Jeppiaar Engineering College AE2352 Experimental Stress Analysis Jeppiaar Engineering College AE2352 Experimental Stress Analysis

AE2352 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS LTPC3003 JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

OBJECTIVE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
AE 2352 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS
To bring awareness on experimental method of finding the response of the structure to different types of
load.
UNIT I MEASUREMENTS & EXTENSOMETER 10 IMPORTANT 15 QUESTIONS
Principles of measurements, Accuracy, Sensitivity and range of measurements. Mechanical, Optical UNIT - I
Acoustical and Electrical extensometers and their uses, Advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT II ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGES 10 1. Explain in detail the Principles of Measurements.
Principle of operation and requirements, Types and their uses, Materials for strain gauge. Calibration and 2. What are the types of Mechanical Extensometers? Explain with aid of neat sketch
temperature compensation, cross sensitivity, Rosette analysis, Wheatstone bridge and potentiometer Huggenberger extensometer.
circuits for static and dynamic strain measurements, strain indicators. 3. What is Strain Gauge? Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of Acoustical
UNIT III PHOTOELASTICITY 10 strain gage and measurements of strain using this gage. Also mention its advantages and
disadvantages.
Two dimensional photo elasticity, Concept of light – photo elastic effects, stress optic law, Interpretation
of fringe pattern, Compensation and separation techniques, Photo elastic materials. Introduction to three
UNIT - II
dimensional photo elasticity.
1. What are the different types of electrical strain gauges? Derive the expression of strain
UNIT IV BRITTLE COATING AND MOIRE METHODS 8
experienced by electrical resistance type strain gages.
Introduction to Moiré techniques, brittle coating methods and holography. (ii) Explain how the electrical resistance type gage can be used to determine
modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of engineering materials
UNIT V NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 7 2. Determine the principal stresses and principal strains with the help of a delta rosette mounted on
an aluminum specimen with values of εA= 400 µm/m; εB= 200 µm/m; εC= 100 µm/m, E= 70
Fundamentals of NDT, Radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle inspection, Fluorescent penetrant Gpa, γ= 0.3. Also determine the principal directions and shear stress.
technique, Eddy current testing, Acoustic Emission Technique. 3. (i) Explain Wheat stone Bridge and obtain the balance condition.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS (ii) Derive an expression for the output voltage measured from wheat stone bridge
circuit.

TEXT BOOKS UNIT – III

1. Srinath, L.S., Raghava, M.R., Lingaiah, K., Garagesha, G., Pant B., and 1. Sketch a circular polariscope. Explain the effects of a stressed model and the fringes
Ramachandra, K., “Experimental Stress Analysis”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,
obtained in it
1984.
2. Describe in detail how fringe sharpening is obtained using partial mirrors.
3. Explain any two compensation techniques used in photo elasticity. Why Tardy’s
REFERENCES compensation method is preferred over other methods?
1. Dally, J.W., and Riley, W.F., “Experimental Stress Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Inc., New UNIT – IV
York, 2005, IV edition.
2. Hetyenyi, M., “Hand book of Experimental Stress Analysis”, John Wiley and Sons 1. Explain the brittle coating method of stress analysis. Drive expression for brittle stress
Inc., New York, 1972. 2. What are fiber-optic sensors? What is their application in experimental mechanics?
3. Pollock A.A., “Acoustic Emission in Acoustics and Vibration Progress”, Ed. Stephens 3. Write notes on (a) moiré method of strain analysis,
R.W.B., Chapman and Hall, 1993 (b) Holography

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JEPPIAARENGINEERING COLLEGE
UNIT – V DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
1. State the uses and advantages of non-destructive testing procedures. Explain in detail any one AE-2352 Experimental Stress Analysis
NDT procedure of evaluating a given specimen. Two Mark Questions
2. Explain in detail the principle of ultrasonic pulse echo testing and also explain the sequence of
test and its application. UNIT 1
3. Explain any four MEASUREMENTS & EXTENSOMETER
(a) Eddy current testing 1. Define Measurement:
(b)Acoustic emission technique The measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or result of comparison between a
(c)Radiography quantity whose magnitude (amount) is unknown, with a similar quantity whose magnitude
(d) Fluorescent penetrant technique (amount) is known, the later quantity being called a standard.
(e)Magnetic particle inspection 2. What are the basic requirements for measurement?
(f)Resonance test (i) The standard used for comparison purposes must be accurately defined & should be
commonly acceptable.
(ii) The standard must be of the same character as the measure and (ie, the unknown quantity or
the quantity under measurement)
(iii) The apparatus used and the method accepted for the purposes of comparison must be
provable.

