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    8 views11 pages

    +Денежная эмиссия в древних государствах Востока

    Uploaded by

    lm1234567

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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HOaHt sOKHH "MpwGawaiTexsHo oGpauannce 8 740 — 242 r. 10 H.9. “Meraumrieckwe neHsrH GticTp0 OsutH MpHSHaHtL Tocynapersom H nonyHAM odMuHambHBIT CTaTYC. Exerontiaa amb win eouansH Hator Ha nOMal- Hee xosslicTB0 pasHsact ByMCTaM CPOHSOBBIM MO- evan. Hexona 13 Toro, #70 oueHka sHomeHHOCTH acesenms 8 nepwon aMHacrin 'ExoY cocraasAeT pH GnusurensHo 30 mivLmHOHOS (B HaYae MpaBTeHHA ‘Xan yxe 60 miuutowos), aepemee 1oMauHee xoast- (cTB0 BKMOYAIO sBANUIATE YeNOBEK, MOXHO CHEAT BS8I80M 0 TOM, "TO EXCrOMHaR MOTPEGHOCTS B METaN- nueckix eubraM nocrurana He Mexee 300 MHSLIH- ‘onion MoHer. Bosnmxnionesne uunepan ta npocropax TlomeGecnolt w xenexnaa yauduxanis Tloxa uapersa poesasiH pyr ¢ apyrom, Ha oxpaH- He npeavero Kurras oGoco6nexto nepxanock uaperno pte, Onto He 6uu10 HH cabin GoraTbiM, HH caMBIM. cuutbibin, on¥aKo ero sauumua OT Bparos pexa Xy- anxe ropHete xpeGris. Cunrasl ce6a noToMKaMHL Comma ne6a, npaswrenu [wis npososraacuan nosyxr: ‘ono HeGo — one rocriomun. BIV 8. 20. ¥.9. MusH- ctpom Ilan Sitiom np nontepxxe uapsa Ban Goin mposenensi peopael, yxpemisiue rocysaperso. ‘Tlepssiit yap uaperso Livi Hanecao no uapcrey LLy- Ba, Goraromy satexanit xe7e0a, 1aee JaB0eRaHeCO- cegeit uo npakTHYecKH Ges0cTAaHOBOHO. 3aHsAB Tep- D#Topino o¥epentioro noxopeHtorotapeTea, mpasit- ‘ent uns paspyuraz npextiow Crom, oTMeNR22- KOHB! H NPHBHIETHH, a TaKKE Mepa Beca H eHBrH. MM ‘Ha CMeHY NpHXORUTH HOpMBI H MOpamKH wapeTBa LH. Mepes centiagutare ner npanteren Ubi, sap0¢8a@ MOC sremice tapeTs0, OGBaBII ce6s xyaiutt ~ mnlepaTo- pow. Taka cent tapers posto onto Ganbisoe, pt 37M nlorHGzo ABe TpeTH HacenenHa Kuras. Tpasuress Lim ocrosaa nepsyw aanactiio Lit (Qin Dynasty, 221 ~ 207 rm: 20 ¥1.9.), cra repasine rtieparopoxt ony ns Lit ila Xyanu, 70 oanaaer exenrsit iwmepatope (Qin Shi Huang Di, 221 ~210 rr. x0 1.9.) Nlepasit wumeparop coanan a6- ‘conti torantrapnitit, xora i a¢ypexrupiit pe- 2kHM BulacTH. TocymapcTBeHHoe yeTpolicTBo TomHOC- ‘oo romenino cboe ito. Crpava Goina paanetea a Tpiauare weet» oxPyToB, TpaxsAHCKHe HOEK Hite winioBHKH Haatiavanics «cnepxy>. CrpeMich Sees crpany Mow O61 HavaroN, OF en Ha uior0e ~ paspymienine xpawon, eperitanKa it KOH duckaunsa opyxns, aanper craporo nanncants eporantpon coxcxetie pyxonicelt, ena acter CTBEHHOM apHCTOKpaTHH M MecTHBIX ener, AMeHHO ‘Um XyanaH, nepsomy umnepatopy aMHactHn Ln, npnnannexn oputoansiioe ananine Ws06peTaTEns repabrx kiTafickitx Meransivveckin setiet On 32K0- onarenbio yrnumponas dbopy, woman Hox mMMcb Ha JeHbrax, Meppas lene XHaA IMHCCHA MOHET «noaoBHHHbIii Tab» (hal ftael, kHTaiicKaa Mepa Beca 81,3 HUM) CocTosact B 221 r. 10 Haued 9pBl. Mo- ¥eTA npencran1sn €O60H rpyGHiH Gpows0B.s KPY- 2KOK MaMeTPOM 30 MHJLIMMETPOB C KBapaTHBIM OT- eperitem a uewTpe. Ha npotaxenun verbipHanuariteTHero WapcTBo- sans Ili Xyann 8 nwepit o8pautanics sonora ‘MOpOH3OBbIe MOHETEI. 