and clay minerals .
Ore rich deposits often form due to
hydrothermal metamorphism.

Metamorphism of the Cheat …

When sedimentary rocks are buried to a
depth of several hundred meters,
o
temperatures greater than 300 C can
develop without the presence of
differential stress. New minerals grow, but
rocks do not appear to metamorphose.
The main mineral produced is usually
Zeolite . The overlapping metamorphosis
overlaps with diagenesis to a certain
extent, and this metamorphism can turn
into regional metamorphism with
increasing temperature and pressure.

Metamorphism impact ( impact …

metamorphism / shock
metamorphism)

Wikimedia Commons has media about

Metamorphic rock .

When extraterrestrial material, such as

meteorites or comets fall to Earth or if
there is a huge volcanic explosion, very
high pressure can occur on the rocks
affected. Very high pressures can produce
minerals that are only stable at very high
pressures, such as SiO2 polymorphs such
as koesit and stishofit . In addition they
can produce textures known as lamellae
shock in mineral grains, and cone-like
textures breaking on impacting rocks.

External links
(English) Metamorphic textures - Middle
East Technical University
(English) Metamorphism - U. of
Alabama
(English) Types of metamorphism -
Tulane U.
(English) Contact metamorphism
example

References
1. ^ Dictionary.com entry. Retrieved 14
Jan 2014
2. ^ Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy,
Petrology , WHFreeman, 2nd ed., 1996,
p.355ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
3. ^ Wicander R. & Munroe J. (2005).
Essentials of Geology. Cengage
Learning. pp. 174–177.ISBN
9780495013655.
4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Petrology".Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
 5. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).
"Petrology".Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press.

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