3. What are the methods of measurements?

(i) Direct Method: In these methods, MEASURAND is directly compared against a
STANDARD.
(ii) Indirect Method: Measuring systems are used in indirect methods for measurement
Purposes

4. What are the uses of measuring instruments?

Measurements involve the use of ‘instruments’ as a physical means of determining quantities
(or) variables. In simple cases, an instrument consists of a single unit which gives an output
reading or signal according to the unknown variable (MEASURAND) applied to it.

5. What is dimensional measurement?

Dimensional Measurements are characterized as determination of size of an object. These are the
measurements of dimensions of an object.

6. Explain the measurements of length and displacement

A displacement means the movements of a point with respect to another point. Generally length
(or change in length) means it referring a distance between two reference points.
Thus measurement of length includes both the dimensional measurement and the displacement
measurement.

7. What are the ‘STANDARD’S for the measurement of an angle?

The primary standards of angle may be taken either as angle subtended by a circle at its centre ie,
360° or as angle between two straight line intersecting in a manner such that all four angles so
formed are equal, ie, each angle is 90°

8. How we can measure the Area of survey plats?

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Measurement of area of regular and standard geometrical figures can be obtained from the 15. Differentiate environmental and systematic errors
dimensions using standard mathematical relationships. Environmental errors causes due to the surrounding condition of instruments, but systematic
There are many engineering applications which require the measurement of plane area. errors causes because of the fault of the arrangement of measuring system during the whole
Graphical determination of the area of survey plots form maps, the integration of function to measuring process.
determine the area enclosed by a curve analysis of experimental data may require the use of
measurement of plane area. 16. What absolute static error? Give example
9. Give any two methods for measure an unknown force Absolute static error is the difference between measured values of quantity and the true value of
An unknown force may be measured by the following methods, quantity. ie, Eo= X(m) – X(t)
1. Balancing the unknown force against the known gravitational force either directly (or) Example: an error of 2mm is negligible when the length being measured is of the order of ( 1000
indirectly using a system of levers. mm) 1 m but the same error of 12 mm may be considerable when the measurement of 10mm
2. Transferring the unknown force to a fluid pressure and then meaning the resulting fluid length
pressure. Hydraulic and Pneumatic load cells are used for transferring the force into pressure. 17. What is relative static error?
It is the ratio between absolute error to the true value of quantity
10. How we can measure the temperature changes? ie, Er= Eo/Xt
Temperature is not measured directly, but is measured through indirect means; change of
temperature of a substance causes a variety of effects. These effects may be physical, chemical, 18. What is static correction?
electrical (or) optical and they may be used for the measurement of temperature through use of Static correction is the negative value of absolute static error ie, Cs= -Eo
proper temperature sensing devices.
19. A meter reads 127.50V and the true value of the voltage is 127.43v.
11. Tell some thing about ‘static characteristics’ and ‘static calibration’ in measurements: Determine (a) static error and (b) static correction for this instrument.
‘Static characteristics’ of a measurement system are in general those that must be considered Sol: (a) static error (E0) = Xm- Xt = + 0.07V
when the system or instrument is used to measure a condition not varying with time. All the (b) static correction (Cs)= – Eo= -0.07V
static performance characteristics are obtained in one form or another by a process called’ static
calibration’ 20. a thermometer reads 95.45 0c and the static correction given in the
correction curve is – 0.08 0c Determine the true value of the temperature
12. What is accuracy and tell about point accuracy? Sol: Cs= - ( Xm- Xt) ie, Xt= Cs + Xm = -0.08 + 95.45 = 95.37 °C
Accuracy is the closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the
quantity being measured. Thus accuracy of a measurement means conformity to truth. 21. An inclined Limb manometer is used for measurement of flow rate reads
‘Point Accuracy’ is the accuracy of the instrument only at one point on it scale. 0.161 x 10- ³m³/s. The true value of flow rate is 0.159 x 10-³ m³/s. Determine (a)
static error (b) static correction.
13. Give the Type of errors in measurements Sol: Eo= Xm – Xt = ( 0.61- 0.15) x 10-³ = 0.002 x 10-³ m³/s
(i) Gross errors
(ii) Random errors 22. What do you mean by limiting errors?
(iii) systematic errors The limits of the deviations from the specified values of measurement datas are
- Instrumental errors defined as ‘Limiting errors’ (or) ‘Guarantee error’
- Environmental errors
- Observational errors 23. Determine relative limiting error:
The relative error (fractional error) is defined as the ratio of the error to the specified magnitude
14. Differentiate Gross error and Instrumental Error (nominal magnitude) of a quantity.
Gross errors mainly cover human mistakes in reading instruments and recording and calculating Relative limiting error A Limiting error
measurement results. ( Er) = =
Instrumental Error occurs due to the wrong adjustments of a measuring devices while it As A Normal Value
construction or misalignments of its pats.
24. What is an uncertainty in a measurement?
Un certainty of measurement is a parameter associated with the result of measurement, that
characterizes the dispersion of values that could be reasonably attributed to the measurand.