3O7OTBIE MOHETEI MMesH KPyTI- iit Howat, a 6poHSoRKIe — enki. 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Kurafickie 1eHbrH cBoG0nH0 06- aac B GrManeKalNHx CTpaHaX, He HMEBLIVIX CBO~ efi cobcrsenHomt namorii, Ho aaxe Korma cocenn Be- aMKoil KtTafickoit uMMepHH OGsanenncs HaLLHo- HANBHBIMH eHEXHBIMIE IHAKAMH, OHM B TONHOCTH Konmponan kuTaficKuit o6paseu. BraGn. 2 mpmene~ bi KPaTKHe ONHCaHHa ener CTpaH ApeBHett AsKt, MaXORMBIIHIXeH Non BIHAHHEM KITafiCKOM MOHETHOM owmccun. Mctopis rloapnterna MeTaimnveckHx AeHer B Anonun Bbizenena B oTaenbibil pasen Kax WanOO- lee SipKHil MpMep KMTaHiCKOTO JeHEKHOTO BAKSHI. ‘Vnomsnyrosit nepepsis s npannenmit smHacTan Xan Git caasan c ysypnauneit stactH HoBOit aiac- weit Keun (Xin, 9 — 23 rr). BopeGa sa pocctanone- ve npexteit anniacTHn noporo cTowra crpane. Ja unancuponanna KpynnomacurTaGnbix BoeHMDIX JeHicTBHiL NpOTHB ysypnaTopos H KONEBDIX MeMeHt “peBHHX TypOK OBUTH TlOBBIILEHBK HasIOTH Ht YupETE- a MOHOTIONS Ha com, xeNeI0 PAA. APYFHX TOBA- pos. Bctpane 6si10 spesteHo Gostee ewleBoe OGpautie- ue Meanbix monter. Tleponavasio aMMCCHS MONET [BUMTIepHH MIpoHSBOAIHTaCe ToproBtiaMs HAH MecTHI- MH BnacTAMH, OnHaKO B 112 F.0 H.9. BBINyCK eHEr bi npusHaN HeKMONHTeNbHON MpHBHAeTHeH UeHT- anbHoro npasiTesipcrsa. B MepBOM CTOIETHH 0 Ha- ‘useit 3p B cpeateM B rom HsrOTaBAHBATOCE MPHGAK- stembHo 220 TaIc. cBs30K 110 1 000 MoHeT Kaxctas. Ha xaxsoro xiTena mpHxomHIOC’ 10 3,7 MoHeTEs B roa, 1lockosky sicaenHocTs Hacenens Kitras mpH- Gnnawracs x 60 Mat enoBeK. Becnpeuenentiuiti 8 ucropwn cayvait: KuTaiicKas Moneta Menara Bec, pasMep, HammHcH, Ho ocTananach Bce TOH 2ke TIO dhopme H crlocoSy HsToTORIEHHs Ha nporaxennit 2 500 et. Ha mmueBoit cropore Mowe- Thi, KaK MpaBHAn0, WIOGpaxamich YeTEIpe MeporaMa, Jipa nepraxansitix oGosHavann eBH3 Hxmeparopa. Kaxaui npasurens mpi socuzecrsim Wa mpecton Me- Hau cBOH eBH9, HaNpHMep «HeGecHoe croKoHIcTBHe» a eBceoSutyto paocrs, Jenna cMeNANH Apyr apy Fa c4acroroii 8 nsiTb-ulecr er. [lo HM coppeMent- ble HyMusMaTHi onpesenator pospact MoneTsi. Ha- ‘unvan ¢ ammactim Mut (Ming, 1368 — 1644 rr) 1e- BMS cTa OHH Ha Bce MpanneHuts. Lisa ropHsoHTamb HBIx Meporamda nlepeaBam HasBaHMe MOHETBI: * JoaHs Gao — anepsonavanbias aparoueHHocTs>; © TyH Gao — «o6pamennaa aparouenHocts»; © kyH Gao — «axkenas aparoueHHoctb». Aonomsurensubie Meporaudst H sHaKK Ha OGO- porioii cropoxe oGosHavann paanMuHble MoHeTHEIe ABOPHL, CepHM BEINYCKOB H axe HOMepa MMIABHLIBHBIX nevelt. Kirraiun damwbapHo HaabiBanH MOHETH bl STS ae Ilou — xnaH5 4 Haft - Gorarcrso. Heoanoxpario HpeanpunHMauct NOMBITKH BMECTO OPOHSOBEIX BBI- yckars xenesHBIe AeHBTM, HO, KPOMe HHI, ITO HK 4emy He MpwBero. 