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25. Define static sensitivity UNIT II

The static sensitivity of an instrument or an instrumentation system is the ratio of the ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGES
magnitude of the output quantity to the magnitude of input (quantity being measured) 1. What is extensometer?
Extensometer is an instrument used top measure minute deformation of material
while it is subjected to a stress.
26. What is known as deflection factor?
Deflection factor or inverse sensitivity is the reciprocal of the static sensitivity. 2. Classify the extensometers depending upon the magnification systems.
1. Mechanical Extensometers
27. Define scale range. 2. Optical extensometers
The scale range of an instrument is defined as the difference between the largest and the smallest 3. Acoustical (Vibrating wire) extensometers
reading of the instruments. 4. Electrical extensometers
5. Pneumatic extensometers.
28. What is the frequency range in measurements?
Frequency range is defined as frequency over which measurements can be performed with a 3. What are the Basic Requirements of extensometer?
specified degree of accuracy. 1. Very high magnification:The magnification required is usually greater than 1000: 1
2. Sensitivity: The relation between input and output should not be affected by the
reversal in the direction of input and this requires that the movement should not have
any friction.
3. Low input force: The input force required to cause displacement should be
extremely small thus there is no defamation of the component due to the process of
measurement.

4. Classify the mechanical extensometers depending upon the manner of

obtaining the magnification.
1. Wedge magnification
2. Screw magnification
3. Compound magnification
4. Lever magnification

5. Give the disadvantages of a simple mechanical lever magnification

For strain measurements on inner surfaces of small structures, the clearance may be in
sufficient for the gauge and all its auxiliary equipment.

6. Give the magnification and gauge length of porter- Lipp strain gauge.
Gauge length is 25 mm
Magnification is 300 times

7. Give the advantages of porter- Lipp gauge

1. Very compact
2. Light weight

8. Give the magnification capacity & gaugelength of Huggen-Berger tensometer

The magnification may vary from 300 to 2000 depending upon the model. The gauge length
varies from 12.5 to 25 mm.

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9. What is the measurement capacity of C.E. John extensometer? 18. Give the working principle of inductance strain gauges?
C.E. Johnson extensometer can measure strain up to 5 micro strains over a gauge length An electrical inductance gauge is a device in which the mechanical quantity to be measured
of 50 mm. produced a change in the magnetic field, and hence in the impedance of a current carrying coil.

10. Give the minimum strain value that scratch gauge can be sense.
The minimum strain that a strain gauge can sense is above 100 micro strains.
11. Give the advantages of scratch gauge
1. Compact in size
2. It can be attached to almost any surface with clamps or screws & adhesive bonding
3. It can measure scratch under all types of loading (static, shock, fatigue)
4. It can be used to record stress in all types of environments.
12. Tell something about the magnification capacity of Marten’s extensometer
This instrument is extremely sensitive and by using telescope, regarding may be
estimated to 1/10 mm which corresponding to a length charge of approximately
0.0002m.
13. What is the sensitivity of Tuckerman gauge?
The sensitivity of tucker man gauge is 2 micro strains
14. For the following reading find the deformation sensitivity & strain sensitivity for
Tuckerman optical gauge. Base length = 25 mm, d= 1/20, magnification factor = 5
solution Ds=d/m = 1/(20x5)= 0.01mm
Ss= Ds/L = 0.01/25 = 4 x 10-4 strains
15. Give the formula to obtain fundamental frequency for a vibrating wire
19. Give the working principle of variable air gap gauges
In this types of gauges the reluctance of the magnetic field is varied by changing the air
gap.
20. Give the working principle of movable core solenoid gauges
In this type of gauges the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is varied by changing the position of
the iron core in the coil.
21. Give the working principle of eddy- current gauges
In this types of gauges the losses in the magnetic circuit are varied by changing the thickness or
position of the high- loss element inserted in the magnetic field.
22. Give the formula for the impedance of a coil to the passage of alternating
current.
Z=¥ (2pfl) ² + R²
Where Z= impedance in ohms
F= frequency in herzs
L= inductance of the coil in henrys
R= resistance component in ohms
23. How the displacement of material structures can be measured by using electrical
resistance strain gauges?
In the electrical resistance strain gauges the displacement (or) strain is measured as a function of
the resistance change produce by the displacement in the gauging circuit.

Where A = Cross sectional Area of vibrating wire 24. What is known as bonded strain gauges?
E = Young’s moduls of wire material A thin paper sheet or metal sheet with strain gauge wire is bonded with an adhesive material to
L = Length of Vibrating wire the structure under strictly.
M = Mass for unit length
P = tensioning force in the wire 25. What is the use of gauge factor in strain gauge measurements?
L = incremention length of the vibrating wire. Gauge factor is used to determine the sensitivity of strain gauges.

26. Give the requirements for strain gauges?

16. Give the classifications of Electrical strain gauges Gauge factor should be high
(a) inductance (or) magnetic strain gauges Wires used in a strain gauge should have high resistance.
(b) Electrical resistance strain gauges The wires should have a linear relationship between strain & resistance of the wire.
(c) The capacitance strain gauges.
27. What is the resistance of material?
17. How strain can be measured by using Electrical strain gauges? Resistance is the property of a material that restricts the flow of charges through the material.
Electrical strain gauge is a device in which a change in length produces a change in some
electrical characteristics of the gauges.

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28. What is known as foil strain gauges? 36. Give the formula for strain measured by a strain gauge in particular angles
The foil strain gauge has metal foil photo- etched in a grid pattern of the electric insulator of the
thin resin and gauge leads attached.
eq= ½ (ex + ey) + ½ (ex- ey) cos2q + ½ ¡xy sin2q
Where eq is the strain value in q direction
29. Give the formula for electrical capacity between parallel plates in capacitance
37. Give the relation on between principal stress and principal strains
strain gauges
C= [8.86 x 10-3 KA (N-1)]/H s1=[E/(1-v²)](e1+ve2) and s2=[E/(1-v²)](e2+ve1)
Where c- capacitance in picofoarads where s1 and s2 are principal stresses
K- dielectric constant of the medium between the two plates e1 and e2 are principal strains
A- area of one sife of the plate, mm2
N- No of plates 38. What are the methods are available for computing the strain rosette datas?
H- distance between plates in mm 1. Analytical Solutions
2. Graphical Solutions
30. What is the basic principle of unbonded metallic strain gauges 3. Semi – graphical (or) vectorial layout method
the principle of unbonded metallic gauges is based on change in electrical resistance of a 4. Nomographic Solutions
metallic wire due to change in tension of the wire. 5. Geometrical Computers.