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B 649 ocynapereo Kya npexpaTio auyCk NeHer CBRN €WanA.eHNeM AMhacrHN Ta Trai, ono wa pocTosoryprecrancen rocyaapers » pafowe wuneusnero Xorara, npynasxasuee x sanasuol oxpanne Kiras [Oewoanof tam wover FT ws. —aByASHNDe © RETEUTRMN THCEMOM KRAPOUTH WHO= reafcn Faowae,rocysaperso,cyuecrsopasuice Ha ‘Teppiropnit Typaticroro oma (Crossan) » nepwon © 499 r- no 640 r Txmicresnian woneTs, aanyaicnna HpaRITEANIW APeAnOAORTERAO 1620 640 rr, mvcer aerexy Tao Wa Lb Jt (ayaasnoe xocrioxene [rocyzapersa]Taovavo) w nporotunos sa wee nocayacia KxTacrss MONET Kal ane Tyx Bao. Paovas racke Gun noxopes amnacruet Tax Taser Heoworps ia enocpeacrsennoecoceseTs0 KirraeM, Ha POTS MOTI BOROB coxpaita poe caoeodpasiteH HeaaBHCHMOCTE BK)ATYPE, BO MHOFOM OcTaBGRCS terra incognita. ro cpanennno W118 MONET, B NPOHBBOACTBE KOTOPEX, B ocnontons,entan nlirnmeaKoro rtraficxoro antains, Test He Meee, 8 HeTopIME Tera ecre nepuon aascuuocra or Kirax (XVII-XIX oa), Koraa 8 oGpamesne unyoxanick MONT TaK Nanungeworo cnlO-THGerCKOFO Open PacionaTanuineca Ha RTARCRIDG W GHD x me Tepperopisx eceratenste rocyaaperea mnganscxoe Js0 (916 — 1125 rr.) rasrytexoe Sanaasioe Ca (1038 ~ 1227 mr.) smyprocensenoe Laue (1115 — 1234). Tipanwreannn sx roeyaapere sunycranies » obuuansHoe oGpamene MoHeTH urraicxoro Tuna, ¢aerewamnn wa xralickos (SoxsuIHHCTBO 0 HaecTHSK MOHET) rauryreKoM sux, TAOKE, NO HEKOTOPHN CBEAENHNM,€ ILNECKHMM H exyprocensexiantaancasi, Boe ari MONeTH TpaAhLNonNo HERNOKwOTER W obepY rraicxot wyscariee Cems Awa Cora, Toprewtexi w Yarypexih raranarus, Connpesne [Rpyrane woners e xsaaparitin orseperwew otmumanics © VIT 8 Corte 38 o6paneu w atecs Guna woxra movers Kat YOant Ty B20 ¢ 2708 nereiao unyexannce nepause coranicxe eioxi, a cepeawne VII. wa mix MoweTaX nomannes coraicane Hac pozoBhie sHaKH MecrHutx npasirene MonoGutie souerss sunyexannee 4 Tropremexow (VII. 8 Yairypexow raraerax (roweu VIII navano XII»). Hasecria wovera kraleroro tana wa Cewpenta ¢ erupsnx apabcxinan cosa a2. arpHGyrupyenas xax npoToKapaxanivicxas Xn. Xapaxrepio, vro nepexoa x pasweitento pOsOsuX 3HaKOS M HaATHEER Ha becrunns auxax we conposoxaanes Orkss0M OT KalcKOTo THNa MOWETEL HOre-Bocrownas Asus BOT wwneparopos Ant Tue Noarow aayuiewa nepeaa wane (erpana Tora ocuia wapeaineJlafteoater) Teall Bux Xyner Bao. Ona Hoes seo srraliceat xaparep: ana nepriarsno pacnonoxennsx nepormpa oGo3Ha¥aIoT Rea NepHORs pannenas, apa ropwsowransnun ~ nayoanne MoneT BUETHAMUB NOMIDNO enomtaosasunexcx » Kerae nansail eats 620, 7)! 690, ys Gao abet» OGopoT ewe aeesrea nosrope pasts aniTeTos 30% Mone (xy Gao ~ «npouserans aparouennocrs», 21 6ao — anoGuxsias parouenHocton, nin Gao ~ estas [aparoueniocts» 7.1). Kopes Banyo co6ctReHbx WOWer Naren 8996 FB KavecTae nporoTaa Gu aT Ua anvacrin Tau ¢ nerewaot Un ‘xy Fan, Bao (758-759 tr.) npwvew na ‘Goporioll cropone noGansexss neporsnipus Ton yx ~ eBocToXHoe rocyzapervo». Creayrouuit Nonernat auinyex iver yee nomocTo caMocToRTesiiyioserenty — Tou Fyx Lon Bo. Meposs ran ropelexoro MoweT#Oro nena 3aKOHYHACNw Navan Xi. ame eneayer nepepuis » puryexe coBcraeuviof Mowers, oByeaouneNH iytpevunie pacupanr¥ noenasusH CrpAHe! AHEM M NOSE MORFORD Kapacrra (1141 ~ 1218 er) locaeaapoesastixrocysapersa Ino exypaxeisas (rocyzaperoo Ups) aK epewectumick 3anagiial Typxecran H ocHosanu anecs rocyzaperoo Kapaxirat To mcenentew wcrosinia wagecrio 034 wnax woKer wrafcroro Tana. Ho Sr coenenns nova He NORTBepeseHs pease O6pEDUaMH MOHET. emo: Bensen B.A. Mowers xtralekoro tuna 38 npezenaui ToameSecnof.Joxnan na IX BeepoccwticKoh Hysnswarnvec ‘kot kongepenains Pocen, Benxi Hoaropon, 16 ~ 21 anpenx 2001 ‘Sinonna: nepauie MeTaNANIEcKHe TeHBTH ‘Mneppas wndasuns Tlepasse cepeSpanie 1 mestiie Movers roan sauce 8 nonun » 708 r. Cepe6pansie movers, asiny- lerHBIe AB THNOB, HOCHLAN HasBastHs «nano Kaitt- aw (wado kaichin) sun «nao xaitxor (wadokaiho, o-wado), Meamie Monerst (TOXe AByX THTIO8)1a961~ ‘anich antazoritanin o6pas0M. OGe Gunn cnenarts, ‘no o6pasuy xitTalickoi MoHeTs eka aN TyH Gao». Muneparopexoe mpanirenserso npennonarao ene ‘arb v3 Minx CHMBOR HauHowanbHOrO OGEEAHHEHHA ‘Tomexo sro comannoe snioncxoe rocynapeTB0 cep soft croanueti 8 ropoxe Hapa (oTevoxa noulno HasBa- ‘we KamH HaxomsITEeH CTapbie MOHETHI. OcHOB- 1MBIM cpesicTBOM OGpallieHHA CTaIIH MeaHBIe MOHETBI. C 708 no 958 rr i110 NpowsneneHo Gone jecaTKa OMMCCHM MeTALINeCKHX eHEr: BeHAAUATE MEAHBIX, “ape cepeGpanble 1 omlHa s0.10Tas. CpesieHHst o MesHBIX [BRITYCKAX ripuBeneHis B TAGs. 3. C cepeaMHs! X weKa -MecTO SIOHCKAX MOHET Ha BHYTpeHHeM DBIHKE 22818 aM Kurafickwe ZeHBTM MoHeTHI AMacTAfi CyH (Sung, 960 — 1279 rt) w Mun (Ming, 1368 — 1644 rr. Tadauya 3 ‘Tlenenmae ouncens » Sinownn VIII — X ns. Torso Mesto verano (aposuna) Dermonens, a pM Toma wean ennave, Ye 708. ‘Ov, Kanara 139-375 34-90 760 Sacnpo 2:56=5.7 i 765; Fivacupo, Fa 3034.78 BB 736; Haravo. 1.43438 70-8 ai8, Hararo, yo 136-456 F 335; Qo. 0,952.24 Fi 848, Gyo. 0,932.16, 7 859, Go. 1,08= 1,94 Fi 870 Cys, Hvacep 0972.74 3 390. ‘Qo. 1,50=2,81 Fi 907 Gyo. 2,063.75 Pes 958, ‘Go. 225-351 364 Hemowux: Meuepaxon AH., paves M.B. Hetopus apeauelt Snows, ~ CITB. Tantepuow, 2002. ~ C. 282 Benasn cTem, To Merantiveckie enbrH ObUIH BAHKOBMHKy, MpaBiTenbTBO BCeMH cnocoGaMH cTH~ yaHponano mx neTionsaonanne. C711 r HeKoTOpEIe ‘BUSI HaTypAIBHBIX HaOTOB CTAIM BIMATECH MOHE- Tam, C Toro 2ke TOMA CeIOHHOe KANOBAHLE YHHOB: MKAM OHCKOTO ABOPA YACTHNHO BHITTAMMBATOCS eHbraMt, a ocTabHoe — HaTypoit. Ecam yecTs, To ‘Mo6WIN3OBAHHBIM sL1 TPYAOBO! TIOBHHOCTH KpeC- ‘TeAHAM BBULABAIH B