31. What is photo-etching? 39. Give the advantages of strain Rosette analysis.
Photo etching is the act of producing grid configuration on metal foil with the help of (i)Extreme simplicity and speed of application.
photo effect. (ii)Possibility of allowing for transverse effects.
(iii)No requirements for additional equipments.
32. What is known as strip gauges? (iv) The possibility of training relativity unskilled persons to use the method.
The number of strain gauges are arranged in a particular manner is called strip gauges.
40. Give the type of strain gauge circuits.
33. What is known as strain rosettes? 1. Wheat stone bridge circuits for static strain measurements.
An arrangement of strain gauges in particular orientation or angle is known as strain rosettes 2. Potentiometer circuits for dynamic strain measurements.

34. Give the quantities required for a good gauge material? 41. Define sensitivity of potentiometer:
High gauge factor Sensitivity of the potentiometer circuit is defined as the ratio of the output voltage divided by the
High resistance strain.
Low temperature sensitivity
High electrical stability
Good corrosion resistance
High yield point stability

35. Give some arrangements of strain gauges to obtain strain rosettes

1. Two gauge rosette
2. Rectangular rosette
a) Three element
b) Four element
3. Delta (or) Equiangular rosette
4. T. Delta rosette

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UNIT III 12. What is the basic principle for photo elasticity?
PHOTOELASTICITY When polarized light enters a loaded transparent component, it is split into two beams both
1. Define Light beams travel along the same path, but each vibrates along a principal direction and travels at a
Light is usually defined as the radiation that can affect the human eye. speed proportionall to the associated principal stress.

2. Define White light: 13. What is Refractive index?

Light from a source that emits a continuous spectrum with equal energy for every wave length is The ratio of the velocity of light In air to the velocity in the medium is called the refractive index
called white light. of the medium and is denoted by ‘n’.

3. Define monochromatic light: 14. What is wave length?

Light of a single wave length is called monochromatic light. The wave length of any given frequency in the distance traveled during one complete vibration.
Example: sodium vapour lamp, Hg arc lamp.
15. Define Amplitude?
4. What is wave front? Amplitude is a magnitude of the disturbance, the intensity of light may be taken as directly
The focus of points on different radial lines from the source exhibiting the same disturbance at a proportional to the square of the amplitude of th
the vibration.
given instant of time, in a surface known as a wave front.
16. Define phase
5. Define Ray? The phase of vibration at any instant defines the stage of the cycle reached at that instant.
A line normal to the wave front, indicating the direction of propagation of the waves is called a
ray. 17. Give the general equation of motion of a transverse light wave propagating in
Zdirection.
6. What are longitudinal waves? E = a cos( -wt)
The waves in which vibration are along the direction of their travel is known as longitudinal Where E = magnitude of light vector
waves. t = amplitude of the wave.
7. What are transverse waves? 18. What do you mean by Polariscope?
Transverse waves are waves in which vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of wave Polariscope is an optical instrument that utilizes the properties of polarized light in its operation.
travels.
19. Give the types of polariscopes used in experimental stress analysis?
5. What is polarized light? (i) Plane Polariscope
The light having vibration only along a single straight line perpendicular to the direction of (ii) Circular Polariscope
propagation of light is said to be polarized.
20. Give the four different possible setups in circular polariscope?
9. What is plane of polarization?
Setup Polariser- Analyzer Quarter wave plates Field
The plane containing the direction of propogation of light, but containing no vibrations is called
the plane of polarization.

10. What are the methods are available to obtain plane polarized light?
(i) Refraction and Reflection for glass plate.
(ii) By using Nichol Prism.

11. What are the disadvantages are available in Nichol prism when we use that to
obtain plane polarized light?
1. Costly
2. Intensity is Poor.
21. What is the standard setup in circular polariscope?
The crossed – crossed setup is called the standard setup of the circular polariscope.

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UNIT IV
22. State Stress optic law: BRITTLE COATING AND MOIRE METHODS
The relative change in index of refraction is proportional to the difference of principal stresses.
1. Give some advantages of Brittle coating method.
23. What is known as isotropic point in a polariscope setup? - Provides nearly whole field area
In a particular point in a stressed model where that fringe order is zero and permanent - Is non destructive if the coating is sensitive enough.
block dots appear at these points such are called isotropic points. - Is simple to analyze

24. What is known as singular points in a polariscope

pola setup? 2. Give some advantages by using fiber optic sensors.
- Light weight (very small in size)
- Low power requirement
- Resistant to electromagnetic interference
- High sensitivity
25. What are the properties of photo elastic materials?
1. Transparent to light used in the Polariscope.
2. Easily machinable by conventional means.
3. It should be force form residual stresses
4. They should have both mechanical and optical isotropy and homogeneity.