eH ABA Ce puca, 0,5 MOH TPH- Gauauresbtio CoOTRETCTBORAIO NPOKHTONHOMY MH- Humyny. [ipa rionysas 2000 Mon Ben, reapmeent, HMcaps u cayxaue caMoro HM3KOrO paHra Nlony¥a~ ait no 10 MoH. CaMoit HifakoormavHBaemol pa6oTolt (sin xexicKuil tpya, sa Hero nuzaTHH 5 MOH. Crycta nsraatecs asa roma nocte nepsoil vexaH- ‘ki Mover mnacTH npeaMpHHLaIH HoMITKY nepBO! e- Hexsoit marunynauun. B 760 r npasitTesscrB0 ocy- ulecTBHAO MepeveKanky 4 BEInycTHO MoHeTy ‘TOBA- pooSopor. as socroanenus neduunra nener Ano- st ava mtopTuposars MemHBie MOHeTHI W3 KH ‘ras. Mowers ¢ KONTHNeHTa MponONxANH CHyKHT® ‘ocHoine cpencrsow o6pamieninx priioTH 10 Havana nox 920 XVII », B ensn ¢ Tem, Ho KHTaHICKHE MOHETEI 9KCTEHCHBHO HcMOMBSOBAMHC B TeNeHHE _trexioro nepwosa ppeMeHt, HX KaNeCTDO YXYAIa- ‘Toc H3-3a wsttoca w crupanns. 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COxH- ‘of epepTHKALNBHBIM> OBOPOT ewer, YBsIAHHBIH Ha PO- ‘cyaapcreHl cexrop 2xoHOMMKH.[TpasitTesscT80 ‘SRASNOCB MNABHBIM 2aK@24HKOM TOBAPOB H YEA, 38 xKoropste oH0 pacrutavusatoce nensranin. HaceseHHe TuiaTivio MoHeTaMH HAOTH, a NHHOBHHKH, TOM) YaB- Me xanonasibe MEaO, NOKyTANIH Ha Hix LOKHOC- ‘tu, [lenexvoe OGpalienite aMsiKanOCe, HHKAKIEXAPY- noc edep menonssosans never He 61110. Bosnuxnonenne xener 8 penne Haun K Hizuu 5 apestiem mupe otHocuu He ToMBKO ‘TeppHTopuio compementoro MHMiicKoro rocyaap- rsa, HoTaxxe Maxucrax, Banraaneut, Henan a Ad- rancran, ASopuren Haabinan ee «Bxapara Bapia> (Bharat Varsha), 3enuas Kopoaa Bxapara nau Xueuny- ran. «Miumteiie ee umenosamn apestine rpexi. ApHit- lub, meppste xHTesIH HHAMMICKOTO cyOKOHTHHEHTA, CCenHUANCE RAIOM LUMPOKOH H AUIHHLHOH Pek, KOTOPYIO oun nowtenno Hassipann «Cunmxy» (Sindhu, #70 Ha canekpitTe sHa¥nT «r1oq06Ha Keay»). Tpexm aH emitkolt pexe HM «Hn», rlocae vero erpawa crana onecrua Kax Muans. Tlepouie monersiapennelt Hann roapiance rae TopHavara Vs. 201.9. 8 Maaxsaneure (Madhyadesha, «Cepeanunian crpatiae, pacnonarasurancs 6 LlewT- pansioit Hnann). Pas munniicxnx creumanncros, CconTascs Ha castle MHbte pemieckHe NHcAHHS, pen omaraior, To MepBbIe B MHIpe MOHETHI OBUIH OTHE- xaventi He BMarofi Asn, a8 Ximuyerane ewe B VILL, 20 #.9, MponsnocrBo caMBix panHiXx MOET ApEBHEH Maint kapainiamso oramanoct oT rpeveckoi Ye aHkH, TO NOMTBEPAULAeT HesaBHICHMOE HIOGPETENHE MoneTHofi texnoxorvn. Tlepsbie mianiickie MOHETHI mpencrapsim co6oit rpy6ble MpaMoyronBHBIe HAH axe GectbopMeHHbie KYCO¥KH cepeGpa ¢ THcHEHHEM a06paxeniia. Ha O6enx noBepxHOcTAx BEUIABNHB: AM CHMBOMBI PasNHYHBIX THTOB B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT seca. Hepenko Ha MoneTax BbulaBHBanH 10 NATH cemn Ws06paxennit. Boe onM npemcrannan co6oft (CHMBONBL KHSEKECKOI BIACTH: KHBOTHME, TOPBK, 1e- eBo H Henoneveckwe urypst. Ha Teppirropum apesrent Hrann cyuecrsonann SIecATKH He3aBHCHMBIX KHAKECTB H COTHH AHHACTHML Manenexne KHA@XecTBa HaSBIBATNCh «aLKaHAman> (Ganapadas), a Gonsumme — «Maxanxananast» (Mahajanpadas, 470 x0ca0pHo osHayaer «nenuKas. cTpavia»). O mHorvix H3 HHDK MBI 3HaeM TOmBKO MO OT- MeTKax Ha MoHeTax. Kaxkl0e KHA@KECTBO BHINYCKAIO coGcTBeHHbie cepeGpaHble MOHETEI AUIS CTHMYANpOBA- Hua MecTHofi ropromn, Comacio panHeSyamuticKyn couMHeHHAM B rombt xn3HH Byabt 8 CevepHot Hu- uM cyuecrsonano ulecrHanuaTs waxasDxaHana: AHTA, Maranxa, Kacu (Kau), Kocasa (Koutaa), Barpait (Bpwxxn), Maina, Yenn, Banca (Barca), Kypy, Man- waza, Masaxa (Mates), Cypacea (Lllypaceria), Ac- axa (Auimaxa), AnaTu, Taruncapa u KamGoma, Camas nepsas ussecTHas! Monera XusaycraHa Guia Hafizena Bose ropona Matxypa (CesepHast Hanus). Sto HeposHsiit npaMoyrombHNK Hs NOTH ‘uucroro cepeGpa, ssinyweHHiti 8 Masxssuteure. Ona MMeeT ceMb THCHEHHBIX HS0GpaxeHMil cpasy HecKOIts- Kux akaHanan. [IpesHenHaniicKas cHcTeMa OCHOBBI- Ballack Ha KmoYeBOMI NeHExHOM eNUHMLIe, HasKiBaB- uielica exapusariatias (Karshapana) 4 cocrosmuselt 12 ‘TPINUATH AByX «parTH» (ralti, oKOMIO 3,3 rpanwa ce- peGpa). Meskue Movers! uNemH HOMMHAN B 10:108H- Hy, SeTBepTs H OmHY BoceMy!o Kapulaniana. B Gyan ‘CK COUNHeHHLRX BeTpeYaloTes paamMuHste HasBaHHA Mower, pasmHvapiixca m0 Becy u MeTauty. HanGonb- lee pacripocrpanenue noayswau cepeGpantie u Men~ ble Kapulanansl. B uenoM aenexHom oGpauieniit ae HaxoMUMcs sonoTHe kapulariaHe! — HMUKA H cyBap- Ha, cepeGpabte — waramana, nypatta, rata, Meaitbte — kakaHit uaa. AHasM3 aMtTeparypHbsx cBmsTeTeTECTE ossonseT npeanonoxstTs, TO HeKOTOPBIE BILAL! MO- Her YoTpeBALINck AMWb 8 onpereneHHol o6nactH ‘crpaut. Cpeau rocyaapersextisix cayxcauunx cyue- ‘ernopani Hanaupareau 3a abInycKOM MoHeT. Cornac- Ho mpapitrenserBeHHbiM pacnlopaxeHisiM, B MOHeTaX BuIpaxaloch KATORAHME YHHOBHKOB 1 paaMepst urrpados. TIpuGansurenbuo » 600 8. 20 4.9. Cesepo-sanan- naa Maus, te pacrionaranucs KHsxectsa Taxusa~ una (Taxcuaa) w Mywxanazaru, oGpena crarye kpynueiiuero weHtrpa Toprosn ¢ Meconoramuet Braroaapa mirecsuofi toprosie cesepo-sariabie KisKeCTHA He HCTIBITRIBAUI HEXBATKH CepeSpa, H MOr~ AM NOSBONUTS ceGe BEINYCK YHUKAIBHEIX cepeOpaHEX ever. OHM npeacTasisiM coGo!t BorHyTBIe GpycKH ecom B 11 rpaMM H ABYMa BBLTABTEHHEIM H30Gpa- >xenuswm. Bexope 3a Cenepo-sanaiioM k seHexHott ‘OMMCCHH TIPHCTYNWUIH KHsDKeCTBA LeHTpaBHOfl H3- nanHoft Muu, Toprosasuine c Meconorammeti we- es MopeKite noprsl * Bonsummucrao stux xusixecrs Giuto normouleHo nanepuefi Maraaxa 8 nepuon amactun Cancynara 8 600 ~ 321 8. 