26. Give the most commonly used methods for compensation techniques
1. Babinet compensation method.
2. Babinet soleil compensation method
3. Tension or compression stop method.
4. Tardy method of compensation.
5. Senarment method of compensation
6. Photometric method.

27. What are the techniques used to determine the stresses at the inner layers of the
body in 3D photo elasticity?
1. Locking in the stresses in the model
2. Multilayer reflection technique.

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UNIT V PART B
NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (16 MARK QUESTIONS)

1. Define Non – destructive testing UNIT 1

Non –destructive testing is a technique for revealing flaws and defects in a material or device MEASUREMENTS & EXTENSOMETER
without damaging as destroying the test sample. 4. Explain in detail the Principles of Measurements.
5. Write short notes on:
2. Give some advantages of NDT: (a) Accuracy (4)
1. Can be done directly on production items without regards to part cost or quantity available. (b) Sensitivity (4)
2. Can be done on 100% of production of on representative samples. (c) Range (4)
3. Write a short account of the various types of strain gauges. Give their special advantages and
3. Give the limitations of NDT: limitations.
1. Results often must be interpreted by a skilled. Experienced technician. 4. What are the basic characteristics of a strain gauge? Which factors should be considered
2. In absence of contact with each other, different observers may disagree on meaning & 5. What are the various types of Mechanical strain gauges? Explain Huggenberger tensometer
significance of test results. in detail.
6. What are the various types of optical strain gauges? Explain the Tuckerman gauge in detail.
4. What is neutron Radiography? 7. Explain the construction and working of Acoustical strain gauge.
Radiographic inspection using a stream of neutrons known as neutron Radiography.

5. Give the advantages of Radiographic inspection. UNIT II

- The ability to detect internal flows ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGES
- An ability to detect significant variations in composition.
1. What are the different types of electrical strain gauges? Describe a capacitance strain gauge and give
- Permanent recording of raw inspection datas.
its uses and limitations.
2. What is the necessity of temperature compensation? How this can be achieved?
3. What do you understand by a strain rosette? What are the different types of strain rosette
configurations currently in use? Discuss their uses and limitations.
4. Discuss the various methods of calibrating a strain gauge.
5. What are the essential requirements of a balancing technique? Discuss the different ways in which
you can balance a bridge.
6. Discuss the associated instrumentation for measuring
i. Strain strains
ii.Dynamic strains

UNIT III
PHOTOELASTICITY

4. Sketch a circular polariscope. Explain the effects of a stressed model and the fringes
obtained in it
5. Sketch a plain polariscope. Explain the effects of a stressed model and the fringes
obtained in it.
6. Describe in detail how fringe sharpening is obtained using partial mirrors.
7. Explain any two compensation techniques used in photo elasticity.
8. What are the important properties of an ideal photoelastic material? Discuss the important
photoelastic materials.
9. Explain the Tardy’s compensation method in detail. Why this method is preferred over
other methods?

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UNIT IV
BRITTLE COATING AND MOIRE METHODS

1. Explain the brittle coating method of stress analysis. Drive expression for brittle stress
2. What are fiber-optic sensors? What is their application in experimental mechanics?
3. Write notes on (a) moiré method of strain analysis,
(b) Holography

UNIT V
NON – DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

1. State the uses and advantages of Non-Destructive Testing procedures. Explain in detail
any one of the NDT procedure for evaluating a given specimen.
2. Write short notes on the following:
a. Eddy Current Testing
b. Radiography
3. Explain the process of Magnetic particle inspection with a neat sketch.
4. With a suitable sketch explain the process of Fluorescent penetrant technique.
5. Explain the brittle coating method in brief. What are the advantages and limitations of
this method?
6. Briefly explain the following which are used in the experimental analysis:
a. Fibre – optic sensors
b. Thermography
c. C – Scan

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Mr.Haston Amit Kumar (Assistant Professor)