104.3., 40 npuBeno KacHExHO! yH- uxauun. Maranxa crasa seayuelt nommTuveckoft cwioft Ha cesepe Maui. JIpestian Maranxa samusta- 4a OweH BHITOMHOe NONOXCHHE. PeKH Ha BOCTOKe, ccevepe H sanane GsuIM yaOGH U1 CyOXONCTBA, BOMB! x McnomBsoRATMcs Take 118 uppurauMn. MarepHs Bella OXMBUIEHHYIO TOPTOBMtO CO MHOrHMH OGacTs- i 4 6suna Gorara nloneaHuinit HcKonaeMbuM. Tep- Boll cronmueli Maranxa asses ropoa Panxarpuxa (coupemennsiti Paarup). ItuHacTuelt G81 ocHoRaH Topo Tlaranunyrpa (cospementui Marna), crasuinii cromuelt apesteli Min Ha nlocaeayioulne veTsipe cronerua. B revenue rocrioncrsa uamepuit Maraaxa MHo- -xecTBO sUKaHaNTam pousBesI0 cepMlo 9MHCCHiT. Ha MO- HeTax Gaul OTTHCHYT TOMBKO ONKH CHMBOL: eB, TOP= Garsili Guix win cpactuxa. YersipexcumBonbitsic MO- Herat Gaui Boinyulenb: KHsKecTBAMH Kau, Yea, Banira u Tpunypa. Marucuponsiste Monerst Brep- ‘ute ouitTHposasia HumepHs Maranxa. Ha nporaxe- suv VI-IV 5. 20 ¥.9. B UMTTepHH CMeHHIOCE HECKO- Ko annactuit. Breprion oanoft #3 Hx, HasbinaButel- a Hanus, a npecrone naxoawauce mpeacrassrresi Husivelt KacTat (uyapsl). Haxoxmenue Haro 80 [BIACTH MpencTanas.t0 coGolt skcrpaopaHHapHoe s AeHHe 8 ApeBHEMHAUTICKOM OGULECTBE H BBISEIBAIIO epwonmmveckue BomHeHis. 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B TOT epHOML YE HH oaHH MakenoHICKHit carpan Kpome SaxeMa, He OC ‘Tapautes 8 paltowax k BocToKy oT Hina. Bops6a Seste- a c MecTHBIM HaceTeHHeM npOIOMKAHACE BIAOTE 0 317, Korma Tor noxnyn Memo, B npannenie AWoKH x Haerepun Goina MpHcoe- suneria Gombutas wacTs 1oxHOM H BocTONHOR HANICH, BKmowas KHsbKecTBO Kanusira (cospemenHas! OpHc- ca). CepeGpanste Moers, BbinyweHHise 8 T10xy At- Hacriit Maypbsi, OTmMaIOTER TeM, ‘TO Ha HX BMep~ Be BMECTO OTTHCKOB Y20POB TlOSBHLIHCE MOMHOLEH- ote 1o06paxcrs. Ha MoweTax BBULABMHBATHCE 60- XeCTBa, LMTATHI HD CARIEHTENX MHCaHHi H cone oi cK, cHmeBon aHRacTHH Maypsst. BrevexiHe ToC- oxcrsa AMLoKH, HMlepisl MOCTHFTa cBoerO aniores. Ee reppitropis tanynacs or Adbraniicrana a samate Ho cospemenHoro wiTata Accam Ha BocTOKE H OT Tit- Manges Ha cenepe no urTara Atuixpa TIpateul B 10%- Holi Him. HxmepcKHe MoHeTsL, GSUIM ObHapyAE- BI BO BCEX perHOHAX, KOTOPHIE COCTARNAIOT COBpE- Mennyio Mimo, Maxncran 1 Adranucran. 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Tlocne emepri AWOKH HMrepHsL ACTIAIACE Ha MHOKECTHO MENKHX KHAXECTB, KAKTOE Wa KOTOPBIX BEINYcKaO COGCTBEHHBIE cepeGpAHBIE MOHETBI, HMeBLIME HATCH Ha BYX A3KIKAX: CAHCK- pure u MecrHom auanexre, Taba 4 Tepaiexenexne nce» pene Hann Tiemscome sumone peas eangees [Macro sumer [apa w nerana | ~tneso ormacxon | — Bee, cpa —[~ Homma Kori | Mamomens | secon & me = WO 3007 Cepeipanit ea [Kamera Tancim | CTH Zea 3 100 pm ede | Kunceer#0 Kourna a Tow 468 48 parm V.n0na, | Kiwxcerao Taxcuna | —_,CepeeonsT Ome 1 per Oman | KwxcernoAuwana | Retort Disa 67 2 raparanaea B= 38077 | goanaca Kama | OPA — 6 Tom 20K must sepa on Maype Tootpaenne na | sop a pew aunyees | opwanweraan | anuenoteropone | mumuoncropowe | Becyrpaww | Houmas (ave) oenep) 3 va et Tr. cocoa 3 Sonera ” Tlaanan na xomee 335 32 pare Tid Tete] —Beotopuernoe . — = 0 H.3. _cepet po _ = Ormex yor ee Rone ite —} —Cepetpannit | Onan wGomeerao, | Fonssovon, a = 20K poe | nereuao Bpanwe | sere Keapourn s Texoma aac ee Bpewnsunyers | taps manaaswecre | guenakcropone | ratsnot eropne | Bee (anepe) ‘eepe) = Teaerpnoe | Corep = 1 te | exputcane | COPURERNAZIOM | Tonone eanatewe | Por 106m 42 AOS Coneaxuit) = 280 ~ 230 rr. eases) re a (wmsorpeveoas | Bpomonszpaaa | Tosom aps - v0 ‘aacr) Toone | HewereneT —| capcgraan gaan 0 wom | Garperecsan | CHINN | rons ewes | ——Tepann 4a acres) Wann | Momsen | Piao | mevecenemeran | 1 Kepoure | 238 TH 16 Tepespanan ape | Chon, rescore | — Fopbaa Gk, Bo 1.9. pore (Taxeuna) Aerenatbs _nerenutta Kxapourry a — Cepetpaias Tage ‘@unoxcenrye ‘rerpanpaxma Broct wap Konnbait pcannin 732, ane (Hywnxanawar) oor ee oa oe ape cone BO M9. e revpaapaxsa aac — 98 om irezcua | Tepe Cepetomas | Ber apn ma oT _rerpanpaxua (4a B uenoM no wToram o630pa BOSHUKHOBeHHS! 1e- Her B pesiiem Muppe MOXHO cileNaT HECKOMBKO 3aK- MIONHTEABHBIX BDIBOIOB. + Tlossnenmo npamuTHBHbix opm seHer cr0co6- ‘crnonato MHOXeCTBO bakTopoB, OMHaKo cOrmac~ Ho AHTpOMOAOTHeCKHM sJAHHBIM, B ILIeMeHax ¢ eppoGiiTH0-OGUIMHHBIM CTPOEM OHH BOSH He CTOMBKO MO 9KOHOMMMECKHM, CKO.TSKO NO HH- CCTHTyMMONATBHBIM MpHSBIAM, ‘© BrepsoGsrritsix o6uecrsax npHmirrusniste op- Mor enter HeriontiaH pasHoobpaane yHKuUit Ons icromssosanuch » oOmene mexaty OOuita- Mit kak WepeMoHMabitbte MOMAPKH, alt, TLTATEK 38 0M H JIORKY, B omFOTOBKe GpaKoB Ht TOKyMIKe pas Ha oxory H psiGo05cTBo. © Merannmyeckue nenbri ne Goin w30Gperenn 8 ‘OmHOM KoHKpeTHOM MecTe, HesaBHICHMOe TIPOH3- BOACTHO MONT No pasiHYHBIM TeXHOMOTHAM OA HOBPeMEHHO BOSHMKMO B HECKOBKHX 4acTAX supa: 8 Jaen (Manas Asus) mpi ape Titrece (687 — 654 rr. 20 #.9.), 8 Kurrae npw aunacrin Ian (1700 ~ 1027 rr. a0 ¥.9.) w Manxesaneue (lertpansitas Haas) 8 500-c rr. 10 4.9. . Tlepsonavansio mpocrasnenue xxeiima Ha me- ‘TaMMNYECKHX cmHTKAX, NpemecTBOBABUICE Ye- Kavike, npencrannano co6oll raparriio ux se ‘ToTH, SaTeM — CHMBON o(puLalIBHOTO MPHsHa- His Kak cpesierBa ene xHoro O6pauieHHs © ecropieckuit omsrr rocysapcraenioit vexanki MoHeT noTsepxtaeT HOMHHAUCTHMECKYIO TeO- pinto npoucxoxnenus zener. Focyaapcrso BBeT0 MoHortoniio Ha BRINYCK jleHer, H Hx CTOUMOCTS pmnyavresuo onpenensace sactamu. [pax ‘TwYeCKH Bec MoHeT HuKora He cooTBeTCTBOBAM x HoMutanbHO# cronMocTH. ‘Kax Tombxo rocyzaperso saastaeo MoKonomHelt ateHexnyio sMceio, oHO cpasy cra10 wtoyrior- peGraTs comma npasansn. Cami parti toc- ‘ToxepHo sacbuKcHpOBAHHB MpHMep aTOyTOTpEO- eH eHEKHOH 9MMECHefT MPHXOMUITEA Ma nH ‘Yeexite nofitst. Hexsarka cpencTs Ha pexene nomt- wot ¢ Kapdareom Boinyaiuia pamekue sactit BINYCTHTS BOGpaulleHHe MesIHBIE ACC, BEC KOTO- Bix Osu B utecTS pas MeHtbiIe, Hem MIpEXE, Snasrensnste nepementst p 1eHexHMBIK cHCTEMaX 8 Apenttem wipe Gein cBAgatts c KDHSHCOM ro- cynapeTsennofl KasHbi, BINYAMBINEH MEATS

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